JPEG XS (ISO/IEC 21122) is an interoperable, visually lossless, low-latency and lightweight image and video coding system used in professional applications.[2][3][4][5][6] Applications of the standard include streaming high-quality content for virtual reality, drones, autonomous vehicles using cameras, gaming, and broadcasting (SMPTE ST 2022 and ST 2110).[3][7][8][9] It was the first ISO codec ever designed for this specific purpose. JPEG XS, built on core technology from both intoPIX and Fraunhofer IIS, is formally standardized as ISO/IEC 21122 by the Joint Photographic Experts Group with the first edition published in 2019. Although not official, the XS acronym was chosen to highlight the eXtra Small and eXtra Speed characteristics of the codec. Today, the JPEG committee is still actively working on further improvements to XS, with the second edition[10] scheduled for publication (beginning of 2022) and initial efforts being launched towards a third edition.
Features of JPEG XS
Three main features are key to JPEG XS:
Visually transparent compression: XS compressed content is indistinguishable from the original uncompressed content (passing ISO/IEC 29170-2 tests) for compression ratios up to 3 bit per pixel (bpp).
Low latency: The total end-to-end latency, introduced by the XS compression-decompression cycle, is minimal. Depending on the configuration, XS typically imposes only between 1 and 32 lines of additional end-to-end latency, when compared to the same system using uncompressed video.
Lightweight: XS is designed to have low computational and memory complexity, allowing for efficient low-power and low-resource implementations on various platforms such as CPU, GPU, FPGA and ASIC.
Relying on these key features, JPEG XS is suitable to be used in any application where uncompressed content is now the norm, yet still allowing for significant savings in the required bandwidth usage, preserving quality and low latency. Among the targeted use cases are video transport over professional video links (like SDI and Ethernet/IP), real-time video storage, memory buffers, omnidirectional video capture and rendering, and image sensor compression (for example in cameras and in the automotive industry). Typical compression ratios go up to 10:1 but can also be higher depending on the nature of the image or the requirements of the targeted application.[11] JPEG XS favors visually lossless quality in combination with low latency and low complexity, over crude compression performance. Hence, it is not a direct competitor to alternative image codecs like JPEG 2000 and JPEG XL or video codecs like AV1, AVC/H.264 and HEVC/H.265.
Other important features are:
Exact bitrate allocation: JPEG XS allows to accurately set the targeted bitrate to perfectly match the available bandwidth (also referred to as constant bitrate or CBR).
Multi-generation robustness: JPEG XS allows for at least 10 encoding-decoding cycles, without significant quality degradation.[12] This feature allows for example transparently chaining of multiple devices that recompress the signal, without any significant quality degradation taking place.
Multi-platform interoperability: The algorithms used in JPEG XS allow for efficient implementations on different platforms, like CPU, GPU, FPGA and ASIC. Each of these platform architectures is best exploited when a specific degree of parallelism is available in the implementation. For instance, a multi-core CPU implementation will leverage a coarse-grained parallelism, while GPU or FPGA will work better with a fine-grained parallelism. Moreover, the choice of parallelism used in the implementation at the encoder will not affect that of the decoder. This means that real-time encoding and decoding between platforms is possible, without sacrificing the low complexity, low latency or high-quality properties.
Support for mathematical lossless coding (MLS): JPEG XS is also capable of coding images in a mathematically lossless way, to achieve perfect reconstruction at the decoder side (new profile supported by 2nd edition).
Support for High Dynamic Range (HDR) content: The current version of JPEG XS supports bit-depths of up to 16 bits per component, and it provides several parameterizable non-linear transforms (NLTs) to efficiently compress HDR content.
Support for RAW Bayer/CFA compression: JPEG XS has also the capability to compress Color Filter Array (CFA) content, such as RAW Bayer content produced by digital cameras. A special color transform, called Star-Tetrix, allows for efficient and direct compression of the original RAW sample values, without the need for converting the Bayer samples to RGB samples first.[13]
Accurate flow control: A JPEG XS encoder continuously monitors the amount of bits sent out, and adjusts its rate allocation process to neither overflow nor underflow a normatively[14] defined decoder input buffer.
Application domains
This section lists them main application domains where JPEG XS is actively used. New and other application domains are subject to be added in the future, for example, framebuffer compression or AR/VR applications.
