The Proto-Elamite script is an early Bronze Age writing system briefly in use before the introduction of Elamite cuneiform.
There are many similarities between the Proto-Elamite tablets and the contemporaneous proto-cuneiform tablets of the Uruk IV period in Mesopotamia. Both writing systems are a relatively isolated phenomenon. Singletons aside tablets have been found at only five Proto-Elamite sites. For comparison, Proto-cuneiform tablets have only been found at Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, Khafajah, and Tell Uqair, and the vast majority of each type have been found at Susa and Uruk. The tablet blanks themselves, the inscribing method, even the practice of using the reverse for summation, when needed, are the same. They serve the same basic function which is administrative accounting of goods in a centrally controlled society. From that base, there are also differences, the signs themselves being the most obvious but extending to smaller areas such as the order in which the tablet was inscribed, are clear. Fortunately, there are a number of similarities between the numeric systems of Proto-cuneiform and Proto-Elamite. Proto-Elamite, in addition to the usual sexagesimal and base-120, also uses its own decimal system.[1][2]
Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, c. 3100–2850 BCProto-Elamite tablet with transcription
Beginning around the 9th millennium BC, a token based system came into use in various parts of the ancient Near East. These evolved into marked tokens and later marked envelopes, often called clay bullae.[3][4][5] It is usually assumed that these were the basis for the development of Proto-Elamite as well as proto-cuneiform (with many of the tokens, about two-thirds, having been found in Susa). Tokens remained in use after the development of proto-cuneiform and Proto-Elamite.[6][7][8][9]
The earliest tablets found in the region are of a "numerical" type, containing only lists of numbers. They are found not only at Susa and Uruk, but in a variety of sites, including those without later Proto-Elamite and proto-cuneiform tablets, like Tell Brak, Habuba Kabira, Tepe Hissar, Godin Tepe and Jebel Aruda.[10][11][12][13][14]
Linear Elamite is attested much later in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BCE. It is uncertain whether the Proto-Elamite script was the direct predecessor of Linear Elamite. Both scripts remain largely undeciphered, and a postulated relationship between the two is speculative.
Early on, similarities were noted between Proto-Elamite and the Cretan Linear A script.[15]
Corpus
The Proto-Elamite writing system was used over a very large geographical area, stretching at least from Susa in the west to Tepe Yahya in the east. The known corpus of inscriptions consists of some 1600 tablets, the vast majority unearthed at Susa.
Proto-Elamite tablets have been found at the following sites, in order of how many tablets have been recovered:
Susa (more than 1600 tablets and fragments)[16][17]
Anshan, or Tall-I Malyan (33 tablets and fragments)[18]
Glyphs found in Proto-Elamite texts are divided in numerical (with an N profix) and text (with a M prefix). Of the 1000s of text glyphs in the current corpus more than half are numerical. The meaning of a numerical glyph may depend on which system it is being used in, decimal (D), sexagesimal (S), bisexagesimal (B), or capacity (C).[32][33]
Publications
MDP 6 - V. Scheil, "Textes élamites-sémitiques (Troisième série)", Mémoires de La Délégation En Perse 6, Paris: Leroux, 1905
MDP 17 - V. Scheil, "Textes de Comptabilité Proto-Élamites (Nouvelle Série)", Mémoires de La Mission Archéologique de Perse, Tome 17, Paris, 1923
MDP 26 - V. Scheil, "Textes de Comptabilité Proto-Élamites (Troisième Série)", Mémoires de La Mission Archéologique de Perse, Tome 26., Paris, 1935
MDP 31 - Mecquenem, Roland de, and Marguerite Rutten, "Épigraphie Proto-Élamite ; Archéologie Susienne", Mémoires de La Délégation Archéologique En Iran, Tome 31. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1949
RA 50 - de MECQUENEM, R., "Notes Protoélamites", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 200–04, 1956
TCL 32 - Dahl, J. L., "Proto-Elamite Tablets and Fragments", Textes Cunéiforme du Louvre 32, Paris: Khéops /Louvre éditions Publishing, 2019
Decipherment attempts
Proto-Elamite tablet found at Tepe Yahya
The first step in deciphering an unknown writing system is getting the known corpus fully published and developing a proposed sign list.[34] The publishing of the texts has now been mostly completed but the sign list is still partly a work in progress. Proto-Elamite has many singleton signs (like early stages of proto-cuneiform) due to texts being primarily consumed only locally and there is disagreement over whether some signs are different or merely variants but by 1974 enough of a consensus over the Proto-Elamite signs has been reached to enable the decipherment process to advance.
