Biologi struktur

Biologi struktur adalah cabang biologi molekuler, biokimia, dan biofisika yang berkaitan dengan struktur molekuler dari makromolekul biologis (terutama protein, yang terdiri dari asam amino, dan RNA atau DNA, yang terdiri dari nukleotida), bagaimana molekul-molekul itu memperoleh struktur yang dimiliki, dan bagaimana perubahan dalam struktur makromolekul memengaruhi fungsinya.[1] Subjek ini sangat menarik bagi para ahli biologi karena makromolekul menjalankan sebagian besar fungsi sel, dan makromolekul mampu melakukan fungsi-fungsi ini hanya dengan menggulung ke dalam bentuk tiga dimensi tertentu. Arsitektur ini, "struktur tersier" molekul, bergantung dengan cara yang rumit pada komposisi dasar masing-masing molekul, atau "struktur primer."

Hemoglobin, protein pengangkut oksigen yang ditemukan dalam sel darah merah

Biomolekul terlalu kecil untuk dilihat secara terperinci bahkan dengan mikroskop cahaya paling canggih sekalipun. Metode yang digunakan ahli biologi struktur untuk menentukan struktur biomolekul umumnya melibatkan pengukuran pada sejumlah besar molekul identik pada saat yang sama. Metode-metode ini meliputi:

Peneliti paling sering menggunakan teknik-teknik tersebut untuk mempelajari "keadaan asli" makromolekul. Tetapi variasi pada metode ini juga digunakan untuk melihat molekul yang baru lahir atau terdenaturasi berubah menjadi keadaan aslinya. Lihat pelipatan protein.

Pendekatan ketiga yang diambil oleh ahli Biologi struktur untuk memahami struktur molekul adalah bioinformatika untuk mencari pola di antara beragam urutan DNA yang memunculkan bentuk-bentuk tertentu. Para peneliti sering dapat menyimpulkan aspek struktur protein membran integral berdasarkan topologi membran yang diprediksi oleh analisis hidrofobisitas. Lihat prediksi struktur protein.

Contoh struktur protein dari Protein Data Bank

Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir model molekuler fisik yang sangat akurat telah dimungkinkan untuk melengkapi studi struktur biologis in silico (dalam komputer). Contoh model ini dapat ditemukan di Protein Data Bank.

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Banaszak, Leonard J. (2000). Foundations of Structural Biology. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 9780080521848. 

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