Transport over video links and IP networks
Video bandwidth requirements are growing continuously, as video resolutions, frame rates, bit depths, and the amount of video streams are constantly increasing. Likewise, the capacities of video links and communication channels are also growing, yet at a slower pace than what is needed to address the huge video bandwidth growth. In addition, the investments to upgrade the capacity of links and channels are significant and need to be amortized over several years.
Moreover, both the broadcast and pro-AV markets are shifting towards AV-over-IP-based infrastructure, with a preference going to 1 Gigabit Ethernet links for remote production or 10G Ethernet networks for in-house facilities. Both 1G, 2.5G, and 10G Ethernet are cheap and ubiquitous, while 25G or better links are usually not yet affordable. Given the available bandwidth and infrastructure cost, relying on uncompressed video is therefore no longer an option, as 4K, 8K, increased bit depths (for HDR), and higher framerates need to be supported.
JPEG XS is a light-weight compression that visually preserves the quality compared to an uncompressed stream, at a low cost, targeted at compression ratios of up to 10:1. With XS, it is for example possible to repurpose existing SDI cables to transport 4K60 over a single 3G-SDI (at 4:1), and even over a single HD-SDI (at 8:1). Similar scenarios can be used to transport 8K60 content over various SDI cable types (e.g. 6G-SDI and 12G-SDI). Alternatively, XS enables transporting 4K60 content over 1G Ethernet and 8K60 over 5G or 10G Ethernet, which would be impossible without compression. The following table shows some expected compression ranges for some typical use cases.
Video stream
Video throughput
Link type
Available throughput
Compression ratio
2k 60 fps 4:2:2 10 bpc
2.7 Gbit/s
HD-SDI
1.33 Gbit/s
~2
4k 60 fps 4:2:2 10 bpc
10.6 Gbit/s
3G-SDI
2.65 Gbit/s
~4
2k 60 fps 4:2:2 10 bpc
2.7 Gbit/s
1G Ethernet
0.85 Gbit/s
~3
2k 60 fps 4:4:4 12 bpc
4.8 Gbit/s
1G Ethernet
0.85 Gbit/s
~6
4k 60 fps 4:4:4 12 bpc
19.1 Gbit/s
10G Ethernet
7.96 Gbit/s
~2.2
8k 60 fps 4:2:2 10 bpc
42.5 Gbit/s
10G Ethernet
7.96 Gbit/s
~6
8k 120 fps 4:2:2 10 bpc
84.9 Gbit/s
25G Ethernet
21.25 Gbit/s
~4
Real-time video storage and playout
Related to the transport of video streams is the storage and retrieval of high-resolution streams where bandwidth limitations similarly apply. For instance, video cameras use internal storage like SSD drives or SD cards to hold large streams of images, yet the maximum data rates of such storage devices are limited and well below the uncompressed video throughput.
Sensor compression
As stated, JPEG XS has built-in support for the direct compression of RAW Bayer/CFA images using the Star-Tetrix Color Transform. This transform takes a RAW Bayer pattern image and decorrelates the samples into a 4-component image with each component having only a quarter of the resolution.[15] This means that the total amount of samples to further process and compress remains the same, yet the values are decorrelated similarly to a classical Multiple Component Transform.
Avoiding such conversion prevents information loss and allows this processing step to be done outside of the camera. This is advantageous because it allows to defer demosaicing the Bayer content from the moment of capturing to the production phase, where choices regarding artistic intent and various settings can be better made. Recall that the demosaicing process is irreversible and requires certain choices, like the choice of interpolation algorithm or the level of noise reduction, to be made upfront. Moreover, the demosaicing process can be power-hungry and will also introduce extra latency and complexity. The ability to push this step out of the camera is possible with JPEG XS and allows to use more advanced algorithms resulting in better quality in the end.
Standards
JPEG XS (ISO/IEC 21122)
The JPEG XS coding system is an ISO/IEC suite of standards that consists of the following parts:
Part 1, formally designated as ISO/IEC 21122-1, describes the core coding system of JPEG XS. This standard defines the syntax and, similarly to other JPEG and MPEG image codecs, the decompression process to reconstruct a continuous-tone digital image from its encoded codestream. Part 1 does provide some guidelines of the inverse process that compresses a digital image into a compressed codestream, or more simply called the encoding process, but leaves implementation-specific optimizations and choices to the implementers.
