Ripuarian language

Ripuarian
Ripuarian
Native to	Germany, Belgium, Netherlands
Region	North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Liège Province, Limburg
Native speakers	(Kölsch: 250,000 cited 1997)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Weser-Rhine Germanic Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Frankish Old High Franconian Old Central Franconian ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis); Individual code:; ksh – Kölsch
Glottolog	ripu1236
	Area where Ripuarian is spoken. Green = sparsely populated forest.
	Central German language area after 1945 and the expulsion of the Germans from the east. 1 = Ripuarian.

Ripuarian (/ˌrɪpjuˈɛəriən/ RIP-yoo-AIR-ee-ən; also Ripuarian Franconian; German: Ripuarisch, pronounced [ʁipuˈ(ʔ)aːʁɪʃ], ripuarische Mundart, ripuarischer Dialekt, ripuarisch-fränkische Mundart, Ribuarisch, Dutch: Ripuarisch [ripyˈʋaːris] ^ⓘ, Noordmiddelfrankisch) is a German dialect group, part of the West Central German language group. Together with the Moselle Franconian which includes the Luxembourgish language, Ripuarian belongs to the larger Central Franconian dialect family and also to the linguistic continuum with the Low Franconian languages.

It is spoken in the Rhineland south of the Benrath line — from northwest of Düsseldorf and Cologne to Aachen in the west and to Waldbröl in the east.

The language area also comprises the north of the German-speaking Community of Belgium as well as the southern edge of the Limburg province of the Netherlands, especially Kerkrade (Kirchroa), where it is perceived as a variety of Limburgish and legally treated as such.^{[citation needed]}

The name derives from the Ripuarian Franks (Rheinfranken), who settled in the area from the 4th century onward.

The most well known Ripuarian dialect is Kölsch, the local dialect of Cologne. Dialects belonging to the Ripuarian group almost always call themselves Platt (spelled plat in the Netherlands) like Öcher Platt (of Aachen), Bönnsch Platt (of Bonn), Eischwiele Platt (of Eschweiler), Kirchröadsj plat (of Kerkrade), or Bocheser plat (of Bocholtz). Most of the more than one hundred Ripuarian dialects are bound to one specific village or municipality. Usually there are small distinctive differences between neighbouring dialects (which are, however, easily noticeable to locals), and increasingly bigger differences between the more distant dialects. These are described by a set of isoglosses called the Rhenish fan in linguistics. The way people talk, even if they are not using Ripuarian, often allows them to be traced precisely to a village or city quarter where they learned to speak.

Number of speakers

About a million people speak a variation of Ripuarian dialect, which constitutes about one quarter of the inhabitants of the area. Penetration of Ripuarian in everyday communication varies considerably, as does the percentage of Ripuarian speakers from one place to another. In some places there may only be a few elderly speakers left, while elsewhere Ripuarian usage is common in everyday life. Both in the genuine Ripuarian area and far around it, the number of people passively understanding Ripuarian to some extent exceeds the number of active speakers by far.

Geographic significance

Speakers are centred on the German city of Köln (Cologne). The language's distribution starts from the important geographic transition into the flat-lands coming down from the Middle Rhine. The Ripuarian varieties are related to the Moselle Franconian languages spoken in the southern Rhineland (Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland) in Germany, to the Luxembourgish language in Luxembourg, and to the Low Franconian Limburgish language in the Dutch province of Limburg. Most of the historic roots of Ripuarian languages are in Middle German, but there were other influences too, such as Latin, Low German, Dutch, French and Southern Meuse-Rhenish (Limburgish). Several elements of grammar are unique to Ripuarian and do not exist in the other languages of Germany.^{[citation needed]}

The French Community of Belgium as well as the Netherlands officially recognise some Ripuarian dialects as minority languages, and the European Union likewise follows.^{[citation needed]}

Varieties

Varieties are or include:^[2]

West Ripuarian (Westripuarisch), around Aachen and a small area in East Belgium and the Netherlands
Central Ripuarian (Zentralripuarisch)
- City Colognian (Stadtkölnisch)
- Country Colognian (Landkölnisch)

Grammar

Numerals

The transcription from Münch,^[3] in which the grave accent (`) and macron (¯) represent, respectively, accent 1 and 2 in the Central/Low Franconian pitch accent.

	Cardinals	Ordinals
1	ēn	dę ìəštə
2	tswęī	dę tswę̀itə
3	dreī	dę drę̀itə
4	fiəꝛ	dę fiətə
5	fønəf	dę fønəftə
6	zęks	dę zękstə
7	zevə	dę zevəntə
8	āx	dę āxtə
9	nøŋ̀	dę nøŋ̄tə
10	tsèn	dę tsèntə
11	eləf	dę eləftə
12	tsweləf	dę tsweləftə
13	drøksēn	dę drøksēntə
14	fiətsēn	dę fiətsēntə
15	fuftsēn	dę fuftsēntə
16	zęksēn	dę zęksēntə
17	zevətsēn	dę zevetsēntə
18	āxtsēn	dę āxtsēntə
19	nøŋ̄sēn	dę nøŋ̄tsēntə
20	tswantsiχ	dę tswantsiχstə
21	enəntswantsiχ
22	tswęiəntswantsiχ
23	dreiəntswantsiχ
24	fiəꝛentswantsiχ
25	fønəvəntswantsiχ
26	zękzəntswantsiχ
27	zevənəntswantsiχ
28	āxəntswantsiχ
29	nøŋəntswantsiχ
30	dresiχ	dę dresiχstə
40	fiətsiχ	dę fiətsiχstə
50	fuftsiχ	dę fuftsiχstə
60	zęksiχ	dę zęksiχstə
70	zevəntsiχ	dę zevətsiχstə
80	āxtsiχ	dę āxtsiχstə
90	nøŋ̄siχ	dę nøŋ̄tsiχstə
100	hondəꝛt	dę hondəꝛtstə
200	tsweīhondəꝛt
1000	dùzənt	dę dùzəntstə

