Perbudakan upah

Perbudakan upah adalah istilah yang dikonotasikan secara negatif untuk menarik analogi antara perbudakan dan kerja upahan, dengan berfokus pada kesamaan antara memiliki dan menyewa seseorang. Biasanya digunakan untuk merujuk pada situasi di mana penghidupan seseorang tergantung pada upah atau gaji, terutama ketika ketergantungannya bersifat total dan langsung.^[1]^[2]

Istilah "perbudakan upah" telah digunakan untuk mengkritik eksploitasi buruh dan stratifikasi sosial. Eksploitasi buruh dilihat terutama sebagai daya tawar yang tidak setara antara kerja dan modal (khususnya ketika pekerja dibayar dengan upah yang relatif rendah, seperti di sweatshop),^[3] sementara stratifikasi sosial dilihat sebagai kurangnya manajemen mandiri pekerja, pilihan pekerjaan yang mencukupi, dan kelapangan dalam ekonomi.^[4]^[5]^[6] Kritik terhadap stratifikasi sosial mencakup pilihan pekerjaan lebih luas yang terikat oleh tekanan masyarakat hierarkis untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang tidak mencukupi, sehingga merampas "karakter spesies" mereka,^[7] tidak hanya di bawah ancaman kelaparan atau kemiskinan, tetapi juga pengurangan stigma dan status sosial.^[4]^[8]^[9] Secara historis, beberapa organisasi buruh dan aktivis sosial telah mendukung manajemen mandiri pekerja atau koperasi pekerja sebagai alternatif bagi kerja upahan.^[5]^[10]

Pekerja upahan Afrika-Amerika memetik kapas di perkebunan di negara bagian Selatan

Kesamaan antara kerja upahan dengan perbudakan dibahas sedari awal oleh Cicero pada zaman Romawi Kuno, seperti di De Officiis.^[11] Dengan munculnya Revolusi Industri, pemikir seperti Pierre-Joseph Proudhon dan Karl Marx menguraikan perbandingan antara kerja upahan dan perbudakan,^[12]^[13] sementara kelompok Luddites menekankan dehumanisasi yang disebabkan oleh mesin. Pengenalan kerja upahan pada abad ke-18 di Britania disambut dengan perlawanan, sehingga memunculkan prinsip-prinsip sindikalisme.^[10]^[14]^[15]^[16] Sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika, negara bagian Selatan pendukung perbudakan orang Afrika-Amerika menggunakan konsep perbudakan upah untuk membandingkan kondisi budak mereka dengan pekerja di negara bagian Utara.^[17]^[18] Amerika Serikat menghapus perbudakan setelah Perang Saudara, tetapi aktivis serikat pekerja menganggap metafora tersebut dapat digunakan - menurut sejarawan Lawrence B. Glickman, pada Era Gilda "banyak rujukan di pers buruh, dan sulit menemukan pidato pemimpin buruh tanpa frasa tersebut".^[19]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ "wage slave". merriam-webster.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.
^ "wage slave". dictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.
^ Sandel 1996, hlm. 184.
^ ^a ^b "Conversation with Noam Chomsky". Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. hlm. 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-09-19. Diakses tanggal 28 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.
^ "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution". Spunk Library. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.
^ Avineri 1968, hlm. 142.
^ Fitzhugh 1857.
^ George 1981, "Chapter 15".
^ ^a ^b Ostergaard 1997, hlm. 133.
^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1 January 1913) [First written in October–November 44 BC]. "Liber I" [Book I]. Dalam Henderson, Jeffrey. De Officiis [On Duties]. Loeb Classical Library [LCL030] (dalam bahasa Latin and Inggris). XXI. Diterjemahkan oleh Miller, Walter (edisi ke-Digital). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. 152–153 (XLII). doi:10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-de_officiis.1913. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 902696620. OL 7693830M. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 April 2018. XLII. Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people’s ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures[.]
^ Proudhon 1890.
^ Marx 1969, Chapter VII.
^ Thompson 1966, hlm. 599.
^ Thompson 1966, hlm. 912.
^ Lazonick 1990, hlm. 37.
^ Foner 1995, hlm. xix.
^ Jensen 2002.
^ Lawrence B. Glickman (1999). A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society. Cornell U.P. hlm. 19. ISBN 9780801486142.

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Pranala luar

Kutipan tentang perbudakan upah di Wikikutip

(Inggris) How the Miners Were Robbed (Pamflet antikapitalis 1907 oleh John Wheatley)
(Inggris) Kutipan dari Buckminster Fuller
(Inggris) Three Addresses on the Relations Subsisting Between the White and Colored People of The United States
(Inggris) Wage Labour and Capital

[merriam-webster.com-1] "wage slave". merriam-webster.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

[2] "wage slave". dictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

[3] Sandel 1996, hlm. 184.

[globetrotter.berkeley.edu-4] "Conversation with Noam Chomsky". Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. hlm. 2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-09-19. Diakses tanggal 28 June 2010.

[HB-5] Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.

[spunk.org-6] "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution". Spunk Library. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

[7] Avineri 1968, hlm. 142.

[Fitzhugh_1857-8] Fitzhugh 1857.

[schalkenbach1-9] George 1981, "Chapter 15".

[Geoffrey_Ostergaard_p._133-10] Ostergaard 1997, hlm. 133.

[Cicero-11] Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1 January 1913) [First written in October–November 44 BC]. "Liber I" [Book I]. Dalam Henderson, Jeffrey. De Officiis [On Duties]. Loeb Classical Library [LCL030] (dalam bahasa Latin and Inggris). XXI. Diterjemahkan oleh Miller, Walter (edisi ke-Digital). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. 152–153 (XLII). doi:10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-de_officiis.1913. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 902696620. OL 7693830M. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 April 2018. XLII. Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people’s ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures[.]

[12] Proudhon 1890.

[Marx_1863_c7-13] Marx 1969, Chapter VII.

[English_Working_Class_p._599-14] Thompson 1966, hlm. 599.

[English_Working_Class_p._912-15] Thompson 1966, hlm. 912.

[Shop_Floor_p._37-16] Lazonick 1990, hlm. 37.

[17] Foner 1995, hlm. xix.

[18] Jensen 2002.

[19] Lawrence B. Glickman (1999). A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society. Cornell U.P. hlm. 19. ISBN 9780801486142.

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Perbudakan upah

Lihat pula

Referensi

Bibliografi

Pranala luar

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