Part 2 (ISO/IEC 21122-2) builds on top of Part 1 to segregate different applications and uses of JPEG XS into reduced coding tool subsets with tighter constraints. The definition of profiles, levels, and sublevels allows for reducing the complexity of implementations in particular application use cases, while also safeguarding interoperability. Recall that lower complexity typically means less power consumption, lower production costs, easier constraints, etc. Profiles represent interoperability subsets of the codestream syntax specified in Part 1. In addition, levels and sublevels provide limits to the maximum throughput in respectively the encoded (codestream) and the decoded (spatial and pixels) image domains. Part 2 furthermore also specifies a buffer model, consisting of a decoder model and a transmission channel model, to enable guaranteeing low latency requirements to a fraction of the frame size.
Part 3 (ISO/IEC 21122-3) specifies transport and container formats for JPEG XS codestreams. It defines the carriage of important metadata, like color spaces, mastering display metadata (MDM), and EXIF, to facilitate transport, editing, and presentation. Furthermore, this part defines the XS-specific ISOBMFF boxes, an Internet Media Type registration, and additional syntax to allow embedding XS in formats like MP4, MPEG-2 TS, or the HEIF image file format.
Part 4 (ISO/IEC 21122-4) is a supporting standard of JPEG XS that provides conformance testing and buffer model verification. This standard is crucial to implementers of XS and appliance conformance testing.
Finally, Part 5 (ISO/IEC 21122-5) represents a reference software implementation (written in ISO C11) of the JPEG XS Part 1 decoder, conforming to the Part 2 profiles, levels and sublevels, as well as an exemplary encoder implementation.
A second edition of all five parts is in the making and will be published at the latest in the beginning of 2022. It provides additional coding tools, profiles and levels, and new reference software to add support for efficient compression of 4:2:0 content, RAW Bayer/CFA content, and mathematically lossless compression.
RFC9134 - RTP Payload Format for ISO/IEC 21122 (JPEG XS)
RFC 9134[16] describes a payload format for the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP, RFC 3550[17]) to carry JPEG XS encoded video. In addition, the recommendation also registers the official Media Type Registration for JPEG XS video as video/jxsv, along with its mapping of all parameters into the Session Description Protocol (SDP).
The RTP Payload Format for JPEG XS in turn enables using JPEG XS in SMPTE ST 2110 environments using SMPTE ST 2110-22 for CBR compressed video transport.
MPEG-TS for JPEG XS
ISO/IEC 13818-1:2022, known as MPEG-TS 8th edition, specifies carriage support for JPEG XS in MPEG Transport Streams.[18] See also MPEG-2. Note that AMD1 (Carriage of LCEVC and other improvements) of ISO/IEC 13818-1:2022 contains some additional corrections, improvements, and clarifications regarding embedding JPEG XS in MPEG-TS.[19]
A Networked Media Open Specifications that enables registration, discovery, and connection management of JPEG XS endpoints using the AMWA IS-04 and IS-05 NMOS Specifications. See AMWA BCP-006-01,[22] published by Advanced Media Workflow Association.
JPEG XS in IPMX
Internet Protocol Media Experience (IPMX) is a proposed set of open standards and specifications to enable the carriage of compressed and uncompressed video, audio, and data over IP networks for the pro AV market. JPEG XS is supported under IPMX via VSF TR-10-8[23] and TR-10-11.[24]
History
The JPEG committee started the standardization activity in 2016 with an open call for a high-performance, low-complexity image coding standard. The best-performing candidates formed the basis for the new standard. First implementations were demonstrated in April 2018 at the NAB Show and later that year at the International Broadcasting Convention.[25] XS was also presented at CES in 2019.
Technical overview
Core coding
The JPEG XS standard is a classical wavelet-based still-image codec without any frame buffer. While the standard[26] defines JPEG XS based on a hypothetical reference coder, JPEG XS is easier to explain through the steps a typical encoder performs:[27]
Component up-scaling and optional component decorrelation: In the first step, the DC gain of the input data is removed and it is upscaled to a bit-precision of 20 bits. Optionally, a multi-component generation, identical to the JPEG 2000 RCT, is applied. This transformation is a lossless approximation of an RGB to YUV conversion, generating one luma and two chroma channels.