[35][36][37][38]
In 2012, Dr Jacob Dahl of the University of Oxford, announced a project to make high-quality images of Proto-Elamite clay tablets and publish them online. His hope is that crowdsourcing by academics and amateurs working together would be able to understand the script, despite the presence of mistakes and the lack of phonetic clues.[39] Dahl assisted in making the images of nearly 1600 Proto-Elamite tablets online.[40] Materials were put online[41] on a wiki of the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.[42]
In 2020, François Desset [fr], of the Laboratoire Archéorient in Lyon, France, announced a proposed decipherment and translation of proto-Elamite texts.[43][44] In 2022 Desset published a paper on Linear Elamite which also proposed sign forms for Proto-Elamite (recasting it as "Early Proto-Iranian").[45][46] This new proposal was not met with universal agreement.[47]
Although the decipherment of Proto-Elamite remains uncertain, the content of many texts is known. This is possible because certain signs, and in particular a majority of the numerical signs, are similar to the neighboring Mesopotamian writing system proto-cuneiform. In addition, a number of the Proto-Elamite signs are actual images of the objects they represent. However, the majority of the Proto-Elamite signs are entirely abstract, and their meanings can only be deciphered through careful graphemic analysis.[48]
While the Elamite language has been suggested as a candidate underlying the Proto-Elamite inscriptions, there is no positive evidence of this. The earliest Proto-Elamite inscriptions, being purely ideographic, do not in fact contain any linguistic information nor is it known for certain what language was spoken in the relevant area during the Proto-Elamite Period.[49]
Globular envelope with a cluster of accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period. From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. Susa II or "Uruk period"
Economic tablet with numeric signs and Proto-Elamite script. Clay accounting tokens, Uruk period. From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. Susa III
Economic tablet with numeric signs and Proto-Elamite script. Clay accounting tokens, Uruk period. From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. Susa III
References
^Friberg, Jöran, "Three Thousand Years of Sexagesimal Numbers in Mesopotamian Mathematical Texts", Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 183–216, 2019
^Friberg, Jöran, "The Early Roots of Babylonian Mathematics: II. Metrological Relations in a Group of Semi-Pictographic Tablets of the Jemdet Nasr Type, Probably from Uruk-Warka", Research Report, 1979-15; University of Göteborg, Department of Mathematics, Chalmers, 1978–79
^Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, "The Envelopes That Bear the First Writing", Technology and Culture, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 357–85, 1980
^Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, "Decipherment of the Earliest Tablets", Science, vol. 211, no. 4479, pp. 283–85, 1981
^Overmann, Karenleigh A., "The Neolithic Clay Tokens", in The Material Origin of Numbers: Insights from the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, pp. 157–178, 2019
^Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "An Archaic Recording System and the Origin of Writing", Syro Mesopotamian Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–32, 1977
^Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "An Archaic Recording System in the Uruk-Jemdet Nasr Period", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 19–48, (Jan. 1979)
^Lieberman, Stephen J., "Of Clay Pebbles, Hollow Clay Balls, and Writing: A Sumerian View", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 339–58, 1980
^Schmandt-Besserat, D., "Tokens at Susa", Oriens Antiquus 25(1–2), pp. 93–125, 1986
^Schmandt-Besserat, Denise, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American, vol. 238, no. 6, pp. 50–59, 1978
^Strommenger, Eva, "The Chronological Division of the Archaic Levels of Uruk-Eanna VI to III/II: Past and Present", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 479–87, 1980
^[1] Hallo, William W., "Godin Tepe: The Inscriptions", Yale University, 2011
