咖啡早期的历史十分模糊,不过一个流传广泛的傳奇和阿拉伯咖啡的发源地埃塞俄比亚有關。根据这个傳奇,一个名叫卡迪的牧羊人发现,当山羊食用了咖啡灌木上的浆果时会变得兴奋异常并且在夜里失眠,山羊也会不断地再次食用该浆果,体验相同的活力[來源請求]。最早的有关咖啡的书面记载可能是9世纪波斯医师al-Razi所著的Bunchum。1587年,Malaye Jaziri汇编了一本追溯咖啡历史及合法性争议的书,名叫《Umdat al safwa fi hill al-qahwa》。在这本书中,Jaziri记录了一个亚丁的伊斯兰教长Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani是首先于1454年饮用咖啡的人,15世纪后,也门的苏菲派穆斯林开始有规律的饮用咖啡来保持祈祷时的清醒。16世纪末,在埃及的欧洲居民们记录了咖啡的使用,大概这个时候,咖啡开始在近东广泛使用[來源請求]。咖啡作为一种饮料在17世纪流传到欧洲,最初被称为阿拉伯酒[來源請求]。这段时间,咖啡屋开始增多,最初的咖啡屋是在君士坦丁堡和威尼斯[來源請求]。在英国,第一家咖啡屋开业于1652年,在伦敦Cornhill街圣迈克尔巷。很快咖啡开始在西欧流行并在17和18世纪社会交流中扮演了重要的角色[13]。
对某些个体而言,大剂量的咖啡因所导致的焦虑足够被临床诊断發现。咖啡因焦虑症会以不同的形式出现,一般性焦虑失调,恐慌发作,强迫症甚至是恐怖症[58]。因为这些症状容易与基本神经失调混淆,比如恐慌失调,一般性焦虑失调,躁鬱症或甚至是精神分裂症,所以一些医务工作者认为部分咖啡因摄入过量的人被误诊并给予了不必要的治疗,他们认为咖啡因诱发的精神疾病可以通过切断咖啡因来源而很简单的控制[59]。一个由《不列颠上瘾期刊》(British Journal of Addiction)所作的调查表明,虽然咖啡因引发的疾病很少被诊断出,咖啡因慢性中毒至少困扰了十分之一的总人口[60]。
^ 1.01.1Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 375. ISBN 9780071481274. Long-term caffeine use can lead to mild physical dependence. A withdrawal syndrome characterized by drowsiness, irritability, and headache typically lasts no longest than a day. True compulsive use of caffeine has not been documented.
^ 2.02.1Karch SB. Karch's pathology of drug abuse 4th. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2009: 229–230. ISBN 9780849378812. The suggestion has also been made that a caffeine dependence syndrome exists ... In one controlled study, dependence was diagnosed in 16 of 99 individuals who were evaluated. The median daily caffeine consumption of this group was only 357 mg per day (Strain et al., 1994). Since this observation was first published, caffeine addiction has been added as an official diagnosis in ICDM 9. This decision is disputed by many and is not supported by any convincing body of experimental evidence. ... All of these observations strongly suggest that caffeine does not act on the dopaminergic structures related to addiction, nor does it improve performance by alleviating any symptoms of withdrawal.
^ 3.03.13.2American Psychiatric Association. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders(PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing: 1–2. 2013 [2015-07-10]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2015-08-15). Substance use disorder in DSM-5 combines the DSM-IV categories of substance abuse and substance dependence into a single disorder measured on a continuum from mild to severe. ... Additionally, the diagnosis of dependence caused much confusion. Most people link dependence with “addiction” when in fact dependence can be a normal body response to a substance. ... DSM-5 will not include caffeine use disorder, although research shows that as little as two to three cups of coffee can trigger a withdrawal effect marked by tiredness or sleepiness. There is sufficient evidence to support this as a condition, however it is not yet clear to what extent it is a clinically significant disorder.
^Caffeine. Pubchem Compound. NCBI. [16 October 2014-10-16]. Boiling Point 178 deg C (sublimes) Melting Point 238 DEG C (ANHYD)请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Caffeine. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. [2014-10-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-14). Experimental Melting Point: 234–236 °C Alfa Aesar 237 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data 238 °C LKT Labs [C0221] 237 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 14937 238 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 17008, 17229, 22105, 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 235.25 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 236 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 27892, 27893, 27894, 27895 235 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 6603 234–236 °C Alfa Aesar A10431, 39214 Experimental Boiling Point: 178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 178 °C (Sublimes) Alfa Aesar 39214
^Caffeine Content of Food and Drugs. Nutrition Action Health Newsletter. Center For Science in the Public Interest. December 1996 [2006-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2007-06-14).
^Haskell, CF; Kennedy D, Wesnes KA, Milne AL, Scholey AB. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-dose evaluation of the acute behavioural effects of guarana in humans. J Psychopharmacol. 13 March 2006, 0 (0): 0–0. PMID 16533867.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助); [Epub ahead of print]
^Meyer, FP; Canzler E, Giers H, Walther H. Time course of inhibition of caffeine elimination in response to the oral depot contraceptive agent Deposiston. Hormonal contraceptives and caffeine elimination. Zentralbl Gynakol. 1991, 113 (6): 297–302. PMID 2058339.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Ortweiler, W; Simon HU, Splinter FK, Peiker G, Siegert C, Traeger A. Determination of caffeine and metamizole elimination in pregnancy and after delivery as an in vivo method for characterization of various cytochrome p-450 dependent biotransformation reactions. Biomed Biochim Acta. 1985, 44 (7-8): 1189–99. PMID 4084271.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Springhouse. Physician's Drug Handbook; 11th edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. January 1, 2005. ISBN 978-1-58255-396-2.
^Caffeine. The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base. [2006-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-27).
^Nehlig, A; Daval JL, Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: Mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1992 May-Aug, 17 (2): 139–70. PMID 1356551.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助); 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Ivy, JL; Costill DL, Fink WJ, Lower RW. Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance. Med Sci Sports. 1979 Spring, 11 (1): 6–11. PMID 481158.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助); 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Trice, I; Haymes, EM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise-induced changes during high-intensity, intermittent exercise. Int J Sport Nutr. Mar 1995, 5 (1): 37–44. PMID 7749424.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Kamijo, Y; Soma K, Asari Y, Ohwada T. Severe rhabdomyolysis following massive ingestion of oolong tea: caffeine intoxication with coexisting hyponatremia. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 1999 Dec, 41 (6): 381–3. PMID 10592946.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助); 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ 58.058.1Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth Edition.. 美国精神病学协会. 1994. ISBN 978-0-89042-062-1.
^Shannon, MW; Haddad LM, Winchester JF. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 3rd ed.. 1998. ISBN 978-0-7216-6409-5.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
^Noever, R., J. Cronise, and R. A. Relwani. 1995. Using spider-web patterns to determine toxicity. NASA Tech Briefs 19 (4):82. Published in New Scientist magazine, 27 April 1995.
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