Wavelet transformation: Input data is spacially decorrelated by a 5/3 Daubechies wavelet filter. While a five-stage transformation is performed in the horizontal direction, only 0 to 2 transformations are run in the vertical direction. The reason for this asymmetrical filter is to minimize latency.
Prequantization: The output of the wavelet filter is converted to a sign-magnitude representation and pre-quantized by a dead zone quantizer to 16-bit precision.
Rate control and quantization: The encoder determines by a non-normative process[27] the rate of each possible quantization setting and then quantizes data by either a dead zone quantizer or a data-dependent uniform quantizer.
Entropy coding: JPEG XS uses minimalistic Entropy encoding for the quantized data which proceeds in up to four passes over horizontal lines of quantized wavelet coefficients. The steps are:
Significance coding: In the (optional) first pass, the significance of 32 consecutive wavelet coefficients is coded by a single bit.
Bitplane count coding: In the second pass, the number of non-zero bitplanes of groups of four coefficients each, the so-called "bitplane count", is entropy coded through a Golomb type code. This step may optionally use the bitplane counts of the preceding line as the source for prediction (Differential pulse-code modulation) and then encode only the prediction difference.
Data coding:The third pass inserts the raw bitplane values into the codestream without further coding.
Sign coding: In the last optional coding pass, the sign bits of all non-zero coefficients are inserted into the codestream. If this coding pass is not present, sign bits are included in the data coding pass for all coefficients.
Codestream packing: All entropy-coded data are packed into a linear stream of bits (grouped in byte multiples) along with all of the required image metadata. This sequence of bytes is called the codestream and its high-level syntax is based on the typical JPEG markers and marker segments syntax.[28]
Profiles, levels and sublevels
JPEG XS defines profiles (in ISO/IEC 21122-2) that define subsets of coding tools that conforming decoders shall support, by limiting the permitted parameter values and allowed markers. The following table represents an overview of all the profiles along with their most important properties. Please refer to the standard for a complete specification of each profile.
Profile
Ppih
B[i]
Nbpp,max
Bw
Br
Fq
Qpih
Horizontal DWT
Vertical DWT
Chroma sampling formats
Cpih
Edition
Light 422.10
0x1500
8, 10
20
20
4
8
0
1 to 5
0, 1
4:0:0, 4:2:2
0
1
Light 444.12
0x1A00
8, 10, 12
36
20
4
8
0
1 to 5
0, 1
4:0:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4
0, 1
1
Light-Subline 422.10
0x2500
8, 10
20
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
0
4:0:0, 4:2:2
0
1
Main 420.12
0x3240
8, 10, 12
18
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
1
4:2:0
0
1
Main 422.10
0x3540
8, 10
20
20
8
4
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1
4:0:0, 4:2:2
0
1
Main 444.12
0x3A40
8, 10, 12
36
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1
4:0:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4
0, 1
1
Main 4444.12
0x3E40
8, 10, 12
48
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1
4:0:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4, 4:2:2:4, 4:4:4:4
0, 1
1
High 420.12
0x4240
8, 10, 12
18
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
1, 2
4:2:0
0
2
High 444.12
0x4A40
8, 10, 12
36
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1, 2
4:0:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4
0, 1
1
High 4444.12
0x4E40
8, 10, 12
48
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1, 2
4:0:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4, 4:2:2:4, 4:4:4:4
0, 1
1
CHigh 444.12
0x4A44
8, 10, 12
36
20
4
8
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1, 2
4:0:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4
0, 1
3
TDC 444.12
0x4A45
8, 10, 12
36
20
4
8
0, 1
(3, 0) and (4, 0) if not 4:2:0,
(4, 1), (5, 1), (5, 2) otherwise
4:0:0,