Pronouns

Ripuarian (excluding City-Colognian) emphasised personal pronouns:^[3]

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person m. / f. / n.			reflexive pronoun (of the 3rd person)
	Singular
Nom.	iχ	du	hę̄	zeī	ət
Gen.	–	–	–	–	–
Dat.	mīꝛ	dīꝛ	em̀	ìꝛ	em̀	ziχ
Acc.	miχ	diχ	en	zeī	ət	ziχ
	Plural
Nom.	mīꝛ	īꝛ	zē
Gen.	–	–	–
Dat.	os	yχ	eǹə			ziχ
Acc.	os	yχ	zē			ziχ

Literature

Hans Bruchhausen und Heinz Feldhoff: Us Platt kalle un verstonn - Mundartwörterbuch Lützenkirchen-Quettingen. Bergisch Gladbach 2005. ISBN 3-87314-410-7
Leo Lammert und Paul Schmidt: Neunkirchen-Seelscheider Sprachschatz, herausgegeben vom Heimat- und Geschichtsverein Neunkirchen-Seelscheid 2006. (ca. 7300 Wörter)
Manfred Konrads: Wörter und Sachen im Wildenburger Ländchen, Rheinland-Verlag, Köln, 1981
Maria Louise Denst: Olper Platt - Bergisches Mundart-Wörterbuch für Kürten-Olpe und Umgebung. Schriftenreihe des Bergischen Geschichtsvereins Abt. Rhein-Berg e. V. Band 29. Bergisch Gladbach 1999. ISBN 3-932326-29-6
Theodor Branscheid (Hrsg): "Oberbergische Sprachproben. Mundartliches aus Eckenhagen und Nachbarschaft." Band 1, Eckenhagen, 1927.
Heinrichs, Werner: Bergisch Platt - Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme, Selbstverlag, Burscheid, 1978
Georg Wenker: Das rheinische Platt. 1877.
- Georg Wenker: Das rheinische Platt, (Sammlung deutsche Dialektgeographie Heft 8), Marburg, 1915.
Georg Cornelissen, Peter Honnen, Fritz Langensiepen (editor): Das rheinische Platt. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Handbuch der rheinischen Mundarten Teil 1: Texte. Rheinland-Verlag, Köln. 1989. ISBN 3-7927-0689-X
Helmut Fischer: 'Wörterbuch der unteren Sieg. Rheinische Mundarten. Beiträge zur Volkssprache aus den rheinischen Landschaften Band 4. Rheinland Verlag, Köln, 1985. ISBN 3-7927-0783-7
Ludewig Rovenhagen: Wörterbuch der Aachener Mundart, Aachen, 1912.
Prof. Dr. Will Herrmanns, Rudolf Lantin (editor): Aachener Sprachschatz. Wörterbuch der Aachener Mundart. Beiträge zur Kultur- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte Aachens und Seiner Umgebung, Band 1. Im Auftrag des Vereins „Öcher Platt“ für den Druck überarbeitet und herausgegeben von Dr. Rudolf Lantin. 2 Bände. Verlag J. A. Mayer, 1970. ISBN 3-87519-011-4
Adolf Steins: Grammatik des Aachener Dialekts. Herausgegeben von Klaus-Peter Lange. Rheinisches Archiv Band 141. Böhlau-Verlag, Kölle, Weimar, Wien, 1998. ISBN 3-412-07698-8
Dr. Karl Allgeier, Jutta Baumschulte, Meinolf Baumschulte, Richard Wolfgarten: Aachener Dialekt - Wortschatz, Öcher Platt - Hochdeutsch und Hochdeutsch - Öcher Platt. Öcher Platt e.V. Aachen, 2000.

References

^ Ripuarian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Kölsch at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Jürgen Erich Schmidt, Robert Möller, Historisches Westdeutsch/Rheinisch (Moselfränkisch, Ripuarisch, Südniederfränkisch), sub-chapter Das Ripuarische; in: Sprache und Raum: Ein internationales Handbuch der Sprachvariation. Band 4: Deutsch. Herausgegeben von Joachim Herrgen, Jürgen Erich Schmidt. Unter Mitarbeit von Hanna Fischer und Birgitte Ganswindt, volume 30.4 of Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft (Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Manuels de linguistique et des sciences de communication) (HSK), Berlin/Boston, 2019, p. 529f.
^ ^a ^b
Grammatik der ripuarisch-fränkischen Mundart von Ferdinand Münch. Bonn, 1904, p. 8ff. & p. 159f.
Some symbols with their IPA equivalent are:
- ę - [ɛ]
- š - [⁠ʃ⁠]
- ꝛ - ⁠[ʁ⁠]
- χ - [ç]
- x - [⁠x⁠]