This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used - notably pap for Papiamento.See why.(July 2022)
There are various theories about the origin and development of the Papiamento language, and precise history has not been established. Its parent language is surely Iberian, but scholars disputed whether Papiamento was derived from Portuguese and its derived Portuguese-based creole languages or from Spanish. Historical constraints, core vocabulary, and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with Cape Verdean Creole and Guinea-Bissau Creole are far less than those shared with Spanish, even though the Spanish and Dutch influences occurred later, from the 17th century onwards. Jacoba Bouschoute conducted a study on the various Dutch influences in Papiamento. An example of a such word is verfdó, which is a combination of a Dutch root verf (meaning "paint") and the Portuguese and Spanish suffix -dor (used for a person who performs an action, like "painter") The transformation from verver to verfdó involved shortening the -r to -dó due to a linguisitic process called apocopation.[7]
The name of the language itself originates from papia, from Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole papear ("to chat, say, speak, talk"), added by the noun-forming suffix -mento.
Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 15th century but made little use of them. Portuguese merchants had been trading extensively in the West Indies and with the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain during 1580–1640 period, their trade extended to the Spanish West Indies. In 1634, the Dutch West India Company (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting most of the small remaining Arawak and Spanish population to the continent (mostly to the Venezuelan west coast and the Venezuelan plains, as well as all the way east to the Venezuela Orinoco basin and Trinidad), and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean.
The first evidence of widespread use of Papiamento in Aruba and Curaçao can be seen in official documents in the early 18th century. In the 19th century, most materials in the islands were written in Papiamento including Roman Catholic school books and hymnals. In 1837, the Catecismo Corticu pa uso di catolicanan di Curaçao was printed, the first printed book in Papiamento. In 2009 the Catecismo Corticu was added to the UNESCOMemory of the World register.[8] The first Papiamento newspaper was published in 1871 and was called Civilisadó (The Civilizer).
Local development theory
One local development theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from an original Portuguese-African pidgin, with later Dutch and Spanish (and even some Arawak) influences.
Another theory is that Papiamento first evolved from the use in the region since 1499 of 'lenguas' and the first repopulation of the ABC Islands by the Spanish by the Cédula real decreed in November 1525 in which Juan Martinez de Ampués, factor of Española, had been granted the right to repopulate the depopulated Islas inútiles of Oroba, Islas de los Gigantes, and Buon Aire.
The evolution of Papiamento continued under the Dutch colonisation under the influence of 16th-century Dutch, Portuguese (Brazilian) and Native American languages (Arawak and Taíno), with the second repopulation of the ABC islands with immigrants who arrived from the ex-Dutch Brazilian colonies.
The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the Dutch-held territories in NortheastBrazil, causing most Portuguese-speaking Jews and their Portuguese-speaking Dutch allies and Dutch-speaking Portuguese Brazilian allies in those lands to flee from religious persecution. The precise role of Sephardic Jews in the early development is unclear, but Jews certainly played a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews from Portugal, Spain, Cape Verde or Portuguese Brazil. Also, after the Eighty Years' War, a group of Sephardic Jews immigrated from Amsterdam. Therefore, it can be assumed that Judaeo-Portuguese was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. The Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area and so business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento. While various nations owned the island, and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento became the constant language of the residents.
When the Netherlands opened economic ties with Spanish colonies in what are now Venezuela and Colombia in the 18th century[9] students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish, and Spanish began to influence the creole language.[5]
Since there was a continuous Latinisation process (Hoetink, 1987), even the elite Dutch-Protestant settlers eventually communicated better in Spanish than in Dutch, as a wealth of local Spanish-language publications in the 19th century testify.
European and African origin theory
According to the European and African origin theory the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose in the 16th century in the west coast of Africa and in the Portuguese Cape Verde islands. From the 16th to the late 17th centuries, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese trading posts (feitorias, transl. factories) in those regions. Around those ports, several Portuguese-African pidgin and creole languages developed, such as Cape Verdean Creole, Guinea-Bissau Creole, Angolar, and Forro (from São Tomé).[10] The sister languages bear strong resemblance with Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from one or more of these older creoles or their predecessors, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and traders from Cape Verde and West Africa.
The similarity between Papiamento and the other Afro-Portuguese creoles can be seen in the same pronouns used, mi, bo, el, nos, bos(o), being Portuguese-based.