4:2:0,
4:2:2,
4:4:4
0, 1
3
TDC MLS 444.12
0x6A45
8, 10, 12
36
B[i]
4
0
0, 1
(3, 0) and (4, 0) if not 4:2:0,
(4, 1), (5, 1), (5, 2) otherwise
4:0:0,
4:2:0,
4:2:2,
4:4:4
0, 1
3
MLS.12
0x6EC0
8, 10, 12
48
B[i]
4
0
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1, 2
4:0:0,
4:2:0,
4:2:2,
4:4:4,
4:2:2:4,
4:4:4:4
0, 1
2
MLS.16
0x6ED0
8, 10, 12, 14, 16
64
B[i]
5
0
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1, 2
4:0:0,
4:2:0,
4:2:2,
4:4:4,
4:2:2:4,
4:4:4:4
0, 1
3
LightBayer
0x9300
10, 12, 14, 16
64
18, 20
4
6, 8
0, 1
1 to 5
0
Bayer
3
2
MainBayer
0xB340
10, 12, 14, 16
64
18, 20
4
6, 8
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1
Bayer
3
2
HighBayer
0xC340
10, 12, 14, 16
64
18, 20
4
6, 8
0, 1
1 to 5
0, 1, 2
Bayer
3
2
In addition, JPEG XS defines levels to represent a lower bound on the required throughput that conforming decoders need to support in the decoded image domain (also called the spatial domain). The following table lists the levels as defined by JPEG XS. The maximums are given in the context of the sampling grid, so they refer to a per-pixel value where each pixel represents one or more component values. However, in the context of Bayer data JPEG XS internally interprets the Bayer pattern as an interleaved grid of four components. This means that the number of sampling grid points required to represent a Bayer image is four times smaller than the total number of Bayer sample points. Each group of 2x2 (four) Bayer values gets interpreted as one sampling grid point with four components. Thus sensor resolutions should be divided by four to calculate the respective width, height and amount of sampling grid points. For this reason, all levels also bear double names. Please refer to the standard for a complete specification of each level.
Level
Max width
Max height
Max pixels (Lmax)
Max pixel rate (Rs,max)
Plev High Byte
Unrestricted
65535
65535
-
-
0x00
1k-1, Bayer2k-1
1280
5120
2621440
83558400
0x04
2k-1, Bayer4k-1
2048
8192
4194304
133693440
0x10
4k-1, Bayer8k-1
4096
16384
8912896
267386880
0x20
4k-2, Bayer8k-2
4096
16384
16777216
534773760
0x24
4k-3, Bayer8k-3
4096
16384
16777216
1069547520
0x28
8k-1, Bayer16k-1
8192
32768
35651584
1069547520
0x30
8k-2, Bayer16k-2
8192
32768
67108864
2139095040
0x34
8k-3, Bayer16k-3
8192
32768
67108864
4278190080
0x38
10k-1, Bayer20k-1
10240
40960
104857600
3342336000
0x40
Similarly to the concept of levels, JPEG XS defines sublevels to represent a lower bound on the required throughput that conforming decoders need to support in the encoded image domain. Each sublevel is defined by a nominal bit-per-pixel (Nbpp) value that indicates the maximum amount of bits per pixel for an encoded image of the maximum permissible number of sampling grid points according to the selected conformance level. Thus, decoders conforming to a particular level and sublevel shall conform to the following constraints derived from Nbpp:
The maximum codestream size in bytes (from SOC to EOC, including all markers) is .
The maximum admissible encoded throughput in bits per second is .
The following table lists the existing sublevels and their respective nominal bpp values. Please refer to the standard for a complete specification of each level.
Sublevel
Nominal bpp (Nbpp)
Plev Low Byte
Unrestricted
-
0x00
Full
Native image bpp
0x80
Sublev12bpp
12
0x10
Sublev9bpp
9
0x0C
Sublev6bpp
6
0x08
Sublev4bpp
4
0x06
Sublev3bpp
3
0x04
Sublev2bpp
2
0x03
Patents and RAND
JPEG XS contains patented technology which is made available for licensing via the JPEG XS Patent Portfolio License (JPEG XS PPL). This license pool covers essential patents owned by Licensors for implementing the ISO/IEC 21122 JPEG XS video coding standard and is available under RAND terms.[29]
^T. Richter, J. Keinert, S. Foessel, A. Descampe, G. Rouvroy and J. -B. Lorent, "JPEG-XS -- A High-Quality Mezzanine Image Codec for Video Over IP," in SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, vol. 127, no. 9, pp. 39-49, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.5594/JMI.2018.2862098 link.
