Islamofobia

Islamofobia adalah sebuah fobia atau suatu ketakutan, kebencian atau prasangka terhadap Islam atau Muslim secara umum,^[1]^[2]^[3] terutama bila dipandang dari sisi Islamisasi dan sumber terorisme.^[4]^[5]

Cakupan dan definisi yang tepat dari istilah Islamofobia, termasuk hubungannya dengan ras, telah menjadi bahan perdebatan. Sejumlah ulama menganggapnya sebagai bentuk xenofobia atau rasisme, sementara pendapat yang lain membantah adanya hubungan di antaranya; terutama dengan basis bahwa agama tidaklah sama dengan ras.

Penyebab dari Islamofobia juga menjadi topik perdebatan, terutama di antara para komentator yang mengajukan argumennya masing-masing. Beberapa penyebab yang diutarakan adalah serangan 11 September, kebangkitan kelompok militan seperti ISIS, serangan teror di berbagai tempat, meningkatnya penduduk muslim di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat karena pemerintah mereka menerima pengungsi-pengungsi dari wilayah konflik di Timur Tengah dan Afrika, pemaksaan penerapan hukum islam, dan lain-lain.

Sejumlah pihak mengkritik konsep Islamofobia dengan mengatakan bahwa istilah ini adalah usaha untuk membungkam kritik terhadap Islam.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] Novelis ternama, Salman Rushdie dan sejumlah koleganya menandatangani sebuah manifesto berjudul "Bersama melawan bentuk baru dari totalitarianisme" di bulan Maret 2006, menyebut islamofobia adalah "konsep absurd yang mencampur-adukkan kritik terhadap Islam sebagai agama dengan stigmatisasi terhadap para penganutnya."^[13]

Kasus politik

Penolakaan keanggotaan Turki oleh Uni Eropa

Permintaan Turki untuk menjadi anggota Uni Eropa telah diadakan sejak tahun 1987, tetapi tidak terwujud karena adanya permasalahan pada kepala pemerintahan. Pada masa itu, Turki berada dalam pemerintahan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Uni Eropa menolak permintaan Turki untuk bergabung karena Erdoğan memiliki kekuasaan yang otoriter dan mempunyai masalah terkait hak asasi manusia.^[14]

Dalam pandangan wacana kritis, penolakan keanggotan Turki dalam Uni Eropa juga dipengaruhi oleh menyebarnya islamofobia di pikiran masyarakat Eropa. Selain itu, masyarakat Eropa secara umum belum menerima komunitas muslim secara menyeluruh. Pandangan wacana kritis mengaitkan persoalan agama sebagai penyebab penolakan Turki dalam keanggotaan Uni Eropa. Penolakan ini juga dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan sejarah negara anggota Uni Eropa dengan sejarah Turki. Selain itu, hegemoni kekristenan dan hegemoni gereja di Eropa dan hegemoni demokrasi liberal menjadi faktor yang membuat Turki belum dapat diterima sebagai anggota Uni Eropa.^[15]

Melawan Islamofobia

Eropa

Pada tanggal 26 September 2018, Parlemen Eropa di Brussel meluncurkan "Perangkat Kontra-Islamofobia" (CIK), dengan tujuan memerangi Islamofobia yang berkembang di seluruh Uni Eropa dan untuk didistribusikan ke pemerintah nasional dan pembuat kebijakan lainnya, masyarakat sipil dan media. Berdasarkan penelitian paling komprehensif di Eropa, mereka meneliti pola Islamofobia dan strategi efektif melawannya di delapan negara anggota. Perangkat ini mencantumkan sepuluh narasi dominan dan sepuluh kontra-narasi yang efektif.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Salah satu penulis CIK, Amina Easat-Daas, mengatakan bahwa perempuan Muslim secara tidak proporsional dipengaruhi oleh Islamofobia, berdasarkan narasi "ancaman ke barat" dan "korban...seksisme Islam". Pendekatan yang diambil dalam CIK adalah empat langkah: mendefinisikan narasi yang salah informasi berdasarkan logika yang salah; mendokumentasikannya; mendekonstruksi ide-ide ini untuk mengekspos kekurangannya; dan terakhir, rekonstruksi gagasan arus utama tentang Islam dan Muslim, yang lebih mendekati kenyataan. Ide-ide dominan yang beredar dalam budaya populer harus mencerminkan pengalaman sehari-hari yang beragam dari umat Islam dan keyakinan mereka.^[19]