Afro-Portuguese creoles often have a shift from "v" to "b" and from "o" to "u": bientu (transl. wind), instead of viento.[clarification needed] In creole and also in Spanish, ⟨v⟩ and ⟨v⟩ are pronounced the same. In creole, it is also written as a ⟨b⟩. Just as in Portuguese, an unaccented final ⟨o⟩ is pronounced as /u/.
Guene (the name comes from "Guinea") was a secret language that was used by slaves on the plantations of the landhouses of West Curaçao.[11] There were about a hundred Guene songs that were sung to make the work lighter.[12] However, because of the secret character of Guene, it never had much influence on Papiamento.
Linguistic and historical ties with Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole
Since the late 1990s, research has been done that shines light on the ties between Papiamento and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole. Martinus (1996), Quint (2000)[13] and Jacobs (2008,[14] 2009a,[15] 2009b[16]) focus specifically on the linguistic and historical relationships with the Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole, as spoken on the Santiago island of Cape Verde and in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance.
In Bart Jacob's study The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamento[15] he defends the hypothesis that Papiamento is a relexified offshoot of an early Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole variety that was transferred from Senegambia to Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century, when the Dutch controlled the island of Gorée, a slave trading stronghold off the coast of Senegal. The Creole was used for communication among slaves and between slaves and slave holders.
On Curaçao, this variety underwent internal changes as well as contact-induced changes at all levels of the grammar, but particularly in the lexicon, due to contact with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Dutch. Despite the changes, the morphosyntactic framework of Papiamento is still remarkably close to that of the Upper Guinea Creoles of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Parallels have also been identified between the development of Papiamento and Catholicism.)[17]
Present status
Papiamento is spoken in all aspects of society throughout Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire.
Venezuelan Spanish and American English are constant influences today. Code-switching and lexical borrowing from Spanish, Dutch and English among native speakers is common. This is considered as a threat to the development of the language because of the loss of the authentic and Creole "feel" of Papiamento.
Many immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean choose to learn Papiamento because it is more practical in daily life on the islands. For Spanish-speakers, it is easier to learn than Dutch, because Papiamento uses many Spanish and Portuguese words.[21]
The first opera in Papiamento, adapted by Carel De Haseth [nl] from his novel Katibu di Shon, was performed at the Stadsschouwburg in Amsterdam on 1 July 2013, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ending of slavery in the Dutch Caribbean.[22][23]
Old Papiamento texts
The Papiamento language originates from about 1650. The oldest Papiamento texts that have been preserved are written letters. In the following three letters it can be seen that the words changed and the spelling became closer to the Dutch spelling. Although some words are no longer in use, the basis of Papiamento did not change much.
Piter May letter 1775
The oldest letter dates from 1775.[24] It was sent by the Sephardic Jew Abraham Andrade to his mistress Sarah Vaz Parro, about a family meeting in the centre of Curaçao.
Old Papiamento
Modern Papiamento
English
Piter May the ora ky boso a biny.
My a topa tio la, ku Sara meme.
Nan taba biny Punta.
My Dusie, bo pay a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony & Merca koge na kamina dy Piter May.
Es nigrita Antunyca & nan a ybel tras dy forty, & nan a manda sutel guatapana.
Mas my no saby pa ky razon.
Sy bo saby, manda gabla, ku my Dios pagabo.
Bida, manda gabla ku my, kico Bechy a biny busca na Punta & borbe bay asina presto.
Mi tabata na Pietermaai te ora ku boso a bini.
Mi a topa tio aya, ku Sara meimei.
Nan tabata bini na Punda.
Mi dushi, bo pai a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony i Merka kohe na kaminda di Pietermaai.
E negrita Antunika... nan a hib'é tras di fòrti, i nan a manda sut'é na e watapana.
Pero mi no sabi pa ki rason.
Si bo sabi, manda palabra, ku mi Dios ta bai pagabo.
Mi Bida, manda palabra ku mi, kiko Becky a bini buska na Punda, i bolbe bai asina lihé.
I was in Pietermaai until the time you came.
I met uncle there, and Sara halfway.
They were coming to Punda.
My sweetheart, your father sent your brother Aronchy, and Tony and Merka went on their way to Pietermaai.
That negress Antunika... they brought her behind the fort, sent to be whipped at the divi-divi tree.
But I don't know for what reason.
If you know, send me a message, and my God will reward you.
My Life, send me a word what Becky came looking for in Punda, and then return as quickly.
