Bavarian (German: Bairisch[ˈbaɪʁɪʃ]ⓘ; Bavarian: Boarisch or Boirisch[2]), alternately Austro-Bavarian, is a major group of Upper Germanvarieties spoken in the south-east of the German language area, including the German state of Bavaria, most of Austria and the Italian region of South Tyrol.[3] Prior to 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern Sudetenland and western Hungary.[4] Bavarian is spoken by approximately 12 million people in an area of around 125,000 square kilometres (48,000 sq mi), making it the largest of all German dialects. In 2008, 45 percent of Bavarians claimed to use only dialect in everyday communication.[5]
Reasons why Bavarian can be viewed as a dialect of German include the perception of its speakers, the lack of standardization, the traditional use of Standard German as a roofing language, the relative closeness to German which does not justify Bavarian to be viewed as an abstand language, or the fact that no country applied for Bavarian to be entered into the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[12][13]
The word Bavarian is derived from the name of the people who settled Bavaria along with their tribal dialect. The origin of the word is disputed. The most common theory traces the word to Bajowarjōz, meaning "inhabitants of Bojer land". In turn, Bojer (Latin: Boii, German: Boier) originated as the name for former Celtic inhabitants of the area, with the name passing to the mixed population of Celts, Romans, and successive waves of German arrivals during the early medieval period.[15]
The local population eventually established the Duchy of Bavaria, forming the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Germany. The Old High German documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as Altbairisch ("Old Bavarian"), even though at this early date there were few distinctive features that would divide it from Alemannic German.
The dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German (Bavarian) and West Upper German (Alemannic) became more tangible in the Middle High German period, from about the 12th century.
Differences are clearly noticeable within those three subgroups, which in Austria often coincide with the borders of the particular states. For example, each of the accents of Carinthia, Styria, and Tyrol can be easily recognised. Also, there is a marked difference between eastern and western central Bavarian, roughly coinciding with the border between Austria and Bavaria. In addition, the Viennese dialect has some characteristics distinguishing it from all other dialects. In Vienna, minor, but recognizable, variations are characteristic for distinct districts of the city.
For the use of Bavarian and standard German in Austria, see Austrian German.
Bavarian differs sufficiently from Standard German to make it difficult for native speakers to adopt standard pronunciation. Educated Bavarians and Austrians can almost always read, write and understand Standard German, but they may have very little opportunity to speak it, especially in rural areas. In those regions, Standard German is restricted to use as the language of writing and the media. It is therefore often referred to as Schriftdeutsch ("written German") rather than the usual term Hochdeutsch ("High German" or "Standard German").[citation needed] Given that Central German and Upper German together comprise the High German languages, out of which the then new, written standard was developed and as opposed to Low German, that is an alternative naming many High German dialect speakers regard justified.
School
Bavaria and Austria officially use Standard German as the primary medium of education. With the spread of universal education, the exposure of speakers of Bavarian to Standard German has been increasing, and many younger people, especially in the region's cities and larger towns, speak Standard German with only a slight accent. This accent usually only exists in families where Bavarian is spoken regularly. Families that do not use Bavarian at home usually use Standard German instead. In Austria, some parts of grammar and spelling are taught in Standard German lessons.
As reading and writing in Bavarian is generally not taught at schools, almost all literate speakers of the language prefer to use Standard German for writing. Regional authors and literature may play a role in education as well, but by and large, Standard German is the lingua franca.[citation needed]
Literature
Although there exist grammars, vocabularies, and a translation of the Bible in Bavarian, there is no common orthographic standard. Poetry is written in various Bavarian dialects, and many pop songs use the language as well, especially ones belonging to the Austropop wave of the 1970s and 1980s.[citation needed]
Although Bavarian as a spoken language is in daily use in its region, Standard German, often with strong regional influence, is preferred in the mass media.[citation needed]
Ludwig Thoma was a noted German author who wrote works such as Lausbubengeschichten in Bavarian.[citation needed]
Aspiration may occur among voiceless plosives in word-initial position.
The phoneme /h/ is frequently realised as [ç] or [x] word-internally and is realised as [h] word-initially.
