Langit-langit kaca

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang sebuah kiasan. Untuk informasi tentang pembatas yang menghalangi minoritas dari peraihan upah tinggi dari pihak perusahaan, lihat Kesenjangan upah jenis kelamin.
Sebuah grafik yang mengilustrasikan perbedaan raihan antara pria dan wanita dari tingkat pendidikan yang sama (AS 2006)

Langit-langit kaca adalah sebuah kiasan yang dipakai untuk mewakili sebuah pembatas tak terlihat yang menghalangi demografi yang diberikan (biasanya diterapkan kepada minoritas) dari kenaikan pada tingkat tertentu dalam sebuah hierarki.[1]

Kiasan tersebut pertama kali dicetuskan oleh kaum feminis dalam rujukan kepada pembatas dalam karier wanita yang berprestasi tinggi.[2][3] Di Amerika Serikat, konsep tersebut terkadang diperluas untuk merujuk kepada rintangan-rintangan yang menghalangi kemajuan minoritas wanita, serta minoritas pria.[2][4] Minoritas wanita sering kali menemui banyak kesulitan dalam "menerobos langit-langit kaca" karena mereka berada di persimpangan dari dua kelompok yang dulunya termarginalisasi: wanita dan orang kulit berwarna.[5] Outlet-outlet Asia dan Asia Amerika mencanangkan istilah "langit-langit bambu" untuk merujuk kepada rintangan-rintangan yang seluruh Asia Amerika hadapi dalam memajukan karier mereka.[6][7]

Referensi

  1. ^ Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Solid Investments: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital. Diarsipkan 2014-11-08 di Wayback Machine. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, November 1995, p. 13-15.
  2. ^ a b Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Good for Business: Making Full Use of the Nation's Human Capital. Diarsipkan 2014-08-10 di Wayback Machine. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, March 1995.
  3. ^ Wiley, John (2012). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Vol. 5. John Wiley and Sons. 
  4. ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Hillary Clinton: 'As a white person,' I have to discuss racism 'every chance I get'". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-11-18. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-29. 
  5. ^ “Demarginalising the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Anti-racist Politics” by Kimberlé Crenshaw in Framing Intersectionality, edited by Helma Lutz et al. (Ashgate, 2011).
  6. ^ Hyun, Jane (2005). Breaking the Bamboo Ceiling: Career Strategies for Asians. New York: HarperBusiness. 
  7. ^ "Top 10 Numbers that Show Why Pay Equity Matters to Asian American Women and Their Families". name. Diakses tanggal 2016-05-03. 

Lihat juga

Daftar pustaka

  • Cholensky, Stephanie. "The Gender Pay Gap: NO MORE EXCUSES!." Judgment & Decision Making 10.2 (2015): 15-16. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
  • Federal Glass Ceiling Commission (March 1995a). Good for business: Making full use of the nation's human capital (PDF) (Laporan). Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (pdf) tanggal 2014-08-10. Diakses tanggal 2017-09-29. 
  • Fox, Mary; Hesse-Biber, Sharlene N. (1984). Women at work. Palo Alto, California: Mayfield Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87484-525-9. 
  • Giele, Janet Z.; Stebbins, Leslie F (2003). Women and equality in the workplace a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-937-9. 
  • Hesse-Biber, Sharlene N.; Carter, Gregg L. (2005). Working women in America : split dreams. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515047-6. 
  • Lyness, Karen S.; Thompson, Donna E. (June 1997). "Above the glass ceiling? A comparison of matched samples of female and male executives". Journal of Applied Psychology. American Psychological Association. 82 (3): 359–375. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.3.359. 
  • National Partnership for Women and Families, comp. (April 2016). "America's Women and The Wage Gap" (PDF). Trade, Jobs and Wages. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  • Ponnuswamy, Indra; Manohar, Hansa Lysander (September 2014). "Breaking the glass ceiling – a mixed methods study using Watkins and Marsick's learning organisation culture model". Asian Women. Research Institute of Asian Women (RIAW). 30 (3): 85–111. doi:10.14431/aw.2014.09.30.3.85. 
  • Redwood, Rene A. (October 13, 1995). "Breaking The Glass Ceiling: Good for Business, Good for America". National Council of Jewish Women.
  • Schneps, Leila; Colmez, Coralie (2013), "Math error number 6: Simpson's paradox. The Berkeley sex bias case: discrimination detection", dalam Schneps, Leila; Colmez, Coralie, Math on trial: how numbers get used and abused in the courtroom, New York: Basic Books, hlm. 107–120, ISBN 978-0-465-03292-1 
  • Snyder, Karrie Ann, and Adam Isaiah Green. "Revisiting The Glass Escalator: The Case Of Gender Segregation In A Female Dominated Occupation." Social Problems 55.2 (2008): 271-299. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
  • Woodhams, Carol, Ben Lupton, and Marc Cowling. "The Presence Of Ethnic Minority And Disabled Men In Feminised Work: Intersectionality, Vertical Segregation And The Glass Escalator." Sex Roles 72.7/8 (2015): 277-293. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
  • Malpas, J., "Donald Davidson", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/davidson/>. Web 2 May 2016.
  • International Labor Rights Forum. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2016, from http://www.laborrights.org/issues/women’s-rights
  • Hyun, Jane. Breaking the Bamboo Ceiling: Career Strategies for Asians. New York: HarperBusiness, 2005. Print.
  • Wiley, John. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies. Vol. 5. Chicester: John Wiley and Sons, 2012. Print.
  • "Top 10 Numbers that Show Why Pay Equity Matters to Asian American Women and Their Families". Retrieved 2016-05-01

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