Boo Jantje letter 1783
The next letter dates from 1783 and was recently discovered in an English archive.[25] It was sent by Anna Charje in the name of her baby Jantje Boufet to her husband Dirk Schermer in Rotterdam. (The final sentence is standard Dutch.)
Old Papiamento
Modern Papiamento
English
Mi papa, bieda die mi Courasson, bieni prees toe seeka bo joego doesje.
Mi mama ta warda boo, mie jora toer dieja pa mie papa.
Coemda Mie groot mama pa mie, ie mie tante nan toer.
Papa doesje, treese oen boenieta sonbreer pa boo Jantje.
Adjoos mie papa, bieda die mi Courasson.
Djoos naa boo saloer, pa mie i pa mie mama.
Mie groot mama ta manda koemenda boo moetje moetje.
Mie ta bo joego Doeje toe na mortoo.
Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreeven, nogmals adjoos, vart wel.
Mi papa, bida di mi kurason, bini lihé serka bo yu dushi.
Mi mama ta warda bo, mi ta yora tur dia pa mi papa.
Kumindá mi wela pa mi, i mi tantanan tur.
Papa dushi, trese un bunita sombré pa bo Jantje.
Ayó mi papa, bida di mi kurason.
Dios duna bo salú, pa mi i pa mi mama.
Mi wela ta manda kumindá bo muchu muchu.
Mi ta bo yu dushi te na morto.
Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreven, nogmaals adios, vaarwel.
My father, life of my heart, come quickly close to your sweet son.
My mother awaits you, I cry all day for my father.
Greet my grandmother for me, and all my aunts.
Dear father, bring a nice hat for your Jantje.
Goodbye my father, life of my heart.
May God give you health, from me and from my mother.
Send my grandmother many many greetings.
I am your sweet son until death.
This is written by your Jantje, once again adios, goodbye.
Quant Court testimony 1803
The third text dates from 1803.[26] It is a court testimony in which 26 Aruban farm workers sign a statement to support their boss Pieter Specht against false accusations by Quant.
Old Papiamento
Modern Papiamento
English
Noos ta firma por la berdad, y para serbir na teenpoe qui lo llega die moosteer.
Qui des die teempoe koe Señor B.G. Quant ta poner, na serbisje die tera...
Ta maltrata noos comandeur Pieter Specht pa toer soorto die koos.
Y seemper el dho Quant ta precura die entreponeel deen toer gobierno die comandeur.
Por ees motibo, noos ta esprimenta koe eel ta causa die toer disunion.
Nos ta firma pa e berdad y pa sirbi den e tempo aki lo yega di mester.
Cu di e tempo e cu señor B.G. Quant ta pone, na servicio di e tera...
Ta maltrata nos commandeur Pieter Specht pa tur sorto di cos.
Y semper el señor Quandt ta percura di entremete den tur gobierno di commandeur.
Pa e motibo, nos ta experencia cu el ta causa di tur desunion.
We sign for the truth and to serve the coming time if necessary.
About our time with B.G. Quant we declare, we were employed in land cultivation...
He always mistreated our commander Pieter Specht for all sort of things.
And always mister Quant interfered with all instructions of the commander.
For that reason, we declare that he caused all the discord.
Since the 1970s, two different orthographies have been developed and adopted. In 1976, Curaçao and Bonaire officially adopted the Römer-Maduro-Jonis version, a phonetic spelling. In 1977, Aruba approved a more etymology-based spelling, presented by the Comision di Ortografia (Orthography Commission), presided by Jossy Mansur.
Distribution and dialects
Papiamento has two main dialects, one in Aruba and one in Curaçao and Bonaire (Papiamentu), with lexical and intonational differences.[27] There are also minor differences between Curaçao and Bonaire.
The most apparent difference between the two dialects is given away in the name difference. Whereas Bonaire and Curaçao opted for a phonology-based spelling, Aruba uses an etymology-based spelling. Many words in Aruba end with "o" while the same word ends with "u" in Bonaire and Curaçao. And even in Curaçao, the use of the u-ending is still more pronounced among the Sephardic Jewish population. Similarly, the use of "k" in Bonaire and Curaçao replaces "c" in Aruba.
For example:
English
Curaçao and Bonaire
Aruba
Portuguese
Spanish
Lead
Chumbu
Chumbo
Chumbo
Plomo
Stick
Palu
Palo
Pau
Palo
House
Kas
Cas
Casa
Casa
Knife
Kuchú
Cuchiu
Faca
Cuchillo
Phonology
Vowels and diphthongs
Papiamento vowels are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch vowels. Papiamento has the following nine vowels:[28]
Papiamento has diphthongs, two vowels in a single syllable that form one sound.
