Kekuatan besar adalah negara yang diakui memiliki kemampuan untuk memberikan pengaruhnya dalam skala global. Ciri kekuatan besar adalah memiliki kekuasaan militer dan diplomasi serta pengaruh kekuatan lunak yang bisa membuat kekuatan kecil mempertimbangkan pendapat kekuatan besar sebelum mengambil tindakan sendiri. Para pakar hubungan internasional berpendapat bahwa status kekuatan besar dapat dicirikan menjadi kapabilitas kekuasaan, aspek spasial, dan dimensi status. Terkadang status kekuatan besar secara formal diakui dalam konferensi seperi Kongres Wina[2][3] atau suatu struktur internasional seperti Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.
Isitlah "kekuatan besar" pertama kali digunakan untuk menunjukkan negara-negara yang paling penting di Eropa pada masa pasca-Napoleon. "Kekuatan Besar" menegakkan "Kesepakatan Eropa" dan mengklaim memiliki hak untuk bersam-samaa menegaskan perjanjian pascaperang.[4] Formalisasi pembagian antara kekuatan kecil[5] dan kekuatan besar muncul dengan disepakatinya Perjanjian Chaumont pada 1814. Sejak itu, keseimbangan kekuasaan telah berganti berkali-kali, yang paling dramatis adalah pada Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II. Meskipun beberapa negara banyak dianggap sebagai kekuatan besar, tetapi tidak ada daftar tetapnya.
Karakteristik
Tidak ada karakteristik yang ditetapkan atau ditentukan dari kekuatan besar. Karakteristik ini sering diperlakukan sebagai empiris, bukti diri bagi penilai. Namun, pendekatan ini memiliki kelemahan subjektivitas. Akibatnya, ada upaya untuk mendapatkan beberapa kriteria umum dan memperlakukannya sebagai elemen penting dari status kekuatan besar. Danilovic (2002) menyoroti tiga karakteristik utama, yang dia sebut sebagai "dimensi kekuasaan, spasial, dan status," yang membedakan kekuatan besar dari negara lain.
^"Perdana Menteri Kanada (dalam Perjanjian Versailles) berkata that there were 'only three major powers left in the world the United States, Britain and Japan' ... (but) The Great Powers could not be consistent. At the instance of Britain, Japan's ally, they gave Japan five delegates to the Peace Conference, just like themselves, but in the Supreme Council the Japanese were generally ignored or treated as something of a joke." from MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919. United States of America: Random House Trade. hlm. 306. ISBN0-375-76052-0.
^Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. hlm. 25–28, 36–44. ISBN1-58477-077-5.Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
^Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), p 27, p225-p228 [1]Diarsipkan 2006-08-30 di Wayback Machine.
^Charles Webster, (ed), British Diplomacy 1813–1815: Selected Documents Dealing with the Reconciliation of Europe, (1931), p307.
^Toje, A. (2010). The European Union as a small power: After the post-Cold War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
^ abcMehmet Sinan Birdal, The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans: From Global Imperial Power to Absolutist States (I. B. Tauris, 2011), p. 6.
^ abcdeFrost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN978-0-582-06429-4.
^ abcdWolf, John B. The Emergence of the Great Powers: 1685–1715 (1951), pp 15–53.
^ abcdeFalkner, James (2015). The War of the Spanish Succession 1701 – 1714. Pen & Sword. ISBN978-1781590317.
^ abcdeDanilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads)(PDF copy).
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuT. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (2005). Balance of Power. United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005. hlm. 59, 282. ISBN0791464016.Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
^ abcdefghijkSterio, Milena (2013). The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. hlm. xii (preface). ISBN0415668182. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2016. ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuBaron, Joshua (22 January 2014). Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN1137299487.
^ abcChalmers, Malcolm (May 2015). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR"(PDF). Royal United Services Institute. Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): 2. While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'.
^ abcdP. Shearman, M. Sussex, European Security After 9/11(Ashgate, 2004) - According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.
^Wang, Rigen (2000). "元明清政府海洋政策与东南沿海港市的兴衰嬗变片论"(PDF). The Journal of Chinese Social and Economic History (dalam bahasa Tionghoa) (2): 1–7 – via COnnecting REpositories. Moreover, three times of the Great Clearance, which happened in the 18th year of Shunzhi (1661), 3rd year of Kangxi(1664), 18th year of Kangxi(1679) respectively, caused 'what used to be busy and prosperous streets to become ruins, and the people who used to gather in the same place as family to separate. The documents that recorded family bonds got incomplete, classic books got lost, brothers were separated and ancestors were no longer worshiped. ' (Hanzi: 另外顺治十八年(1661) 、康熙三年 (1664) 、十八年 (1679)三次迁界 ,也造成了“昔之闾里繁盛者 ,化而为墟矣 ,昔之鸠宗聚族者 ,化而星散矣 ,户口凋残 ,典籍失矣 ,兄弟离散 ,神主遗之。”)
^Marvin C. Whiting (2002). Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD. iUniverse. hlm. 480–481. ISBN978-0-595-22134-9.
^Ter Haar, BJ (1992). The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History. Leiden: Brill. hlm. 253.
^Kim Hodong, "Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877". Stanford University Press (March 2004). ISBN 0-8047-4884-5. (Searchable text available on Amazon.com)
^Eva Jane Price. China journal, 1889-1900: an American missionary family during the Boxer Rebellion, (1989). ISBN 0-684-19851-8; see Susanna Ashton, "Compound Walls: Eva Jane Price's Letters from a Chinese Mission, 1890-1900." Frontiers 1996 17(3): 80-94. Issn: 0160-9009 Fulltext: in Jstor
^Best, Antony; Hanhimäki, Jussi; Maiolo, Joseph; Schulze, Kirsten (2008). International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond. United States of America: Routledge. hlm. 9. ISBN0415438969.
^"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
^Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century : the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-4868-6.
^"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
^Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century : the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-4868-6.
^"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
^Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century : the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-4868-6.
^Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, International Journal, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823-862.
^Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, International Journal, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823-862.
^Chester S. L. Dunning, Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001, ISBN0-271-02074-1
^Wolf, John B. The Emergence of the Great Powers: 1685–1715 (1951), pp 15–53.
^Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11: 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power.
^Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11: 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power.
^Elena Andreeva, Russia and Iran in the Great Game: Travelogues and Orientalism, (Routledge, 2007), 38.
^Michael Axworthy, The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant Hardcover 348 pages (26 July 2006) Publisher: I.B. Tauris Language: English ISBN1-85043-706-8
^Rhoads, Murphey (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700. Rutgers University Press.
^Davies, Brian L. (2016). The Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN1472508017.
^de Bellaigue, Christopher. "The Sick Man of Europe". The New York Review of Books, 48:11, 2001-07-05.