^Oates, Joan and Oates, David, "The Reattribution of Middle Uruk Materials at Brak". Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen, edited by Erica Ehrenberg, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 145–154, 2002
^R. Dyson, "The relative and absolute chronology of Hissar H and the proto-Elamite of Northern Iran", In: Chronologie du Prochc Orient/Relative chrono-logics and absolute chronology 16,000–4,000 BC. CNRS International Symposium, Lyon France, 24–28 Novem-ber, 1986, 13AR Internat. Scr. 379, Oxford, pp. 647–677, 1987
^Brice, W., "A Comparison of the Account Tablets of Susa in the Proto-Elamite Script with Those of Hagia Triada in Linear A", KADMOS, 2(1), pp. 27–38, 1963
^de Mecquenem, R., "Notes Protoélamites", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 200–04, 1956
^Dahl, Jacob L., "Proto-Elamite Tablets and Fragments", Textes cunéiforme du Louvre 32, Khéops / Louvre Editions Publishing, Paris, 2019
^Stolper, M., "Proto-Elamite texts from Tall-I Malyan”, in: KADMOS, 24(1–2), pp. 1–12, 1985
^Lamberg-Karlovsky, Clifford Charles, "Proto-Elamite account tablets from Tepe Yahya, Iran", Kadmos 10, pp. 97–9, 1971
^[2] Mutin, Benjamin, The Proto-Elamite Settlement and its Neighbors: Tepe Yahya Period IVC, ed. C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, Oxbow Books / American School of Prehistoric Research Publications, 2013 ISBN978-1-78297-419-2
^Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englund, "The Proto-Elamite Texts from Tepe Yahya", The American School of Prehistoric Research Bulletin 39, Cambridge, MA, 1989
^Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C., "The Proto-Elamite Settlement at Tepe Yaḥyā", Iran, vol. 9, pp. 87–96, 1971
^[3] Dahl, J. L., Hessari, M., & Yousefi Zoshk, R., "The Proto-Elamite Tablets from Tape Sofalin", Iranian journal of archaeological studies, 2(1), pp. 57–73, 2012
^Hessari, Morteza, and Rouhollah Yosefi, "A Clay Bullae and Five Tablets From Tepe Sofalin, Rey Plain, Iran", Journal of Archaeology and Archaeometry 1.1, pp. 13–25, 2022
^Ghirshman, R., "Une tablette proto-élamite du plateau iranien", Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie Orientale, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 115–19, 1934
^Roman Ghirshman, "Fouilles de Sialk près de Kashan, 1933, 1934, 1937", vol. 1, Paul Geuthner, 1938
^Amiet, Pierre, et al., "Phase 10 at Shahr-i Sokhta: Excavations in Square XDV and the Late 4th Millennium B.C. Assemblage of Sīstān", East and West, vol. 28, no. 1/4, pp. 9–31, 1978
^Alden, John R., et al., "Trade and Politics in Proto-Elamite Iran [and Comments and Reply]", Current Anthropology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 613–40, 1982
^Caldwell, J. R., "Tell-i Ghazir", Reallexikon der Assyriologie 3 (5), pp. 348–355, 1986
^[5]Born, Logan, et al., "Disambiguating Numeral Sequences to Decipher Ancient Accounting Corpora", Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation and Written Language (CAWL 2023), 2023
^ Alimirzoev, A. N. and Yu. B. Yusifov, "On the decipherment of numerical signs of the Proto-Elamite script", Vestnik drevnej istorii, pp. 3-20, 1993
^Gelb, I. J., and R. M. Whiting, "Methods of Decipherment", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 2, pp. 95–104, 1975
^Piero Meriggi, "La scritura proto-elamica. Parte Ia: La scritura e il contenuto dei testi", Rome, 1971
^Piero Meriggi,"La scritura proto-elamica. Parte IIa: Catalogo dei segni", Rome, 1974
^Piero Meriggi, "La scritura proto-elamica. Parte IIIa: Testi", Rome, 1974
^Dahl, Jacob L., "The proto-Elamite writing system", in The Elamite World, pp. 383–396, 2018
^Desset, François, Tabibzadeh, Kambiz, Kervran, Matthieu, Basello, Gian Pietro and Marchesi, and Gianni, "The Decipherment of Linear Elamite Writing", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 11–60, 2022
^Kelley, Kathryn, et al., "On Newly Proposed Proto-Elamite Sign Values", Iranica Antiqua 57, pp. 1–25, 2022
^[6] Dahl, J., "Proto-Elamite and linear elamite, a misunderstood relationship?", Akkadica, 2023
^[7] Robert K. Englund, "The State of Decipherment of Proto-Elamite", in: Stephen Houston, ed. The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process (2004). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–149.