Papiamento diphthongs are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch diphthongs. It has the following diphthongs:
Stress is very important in Papiamento. Many words have a very different meaning when a different stress is used:
When both syllables are equally stressed, kome, it means "to eat".
When the first syllable is stressed, kome, it means "eat!" (imperative).
However, kom'é (short for kome é) means "eat it!"
There are general rules for the stress and accent but also a great many exceptions.
When a word deviates from the rules, the stressed vowel is indicated by an acute accent ( ´ ), but it is often omitted in casual writing.
When a noun ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), the stress is placed upon the penultimate (before last) syllable: buriku ("donkey").
When a noun ends in a consonant, the stress is placed upon the last syllable: hospital.
When a verb has two syllables, the syllables are about equally stressed: sòru ("to care"), falta ("to lack").
When a verb has more than two syllables, the stress is laid upon the last syllable: kontestá ("to answer"), primintí ("to promise").
Lexicon
Vocabulary
Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and
derived Portuguese-based creoles and (Early Modern) Spanish. The real origin is usually difficult to tell because the two Iberian languages are very similar, and adaptations were made in Papiamento. A list of 200 basic Papiamento words can be found in the standard Swadesh list, with etymological reference to the language of origin.[30] There is a remarkable similarity between words in Papiamento, Cape Verdean Creole, and Guinea-Bissau Creole, which all belong to the same language family of the Upper Guinea Creoles. Most of the words can be connected with their Portuguese origin.
Linguistic studies have shown that roughly 80% of the words in Papiamento's present vocabulary are of Iberian origin, 20% are of Dutch origin, and some of Native American or African origin. A study by Van Buurt and Joubert inventoried the words of Taíno and Caquetío Arawak origin, mostly words for plants and animals.[31] Arawak is an extinct language that was spoken by Indians throughout the Caribbean. The Arawak words were re-introduced in Papiamento by borrowing from the Spanish dialect of Venezuela[32]
Many words are of Iberian origin, and it is impossible to label them as either Portuguese or Spanish:
por fabor ("please") – Portuguese: por favor – Spanish: por favor
kuantu ("how much") – Portuguese: quanto – Spanish: cuánto
While the presence of word-final /u/ can easily be traced to Portuguese, the diphthongisation of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. The use of /b/, rather than /v/, descends from its pronunciation in the dialects of northern Portugal as well as of Spanish. Also, a sound shift may have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese: subrino ("nephew"): sobrinho in Portuguese, sobrino in Spanish. The pronunciation of o as /u/ is certainly Portuguese, but the use of n instead of nh (/ɲ/) in the ending -no is from Spanish.
Few Portuguese words come directly from Portuguese, but most come via the Portuguese-based creole; in the examples below, the Cape Verdean Creole equivalents are borboléta, katchor, prétu and fórsa.
como también nosotros perdonamos a los que nos ofenden.
No nos dejes caer en tentación y líbranos del mal.
Amén.
Pai nosso, que estais nos céus
Santificado seja o vosso nome. Venha a nós o vosso Reino;
seja feita a vossa vontade,
assim na terra como no céu.
O pão nosso de cada dia nos dai hoje.
Perdoai as nossas ofensas,
assim como perdoamos
a quem nos tem ofendido. E não nos deixeis cair
em tentação,
mas livrai-nos do mal.
Amén.
Our Father,
who art in Heaven,
hallowed be Thy name.
Thy kingdom come.
Thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread,
and forgive our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from the evil one.
Amen.
Comparison of vocabularies
This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Papiamento, Portuguese, and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Spanish is shown for the contrast.
^Baptista, Marlyse (2009). On the Development of Nominal and Verbal Morphology in Four Lusophone Creoles. Seminar presentation given 6 November 2009, University of Pittsburgh.
^Jacobs, Bart (2009b) "The Origins of Old Portuguese Features in Papiamento." In: Faraclas, Nicholas; Severing, Ronald; Weijer, Christa; Echteld, Liesbeth (eds.). "Leeward voices: Fresh perspectives on Papiamento and the literatures and cultures of the ABC Islands", 11–38. FPI/UNA, Curaçao.
^Dewulf, Jeroen (2018). "From Papiamentu to Afro-Catholic Brotherhoods: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Iberian Elements in Curaçaoan Popular Culture," Studies in Latin American Popular Culture, Vol. 36 (2018): 69–94.