Intervocalic /s/ can be voiced to [z], unless it is fortis (lengthened), such as in /hɔasːn/ 'to be named', compared to /rɔasn/ 'to travel', where the sibilant is lenis.
A trill sound /r/ may also be realised as a flap [ɾ].
Intervocalic /v/ can be realised as [ʋ] or [β, w].
Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise /k/ as an affricate [k͡x] word-initially and before /m,n,l,r/, which is an extension of the High German consonant shift to velar consonants.
Vowels
Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in certain Bavarian dialects or only appear as allophones or in diphthongs. Nasalization may also be distinguished in some dialects.
Bavarian has an extensive vowel inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness.
Orthography
short
long
a
ɐ
ɐ:
à
a
a:
aa
-
ɐ:
àà
-
a:
å
ɑ
ɑ:
ä
ɛ
ɛ:
e
e (ə)
e:~ɛ: (ə)
è
ɛ
ɛ:
é
e
e:
i
ɪ
i
o
ɔ
o
ö
œ
ø
u
ʊ
u
ü
ʏ
y
y
ʏ
y
ea
ɛɐ
ia
iɐ
oa
ɔɐ
ua
uɐ
ei
ɛɪ
oi, åi
ɔɪ
öi, äi
ɛʏ
ui
uɪ
au
ɐʊ
ou
ɔʊ
Grammar
Bavarian usually has case inflection only for the article. With very few exceptions, nouns are not inflected for case.
The simple past tense is very rare in Bavarian and has been retained for only a few verbs, including 'to be' and 'to want'. In general, the perfect is used to express past time.
Bavarian features verbal inflection for several moods such as indicative, subjunctive, imperative and optative. See the table below for inflection of the Bavarian verb måcha, 'make; do':
måcha
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
Optative
1. Sg
i måch
—
i måchad
måchadi
2. Sg (informal)
du måchst
måch!
du måchast
måchast
3. Sg
er måcht
er måch!
er måchad
måchada
1. Pl
mia måchan*
måchma!
mia måchadn
måchadma
2. Pl
eß måchts
måchts!
eß måchats
måchats
3. Pl
se måchan(t)
—
se måchadn
måchadns
2. Sg (formal)
Si måchan
måchan’S!
Si måchadn
måchadn’S
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular
Plural
1st person
2nd person informal
2nd person formal
3rd person
1st person
2nd person
3rd person
Nominative
i
du
Si
ea, se/de, des
mia
eß/öß / ia*
se
Unstressed
i
--
-'S
-a, -'s, -'s
-ma
-'s
-'s
Dative
mia
dia
Eana
eam, eara/iara, dem
uns, ins
enk / eich*
ea, eana
Unstressed
-ma
-da
Accusative
-mi
-di
Eana
eam, eara/iara, des
uns, ins
enk / eich*
ea, eana
Unstressed
Si
-'n, ..., -'s
-'s
* These are typically used in the very northern dialects of Bavarian.
Possessive pronouns
Masculine singular
Feminine singular
Neuter singular
Plural (any gender)
Nominative
mei
meina
mei
meine
mei
mei(n)s
meine
Accusative
mein
Dative
meim
meina
meim
The possessive pronouns Deina and Seina inflect in the same manner. Oftentimes, -nige is added to the nominative to form the adjective form of the possessive pronoun, like mei(nige), dei(nige), and the like.
Indefinite pronouns
Just like the possessive pronouns listed above, the indefinite pronouns koana, "none", and oana, "one" are inflected the same way.
There is also the indefinite pronoun ebba(d), "someone" with its impersonal form ebb(a)s, "something". It is inflected in the following way:
Personal
Impersonal
Nominative
ebba
ebbs
Accusative
ebban
Dative
ebbam
Interrogative pronouns
The interrogative pronouns wea, "who", and wås, "what" are inflected the same way the indefinite pronoun ebba is inflected.