Internasional

Pada 16 Maret 2022, PBB menetapkan 15 Maret sebagai Hari Internasional Untuk Memerangi Islamofobia.^[20]

Lihat juga

Referensi

^ "Islamophobia". Oxford Dictionaries. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-05-19. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.
^ "islamophobia". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.
^ "Islamophobia". Collins Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.
^ Miles & Brown 2003, hlm. 166.
^ Wike, Richard; Stokes, Bruce; Simmons, Katie (July 2016). Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs (PDF) (Laporan). Pew Research Center. hlm. 4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 November 2016. Diakses tanggal 27 November 2016.
^ Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005,
^ "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, hlm. 200
^ "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, hlm. 199
^ "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm
^ "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI
^ "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, Februari 2005.
^ "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
^ Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
^ McGlinchey, S., Walters, R., dan Scheinpflug, C. (2017). International Relation Theory [Dasar-Dasar Kajian Teori Hubungan Internasional] (PDF). Diterjemahkan oleh Mukti, Takdir Ali. Bristol: E-International Relation Publishing. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-1-910814-20-8.
^ Arif, Muhammad Qobidl 'Ainul (2014). Politik Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi Sentimental Anti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan Turki. Sleman: Deepublish. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-602-280-730-8.
^ "CIK Toolkit Launch – European Parliament, Brussels". University of Leeds. 26 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.
^ "Counter-Islamophobia Kit". Equinet European Network of Equality Bodies. 4 October 2019. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.
^ Law, Ian; Amina, Easat-Daas; Sayyid, S. (September 2018). "Counter-Islamophobia kit:briefing paper and toolkit of counter-narratives to Islamophobia" (PDF). CIK Consortium (University of Leeds). Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.
^ Amina, Easat-Daas (21 February 2019). "How to tackle Islamophobia – the best strategies from around Europe". The Conversation. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.
^ "UN Designated March 15, Combat Day To Islamophobia". Dawn News.