^Tijdelijke wet officiële talen BES (in Dutch) – via Overheid.nl. Artikel 2: De officiële talen zijn het Engels, het Nederlands en het Papiamento. (English: Article 2: The official languages are English, Dutch and Papiamento)
^Sanchez, Tara (n.d.). "Papiamentu". Language Varieties. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
McWhorter, John H. (2000). The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. Berkeley: University of California Press.
van Buurt, Gerard; Joubert, Sidney M. (1997). Stemmen uit het Verleden: Indiaanse Woorden in het Papiamento (in Dutch). Willemstad.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Set of laws implemented in Nazi Germany Eva Justin of the Racial Hygiene and Demographic Biology Research Unit measuring the skull of a Romani woman Part of a series onNazism Organizations Ahnenerbe Geheime Staatspolizei Deutsches Jungvolk Hitler Youth League of German Girls NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Nazi Party Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung German rearmament…
For the LGA and town in Nigeria, see Mangu, Nigeria. City in Western Province, ZambiaMonguCityLitunga's Winter PalaceMonguLocation in ZambiaCoordinates: 15°16′39″S 23°7′55″E / 15.27750°S 23.13194°E / -15.27750; 23.13194Country ZambiaProvinceWestern ProvinceDistrictMongu DistrictElevation3,340 ft (1,018 m)Population (2010) • Total179,585 Mongu is the capital of Western Province in Zambia and was the capital of the formerly-named provi…
Form of punishment whose main feature is dishonoring or disgracing a person This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Public humiliation – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) South Korean gang leader Lee Jung-jae being shame-paraded by Par…
Nunin geroglifici Nun, dio dell'oceano primordiale e Nunet Nun è una divinità egizia appartenente alla religione dell'antico Egitto ed era la parte maschile dell'oceano primordiale che esisteva prima che venisse creato il mondo conosciuto[1] mentre la parte femminile era rappresentata da Nunet.[2] Entrambi, secondo la teologia ermopolitana erano una delle coppie primeve che formavano l'Ogdoade ermopolitana. Narrano i Testi delle piramidi dell'Antico Regno che da questo Nun emer…
Tre donneAnna Magnani nell'episodio L'AutomobileTitolo originaleTre donne PaeseItalia Anno1971 Formatominiserie TV Generedrammatico Puntate3 Durata92 min (La sciantosa); 114 min (1943: Un incontro); 89 min (L'automobile) Lingua originaleitaliano CreditiRegiaAlfredo Giannetti SceneggiaturaAlfredo Giannetti Interpreti e personaggi Anna Magnani: Massimo Ranieri: Rosita Pisano: Nico Pepe: Enrico Maria Salerno: Vittorio Caprioli: Christian Hay: Doppiatori e personaggi Isa Di Marzio: Rosita Pisano Ser…
Ottoman princess, daughter of Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha and Adile Sultan Hayriye HanımsultanBornJune 1846Constantinople, Ottoman Empire(present-day Istanbul, Turkey)Died26 July 1869(1869-07-26) (aged 22–23)Constantinople, Ottoman EmpireBurialDamat Mehmed Ali Pasha Mausoleum, Eyüp, IstanbulSpouse Ali Rıza Bey (m. 1866)IssueTwo sonsA daughterNamesTurkish: Hayriye HanımsultanOttoman Turkish: خیریه خانم سلطانFatherDamat Mehmed Ali PashaMotherAdile…
Museo Estatal Ruso Patrimonio cultural federal de Rusia Edificio sede del Museo Estatal RusoUbicaciónPaís Rusia RusiaLocalidad San PetersburgoCoordenadas 59°56′19″N 30°19′56″E / 59.938592, 30.332221Tipo y coleccionesTipo Museo de arteColecciones Arte rusoHistoria y gestiónCreación 1895Inauguración 1895Director Vladimir Gusev[1]Información del edificioEdificio Palacio MijáilovskiConstrucción 1819-1825Arquitecto Carlo RossiInformación para visitantesHorari…
Judi Dench nel 2007 Oscar alla miglior attrice non protagonista 1999 Dame Judith Olivia Dench (York, 9 dicembre 1934) è un'attrice britannica. È riconosciuta come una delle più significative interpreti del cinema e del teatro inglese. Ha ottenuto la fama internazionale per il ruolo di M nella serie di film di James Bond da GoldenEye (1995), fino alla sua ultima apparizione della saga in Spectre (2015). Considerata tra le migliori attrici della sua generazione, è, insieme a Glenn Close, Cate …