^Keinert, Joachim; Lorent, Jean-Baptiste; Descampe, Antonin; Rouvroy, Gaël; Fößel, Siegfried. "Introduction to JPEG XS". IBC. Archived from the original on 2023-04-02.
^A. Descampe et al., "JPEG XS--A New Standard for Visually Lossless Low-Latency Lightweight Image Coding," in Proceedings of the IEEE, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2021.3080916 PDF.
^T. Richter, S. Fößel, A. Descampe and G. Rouvroy, "Bayer CFA Pattern Compression With JPEG XS," in IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 30, pp. 6557-6569, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIP.2021.3095421 link.
^International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/IEC 21122-2:2019". ISO. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
Menteri Luar Negeri, Persemakmuran, dan Pembangunan Britania RayaSecretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development AffairsLambang Kerajaan yang dipakai oleh Pemerintah Britania RayaPetahanaDavid Cameronsejak 13 November 2023 (2023-11-13)Kantor Luar Negeri, Persemakmuran, dan PembangunanGelarThe Right Honourable(di Inggris dan Persemakmuran)His Excellency(di kalangan mancanegara)[1]Foreign Secretary (informal)AnggotaKabinetDewan PenasihatDewan Keamanan NasionalAtasanP…
Міністерство оборони України (Міноборони) Емблема Міністерства оборони та Прапор Міністерства оборони Будівля Міністерства оборони у КиєвіЗагальна інформаціяКраїна УкраїнаДата створення 24 серпня 1991Попередні відомства Міністерство оборони СРСР Народний комісаріа…
周處除三害The Pig, The Snake and The Pigeon正式版海報基本资料导演黃精甫监制李烈黃江豐動作指導洪昰顥编剧黃精甫主演阮經天袁富華陳以文王淨李李仁謝瓊煖配乐盧律銘林孝親林思妤保卜摄影王金城剪辑黃精甫林雍益制片商一種態度電影股份有限公司片长134分鐘产地 臺灣语言國語粵語台語上映及发行上映日期 2023年10月6日 (2023-10-06)(台灣) 2023年11月2日 (2023-11-02)(香港、…
穆罕默德·达乌德汗سردار محمد داود خان 阿富汗共和國第1任總統任期1973年7月17日—1978年4月28日前任穆罕默德·查希爾·沙阿(阿富汗國王)继任穆罕默德·塔拉基(阿富汗民主共和國革命委員會主席團主席) 阿富汗王國首相任期1953年9月7日—1963年3月10日君主穆罕默德·查希爾·沙阿 个人资料出生(1909-07-18)1909年7月18日 阿富汗王國喀布尔逝世1978年4月28日(197…
Trans-Pennine railway line in Northern England Hope Valley lineThe line at Bamford in the Hope ValleyOverviewStatusOperationalOwnerNetwork RailLocaleGreater ManchesterDerbyshireSouth YorkshireTerminiManchester PiccadillySheffieldStations28ServiceTypeHeavy railSystemNational RailOperator(s)East Midlands RailwayNorthern TrainsTransPennine ExpressDepot(s)LongsightRolling stockClass 150Class 156Class 158Class 170Class 185Class 195HistoryOpened6 November 1893 (goods)1 June 1894 (passengers)TechnicalN…
Legislative election held in Colombia 2014 Colombian parliamentary election ← 2010 9 March 2014 2018 → Turnout42.99% Party % Seats +/– Senate Party of the U 19.12 21 −7 Democratic Center 17.81 20 New Conservative 16.63 18 −4 Liberal 14.91 17 0 Radical Change 8.49 9 +1 Greens 4.78 5 0 PDA 4.56 5 −3 OC 4.50 5 −4 Chamber of Representatives Party of the U 19.68 38 −10 Liberal 17.25 39 +3 Conservative 16.06 27 −9 Democratic Center 11.66 19 New Radical Cha…
Presidential and top officials' right to resist some subpoenas Constitutional lawof the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Equal footing Strict scrutiny Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedo…
Maserati Coupé Marque Maserati Années de production 2002 - 2007 Classe Grand Tourisme Moteur et transmission Moteur(s) Essence V8 à 90°,32 soupapes Cylindrée 4 244 cm3 Puissance maximale 390 et 400 ch (287 et 294 kW) Transmission PropulsionBoîte manuelle ou robotisée à 6 rapports Masse et performances Masse à vide 1 690 kg Vitesse maximale 290 km/h Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 4,9 s Consommation mixte 14,3 L/100 km Châssis - Car…
