ISO 639-2

ISO 639-2:1998, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 2: Alpha-3 code, is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes. There are 487 entries in the list of ISO 639-2 codes.

The US Library of Congress is the registration authority for ISO 639-2 (referred to as ISO 639-2/RA). As registration authority, the LOC receives and reviews proposed changes; they also have representation on the ISO 639-RA Joint Advisory Committee responsible for maintaining the ISO 639 code tables.

Find a language
Enter an ISO 639-2 code to find the corresponding language article.

History and relationship to other ISO 639 standards

Work was begun on the ISO 639-2 standard in 1989, because the ISO 639-1 standard, which uses only two-letter codes for languages, is not able to accommodate a sufficient number of languages. The ISO 639-2 standard was first released in 1998.

In practice, ISO 639-2 has largely been superseded by ISO 639-3 (2007), which includes codes for all the individual languages in ISO 639-2 plus many more. It also includes the special and reserved codes, and is designed not to conflict with ISO 639-2. ISO 639-3, however, does not include any of the collective languages in ISO 639-2; most of these are included in ISO 639-5.

B and T codes

While most languages are given one code by the standard, twenty of the languages described have two three-letter codes, a "bibliographic" code (ISO 639-2/B), which is derived from the English name for the language and was a necessary legacy feature, and a "terminological" code (ISO 639-2/T), which is derived from the native name for the language and resembles the language's two-letter code in ISO 639-1. There were originally 22 B codes; scc and scr are now deprecated.

In general the T codes are favored; ISO 639-3 uses ISO 639-2/T.

Scopes and types

The codes in ISO 639-2 have a variety of "scopes of denotation", or types of meaning and use, some of which are described in more detail below.

Individual languages
Macrolanguages (see ISO 639 macrolanguage)
Collections of languages
Dialects
Reserved for local use
Special situations

For a definition of macrolanguages and collective languages, see ISO 639-3/RA: Scope of denotation for language identifiers.

Individual languages are further classified as to type:

Living languages
Extinct languages
Ancient languages
Historic languages
Constructed languages

Collections of languages

Some ISO 639-2 codes that are commonly used for languages do not precisely represent a particular language or some related languages (as the above macrolanguages). They are regarded as collective language codes and are excluded from ISO 639-3.

The collective language codes in ISO 639-2 are listed below. Some language groups are noted to be remainder groups, that is excluding languages with their own codes, while other are not. Remainder groups are afa, alg, art, ath, bat, ber, bnt, cai, cau, cel, crp, cus, dra, fiu, gem, inc, ine, ira, khi, kro, map, mis, mkh, mun, nai, nic, paa, roa, sai, sem, sio, sit, sla, ssa, tai and tut, while inclusive groups are apa, arn, arw, aus, bad, bai, bih, cad, car, chb, cmc, cpe, cpf, cpp, dua, hmn, iro, mno, mul, myn, nub, oto, phi, sgn, wak, wen, ypk and znd.^[1]

The following code is identified as a collective code in ISO 639-2 but is (at present) missing from ISO 639-5:

him Himachali

Codes registered for 639-2 that are listed as collective codes in ISO 639-5 (and collective codes by name in ISO 639-2):

afa Afro-Asiatic languages
alg Algonquian languages
apa Apache languages
art artificial languages
ath Athapascan languages
aus Australian languages
bad Banda languages
bai Bamileke languages
bat Baltic languages
ber Berber languages
bih Bihari languages
bnt Bantu languages
btk Batak languages
cai Central American Indian languages
cau Caucasian languages
cel Celtic languages
cmc Chamic languages
cpe creoles and pidgins, English-based
cpf creoles and pidgins, French-based
cpp creoles and pidgins, Portuguese-based
crp creoles and pidgins
cus Cushitic languages
day Land Dayak languages
dra Dravidian languages
fiu Finno-Ugrian languages
gem Germanic languages
ijo Ijo languages
inc Indic languages
ine Indo-European languages
ira Iranian languages
iro Iroquoian languages
kar Karen languages
khi Khoisan languages
kro Kru languages
map Austronesian languages
mkh Mon–Khmer languages
mno Manobo languages
mun Munda languages
myn Mayan languages
nah Nahuatl languages
nai North American Indian languages
nic Niger-Kordofanian languages
nub Nubian languages
oto Otomian languages
paa Papuan languages
phi Philippine languages
pra Prakrit languages
roa Romance languages
sai South American Indian languages
sal Salishan languages
sem Semitic languages
sgn sign languages
sio Siouan languages
sit Sino-Tibetan languages
sla Slavic languages
smi Sami languages
son Songhai languages
ssa Nilo-Saharan languages
tai Tai languages
tup Tupi languages
tut Altaic languages
wak Wakashan languages
wen Sorbian languages
ypk Yupik languages
znd Zande languages

Reserved for local use

The interval from qaa to qtz is "reserved for local use" and is not used in ISO 639-2 nor in ISO 639-3. These codes are typically used privately for languages not (yet) in either standard. Microsoft Windows uses the qps language code for pseudo-locales generated automatically from English strings, designed for testing software localization.^[2]

Special situations

There are four generic codes for special situations:

mis is listed as "uncoded languages" (originally an abbreviation for "miscellaneous")
mul (for "multiple languages") is applied when several languages are used and it is not practical to specify all the appropriate language codes
und (for "undetermined") is used in situations in which a language or languages must be indicated but the language cannot be identified.
zxx is listed in the code list as "no linguistic content", e.g. animal sounds (code added on 11 January 2006)

These four codes are also used in ISO 639-3.