Der III. WegDer Dritte Weg Logotype officiel. Présentation Président Matthias Fischer Fondation Heidelberg, Bade-Wurtemberg, Allemagne 28 septembre 2013 Scission de Parti national-démocrate d'AllemagneFreies Netz Süd Siège Bad Dürkheim, Rhénanie-Palatinat, Allemagne Positionnement Extrême droite[1] Idéologie Néonazisme[2],[3]Nationalisme allemandNéofascismeStrasserismeAntisémitisme Adhérents 600 (estimation, 2020)[4] Site web der-dritte-weg.info Drapeau de Der III. Weg. Der III. Weg…
Gale Cup is an elite under-18s women's rugby league competition Harvey Norman Tarsha Gale CupCurrent season or competition: 2023 New South Wales Rugby LeagueSportRugby leagueInstituted2017Inaugural season2017Number of teams13Country AustraliaPremiers Illawarra Steelers (2024)Most titles Sydney Roosters Indigenous Academy Illawarra Steelers (2 titles)WebsiteTarsha Gale CupRelated competitionNRL Women's PremiershipNSWRL Women's Premiership The Tarsha Gale Cup is an elite under-19s Women's rug…
Liga 3 Jakarta 2019Musim2019Tanggal4 Agustus - 4 November 2019JuaraJakarta United FC← 2018 2021 → Seluruh statistik akurat per 4 November 2019. Liga 3 2019 Jakarta adalah musim kompetisi liga 3 zona provinsi DKI Jakarta yang dimulai pada 4 Agustus 2019. Jakarta United FC merupakan juara bertahan Liga 3 2018 Jakarta. Jakarta United FC berhasil mempertahankan gelar Liga 3 2019 Jakarta setelah pada babak final 4 besar berhasil menduduki peringkat pertama.[1] Liga 3 provinsi DKI Jakarta …
Section of the United States Bankruptcy Code Chapter 11 redirects here. For other uses, see Chapter 11 (disambiguation). Bankruptcy in theUnited States Bankruptcy in the United States Authority History U.S. Trustee Court BAP Code FRBP Chapters Chapter 7 Chapter 9 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 15 Aspects of bankruptcy law Automatic stay Discharge Bankruptcy trustee Chief restructuring officer Claim Means test DIP vteInsolvency Processes Administration Bankruptcy Chapter 7 (US) CVA Cons…
1878 United States law on monetary policy Bland–Allison ActLong titleAn Act to authorize the coinage of the standard silver dollar, and to restore its legal-tender character.Enacted bythe 45th United States CongressEffectiveFebruary 28, 1878CitationsPublic law45–20Statutes at Large20 Stat. 25Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 1093Passed the House on November 5, 1877 (163–34)Passed the Senate on February 15, 1878 (48–21) with amendmentHouse ag…
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David Apatang stands with Airmen visiting the Northern Marianas Demographic features of the population of the Northern Mariana Islands include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations an…
Ракетний удар по Чернігову 17 квітня 2024 рокуЧастина російського вторгнення в Україну Місце атаки історичний центр Чернігова, УкраїнаДата 17 квітня 2024 рокуСпосіб атаки три ракети (імовірно «Іскандер»)[1])Загиблі 18[2]Поранені 78 (з них четверо дітей)[2]Вбивці Збройні…
American boxer (born 1967) Riddick BoweBowe in 1993BornRiddick Lamont Bowe (1967-08-10) August 10, 1967 (age 56)[2]New York City, New York, U.S.Other namesBig DaddyStatisticsWeight(s)HeavyweightHeight6 ft 5 in (196 cm)[1]Reach81 in (206 cm)[1]StanceOrthodox Boxing recordTotal fights45Wins43Wins by KO33Losses1No contests1 Medal record Men's amateur boxing Representing United States Olympic Games 1988 Seoul Super heavyweight Pan Amer…
Literary award for Indian writers The O. N. V. Literary Award is awarded annually by O. N. V. Cultural Academy from 2017 in memory of poet O. N. V. Kurup (1931–2016). The award is not limited to Malayalam–language authors but is a national award for which writers from across India are considered for their overall contributions to literature. The award comprises a statue, a citation, and a purse of ₹ 300,000. Recipients Year Recipient Image Jury Ref. 2017 Sugathakumari M. LeelavathyC. Radha…