Sumber

Ali, Wajahat; Clifton, Eli; Duss, Matthew; Fang, Lee; Keyes, Scott; and Shakir, Faiz (August 26, 2011) "Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America". American Progress. Accessed 24 February 2015.
Allen, Chris (2011). Islamophobia. Ashgate Publishing Company.
Abbas, Tahir (2005). Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure. Zed. ISBN 978-1-84277-449-6.
Duss, Matthew; Taeb; Yasmine; Gude, Ken; and Sofer, Ken (February 11, 2015) "Fear, Inc. 2.0: The Islamophobia Network's Efforts to Manufacture Hate in America". American Progress. Accessed 24 February 2015.
Gottschalk, P.; Greenberg, G. (2007). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the Enemy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5286-9.
Greaves, R. (2004). Islam and the West Post 9/11. Ashgate publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-5005-8.
Itaoui, Rhonda (2016). "The Geography of Islamophobia in Sydney: mapping the spatial imaginaries of young Muslims", in Australian Geographer. Vol 47:3, 261–79.
Kaplan, Jeffrey (2006). "Islamophobia in America?: September 11 and Islamophobic Hate Crime Diarsipkan 2018-06-12 di Wayback Machine.", Terrorism and Political Violence (Routledge), 18:1, 1–33.
Kincheloe, Joe L. and Steinberg, Shirley R. (2004). The Miseducation of the West: How the Schools and Media Distort Our Understanding of Islam. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press. (Arabic Edition, 2005).
Kincheloe, Joe L. and Steinberg, Shirley R. (2010). Teaching Against Islamophobia. New York: Peter Lang.
Konrad, Felix (2011). From the "Turkish Menace" to Exoticism and Orientalism: Islam as Antithesis of Europe (1453–1914)?, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History. Retrieved: 22 June 2011.
Kundnani, Arun. (2014) The Muslims Are Coming! Islamaphobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror (Verso; 2014) 327 pages
Lajevardi, N. (2020). Outsiders at Home: The Politics of American Islamophobia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Love, Erik (2017). Islamophobia and Racism in America. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1479838073.
Pynting, Scott; Mason, Victoria (2007). "The Resistible Rise of Islamophobia: Anti-Muslim Racism in the UK and Australia before 11 September 2001". Journal of Sociology" (PDF). The Australian Sociological Association. 43 (1): 61–86. doi:10.1177/1440783307073935.
Quraishi, M. (2005). Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4233-6.
Ramadan, T. (2004). Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517111-2.
Richardson, John E. (2004). (Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-2699-0.
Sheehi, Stephen (2011). Islamophobia: The Ideological Campaign Against Muslims. Clarity Press.
Shryock, Andrew, ed. (2010). Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend. Indiana University Press. p. 250. Essays on Islamophobia past and present; topics include the "neo-Orientalism" of three Muslim commentators today: Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Reza Aslan, and Irshad Manji.
Silva, Derek (2017). "The Othering of Muslims: Discourses of Radicalization in the New York Times, 1969–2014", Sociological Forum, 32:1, 138–161.
Tausch, Arno with Bischof, Christian; Kastrun, Tomaz; and Mueller, Karl (2007). Against Islamophobia: Muslim Communities, Social-Exclusion and the Lisbon Process in Europe. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60021-535-3.
Tausch, Arno with Bischof, Christian and Mueller, Karl (2008). Muslim Calvinism: Internal Security and the Lisbon Process in Europe. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-905170995-7.
Tausch, Arno (2007). Against Islamophobia: Quantitative Analyses of Global Terrorism, World Political Cycles and Center Periphery Structures. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60021-536-0.
van Driel, B. (2004). Confronting Islamophobia In Educational Practice. Trentham Books. ISBN 978-1-85856-340-4.

[1] "Islamophobia". Oxford Dictionaries. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-05-19. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.

[2] "islamophobia". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.

[3] "Islamophobia". Collins Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.

[FOOTNOTEMilesBrown2003166-4] Miles & Brown 2003, hlm. 166.

[Pew32-5] Wike, Richard; Stokes, Bruce; Simmons, Katie (July 2016). Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs (PDF) (Laporan). Pew Research Center. hlm. 4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 November 2016. Diakses tanggal 27 November 2016.

[Malik2-6] Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005,

[7] "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, hlm. 200

[8] "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, hlm. 199

[9] "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm

[10] "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI

[11] "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, Februari 2005.

[12] "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.

[Rushdie2-13] Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.

[14] McGlinchey, S., Walters, R., dan Scheinpflug, C. (2017). International Relation Theory [Dasar-Dasar Kajian Teori Hubungan Internasional] (PDF). Diterjemahkan oleh Mukti, Takdir Ali. Bristol: E-International Relation Publishing. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-1-910814-20-8.

[15] Arif, Muhammad Qobidl 'Ainul (2014). Politik Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi Sentimental Anti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan Turki. Sleman: Deepublish. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-602-280-730-8.

[16] "CIK Toolkit Launch – European Parliament, Brussels". University of Leeds. 26 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.

[17] "Counter-Islamophobia Kit". Equinet European Network of Equality Bodies. 4 October 2019. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.

[18] Law, Ian; Amina, Easat-Daas; Sayyid, S. (September 2018). "Counter-Islamophobia kit:briefing paper and toolkit of counter-narratives to Islamophobia" (PDF). CIK Consortium (University of Leeds). Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.

[19] Amina, Easat-Daas (21 February 2019). "How to tackle Islamophobia – the best strategies from around Europe". The Conversation. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2019.

[20] "UN Designated March 15, Combat Day To Islamophobia". Dawn News.

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Islamofobia

Kasus politik

Penolakaan keanggotaan Turki oleh Uni Eropa

Melawan Islamofobia

Eropa

Internasional

Lihat juga

Referensi

Sumber

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