Nationale 1 2012-2013 Competizione Nationale 1 Sport hockey su pista Edizione 97ª Organizzatore FFRS Date dal 29 settembre 2012all'8 giugno 2013 Luogo Francia Partecipanti 12 Formula Girone unico Risultati Vincitore SCRA Saint-Omer(8º titolo) Retrocessioni Gleizé en Beaujolais Biarritz Cronologia della competizione 2011-2012 2013-2014 Manuale Il Nationale 1 2012-2013 è stata la 97ª edizione del torneo di primo livello del campionato francese di hockey su pista; fu…
Trampoline competition 1965 Trampoline World Championships← London 1964Lafayette 1966 → The 2nd Trampoline World Championships were held in Albert Hall, London, England on 30 January 1965. Medal summary Event Gold Silver Bronze Men Individual Gary Erwin (USA) Frank Schmitz (USA) Wayne Miller (USA) Tumbling Frank Schmitz (USA) Jimmy Wilson (ENG) Barry Benn (ENG) Peter Davies (WAL) Women Individual …
Greek politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Panagiotis Kanellopoulos – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Greek. (September 2020)…
10th-century Isma'ili theologian Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-NasafiTitleChief da'i of Khurasan and TransoxianiaPersonalDied943/944/945BukharaReligionIsma'ili Shi'a IslamFlourished937–943Home townNasafChildrenMas'udNotable work(s)Kitāb al-MaḥṣūlKnown forConversion of Nasr II, introduction of Neoplatonism into Isma'ili theologySenior postingPredecessorHusayn ibn Ali al-Marwazi Abu'l-Hasan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bazdawi al-Nasafi (or al-Bazdahi, al-Nakhshabi) (died 943/945) was an early 10th-…
3rd century Greco-Roman sophist For other people named Philostratus, see Philostratus (disambiguation). Philostratus or Lucius Flavius Philostratus (/fɪˈlɒstrətəs/; Greek: Φιλόστρατος Philostratos;[1] c. 170s – 240s AD), called the Athenian, was a Greek sophist of the Roman imperial period. His father was a minor sophist of the same name. He flourished during the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211) and died during that of Philip the Arab (244–249), probably in Tyre…
Instrument for smoking tobacco or other products This article is about pipes used for smoking tobacco. For information about the practice of pipe smoking, see Pipe smoking. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research…
Daftar keuskupan di Paraguay adalah sebuah daftar yang memuat dan menjabarkan pembagian terhadap wilayah administratif Gereja Katolik Roma yang dipimpin oleh seorang uskup ataupun ordinaris di Paraguay. Konferensi para uskup Paraguay bergabung dalam Konferensi Waligereja Paraguay. Per Juni 2020, terdapat 15 buah yurisdiksi, di mana 1 merupakan keuskupan agung dan 11 merupakan keuskupan sufragan. Terdapat juga 1 buah ordinariat militer dan 2 buah vikariat apostolik. Daftar keuskupan Provinsi Gere…
العلاقات الإيطالية الموزمبيقية إيطاليا موزمبيق إيطاليا موزمبيق تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الإيطالية الموزمبيقية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين إيطاليا وموزمبيق.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه …
Tyrannosaurid dinosaur genus from Late Cretaceous of Mongolia TarbosaurusTemporal range: Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), 72–66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Campanian record[1][2] Skeleton on exhibit in Maryland Science Center Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: Theropoda Family: †Tyrannosauridae Subfamily: †Tyrannosaurinae Clade: †Tyrannosaurini Genus: †Tarbosaurus…
American Alternative biweekly newspaper based in Seattle, Washington Seattle WeeklyTypeAlternative weeklyFormatTabloidOwner(s)Sound PublishingFounder(s)Darrell OldhamDavid BrewsterEditorAndy Hobbs[1]Staff writersCameron SheppardFounded1976Headquarters307 Third Avenue SouthSecond FloorSeattle, Washington 98104 USACirculation38,000[2]ISSN0898-0845OCLC number17527271 Websiteseattleweekly.com The Seattle Weekly is an alternative biweekly distributed newspaper in Seattle, Washington, …