^Jöran Friberg, "The Third Millennium Roots of Babylonian Mathematics I-II", Göteborg, 1978/79
Further reading
Afshari, Hassan, and Ruhollah Yousefi Zashk, "An Investigation on Connection of Ideograms Related to the Chain of Phonetic Signs in the Proto-Elamite Writing System", Journal of Archaeological Studies 14.1, pp. 1–22, 2022
Amiet, P., "Il y a 5000 ans les elamites inventaient l’ecriture", Archeologia 12, pp. 16–23, 1966
[8] Logan Born et al., "Compositionality of Complex Graphemes in the Undeciphered Proto-Elamite Script using Image and Text Embedding Models"[ in Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, pp. 3136–3146 August 2021
[9] Born, Logan, et al., "Disambiguating Numeral Sequences to Decipher Ancient Accounting Corpora", Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation and Written Language (CAWL 2023), 2023
[10] Born, Logan, et al., "Sign clustering and topic extraction in Proto-Elamite", Proceedings of the 3rd Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature, 2019
Brice W.C., "The Writing System of the Proto-Elamite Account Tablets of Susa," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 45, pp. 15–39, 1962
Dahl, J.L., Hawkins, LF., Kelley, K., "Labor Administration in Proto-Elamite Iran", in A. Garcia-Ventura (Ed.), What’s in a Name? Terminology related to Work Force and Job Categories in the Ancient Near East, (= Alter Orient und Altes Testament 440), Münster : Ugarit-Verlag, pp. 15-44, 2018
[11] Jacob L. Dahl, "The proto-Elamite seal MDP 16, pl. XII fig. 198", in Cuneiform Digital Library Notes, CDLN 2014:1, 2014
[12] Jacob L. Dahl, "New and old joins in the Louvre proto-Elamite tablet collection", in Cuneiform Digital Library Notes, CDLN 2012:6, 2012
Dahl, Jacob L, "Animal Husbandry in Susa during the Proto-Elamite Period" SMEA, vol.47, pp. 81–134, 2005
[13] Jacob L. Dahl, "Complex Graphemes in Proto-Elamite", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, CDLJ 2005–3, 2005
[14] Dahl, Jacob L., "Proto-Elamite sign frequencies", Cuneiform Digital Library Bulletin 2002.1, 2002
[15] François Desset, "The Proto-Elamite writing in Iran", Archéo-Nil, pp. 67–104, 2016
Dittmann, R., "Seals, Sealings and Tablets: Thoughts on the Changing Patterns of Administrative Control from the Late-Uruk to Proto-Elamite Period at Susa", Pp. 332–366 in Ğamdat Nasr. Period or Regional Style? Papers given at a Symposium held in Tübingen November 1983. Beihefte zum Tubinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Reihe B 62, eds.U. Finkbeiner and W. Rollig. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 1986
[16] Englund, R.K, "The Proto-Elamite Script," in: Peter Daniels and William Bright, eds. The World's Writing Systems (1996). New York/Oxford, pp. 160–164, 1996
[17] Laura F. Hawkins, "A New Edition of the Proto-Elamite Text MDP 17", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, CDLJ 2015:001, 2015
Kelley, Kathryn, et al., "Image-aware language modeling for Proto-Elamite", Lingue e linguaggio 21.2, pp. 261–294, 2022
Scheil, V., "Documents archaïques en écriture proto-élamite", Revue Biblique (1892–1940), vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 372–76, 1905
[18]Francois Vallat, "The Most Ancient Scripts of Iran: The Current Situation", World Archaeology, vol. 17, no. 3, Early Writing Systems, pp. 335–347, Feb. 1986
Francois Vallat, "Les Tablettes Proto-Elamites de l’Acropole (Campagne 1972)", Cahiers de la delegation archeologique francaise en Iran III, pp. 93-105, 1973
Walker, C. B. F., "Elamite Inscriptions in the British Museum", Iran, vol. 18, pp. 75–81, 1980
Yeganeh, Sepideh Jamshidi, "Correlation of Sealings and Content on Proto-Elamite Tablets Four Unpublished Sealings in the National Museum of Iran", Iranica Antiqua 56, pp. 171–187, 2021
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