Bavarians produce a variety of nicknames for those who bear traditional Bavarian or German names like Josef, Theresa or Georg (becoming Sepp'l or more commonly Sepp, Resi and Schorsch, respectively). Bavarians often refer to names with the family name coming first (like da Stoiber Ede instead of Edmund Stoiber). The use of the article is considered mandatory when using this linguistic variation. In addition, nicknames different from the family name exist for almost all families, especially in small villages. They consist largely of their profession, names or professions of deceased inhabitants of their homes or the site where their homes are located. This nickname is called Hausname (en: name of the house) and is seldom used to name the person, but more to state where they come from or live or to whom they are related. Examples of this are:
Mohler (e.g. Maler – painter)
Bachbauer (farmer who lives near a brook/creek)
Moosrees (Theresa (Rees/Resi) who lives near a moss)
Schreiner (joiner/carpenter)
Samples of Bavarian dialects
s Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin fåm dætschn Shbroochråm.
s Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin fóm daitschn Schproochraum.
Yiddish
בײַעריש איז אַ גרופּע דיאַלעקטן אויפֿן דרום פֿונעם דײַטשישן שפּראַך־קאָנטינוּום.
Bayerish iz a grupe dyalektn afn dorem funem daytshishn shprakh-kontinuum.
German
Das Bairische ist eine Gruppe von Dialekten im Süden des deutschen Sprachraumes.
English
Bavarian is a group of dialects in the south of the German Sprachraum.
Sérawas*/Zéas/D'Ere/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bĩ da Beeder und kumm/kimm fõ Minchn/Minicha.
Sérwus/Habedéare/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bin/bĩ da Beeder und kimm/kumm fo Minga/Minka.
Yiddish
שלום־עליכם, איך בין פּעטער און איך קום פֿון מינכן.
Sholem-aleykhem, ikh bin Peter un ikh kum fun Minkhn.
Standard German
Hallo/Servus/Grüß dich, ich bin Peter und komme aus München.
English
Hello, I am Peter and I come from Munich.
D'Lisa/'s-Liasl hod sé an Haxn bróchn/brócha.
Bavarian
D'Lisa/As /Lisl hod sé an Hax brócha.
Yiddish
ליזע/ליזל האָט זיך צעבראָכן דעם פֿוס.
Lize/Lizl hot zikh (hotsekh) tsebrokhn dem fus.
Standard German
Lisa hat sich das Bein gebrochen.
English
Lisa broke/has broken her leg.
I ho(b)/hã/hoo a Göd/Goid gfundn/gfunna.
I ho(b) a Gejd/Goid/Göld gfuna.
Yiddish
איך האָב (כ׳האָב) געפֿונען געלט.
ikh hob (kh'hob) gefunen gelt.
Standard German
Ich habe Geld gefunden.
English
I (have) found money.
The dialects can be seen to share a number of features with Yiddish.[18]
^Zehetner 1985, p. 16: "Bairisch ist der oberdeutsche Dialekt, der dem Stamm der Baiern (oder Bajuwaren) eigen ist." [Bavarian is the Upper German dialect that is proper to the tribe of the Bavarians (or Baiuvarii).]
^"Bairisch versus bayerisch". Bayerisches Wörterbuch (BWB). Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Retrieved 2023-02-26. Von der Verbreitung und von der Sprecherzahl her ist das Bairische die am weitesten verbreitete deutsche Mundart. [In terms of distribution and number of speakers, Bavarian is the most widespread German dialect.]
^Kurt Gustav Goblirsch, Consonant Strength in Upper German Dialects, John Benjamins Publishing Company 2012 as NOWELE Supplement Series vol. 10 (originally Odense University Press 1994), p. 23 f.
Hinderling, Robert (1984). "Bairisch: Sprache oder Dialekt?". In Harnisch, Rüdiger (ed.). Jahrbuch der Johann-Andreas-Schmeller-Gesellschaft 1983. Bayreuth: Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaftliche Fakultät. pp. 47–64.
Kühebacher, Egon (1965–1971). Tirolischer Sprachatlas. 3 Vol.: Vokalismus, Konsonantismus, Sprachatlas. (= Deutscher Sprachatlas. Regionale Sprachatlanten. Hg. von Ludwig Erich Schmitt, Karl Kurt Klein, Reiner Hildebrandt, Kurt Rein. Bde. 3/1–3). Marburg: N. G. Elwert Verlag.
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