Shumai

Shumai
Shumai
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	燒賣
Simplified Chinese	烧卖
Jyutping	siu1 maai2
Hanyu Pinyin	shāomài
Literal meaning	to cook and sell
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	shāomài
IPA	[ʂáʊmâɪ]
Hakka
Romanization	sehw mai
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	sīumáai
Jyutping	siu1 maai2
IPA	[siw˥maj˧˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	sio-māi
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet	xíu mại
Chữ Hán	燒賣
Thai name
Thai	ขนมจีบ [kʰā.nǒm.t͡ɕìːp]
RTGS	khanom chip
Japanese name
Kanji	焼売
Kana	シュウマイ
Romanization
Transcriptions
Romanization	shūmai
Indonesian name
Indonesian	siomai / siomay / somay
Filipino name
Tagalog	siomai / siyomay
Hindi name
Hindi	momo

Shumai
	Shumai in a bamboo steamer
Alternative names	Variously spelled shaomai, shui mai, shu mai, sui mai, shui mei, siu mai, shao mai, xíu mại (Vietnamese), siomai (Filipino), siomay (Indonesian)
Course	Dim sum
Place of origin	China
Region or state	Guangzhou, Guangdong or Hohhot, Inner Mongolia
Main ingredients	seasoned ground pork, whole and chopped mutton, Chinese black mushroom, lye water dough
Variations	Siomay
	Media: Shumai;

Shumai (Chinese: 燒賣; pinyin: shāomài; Cantonese Yale: sīu-máai; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sio-māi) is a type of traditional Chinese dumpling made of ground pork. In Cantonese cuisine, it is usually served as a dim sum snack.^[1] In addition to accompanying the Chinese diaspora, variations of shumai are found in Japan and Southeast Asia, such as the Indonesian siomay. In Australia, it developed into dim sim.

Popular Chinese varieties

Cantonese siumaai

This is the most well-known variety outside of Asia and is from the southern provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi. As prepared in Cantonese cuisine, siumaai is also referred to as "pork and mushroom dumpling". Its standard filling consists primarily of ground pork, small whole or chopped shrimp, Chinese black mushroom, green onion (also called scallion) and ginger with seasonings of Chinese rice wine (e.g. Shaoxing rice wine), soy sauce, sesame oil and chicken stock. Bamboo shoots, water chestnuts and pepper can also be added. The outer covering is made of a thin sheet of lye water dough, which is either yellow or white. The center is usually garnished with an orange dot, made of crab roe or diced carrot, although a green dot made with a pea may be used. The decorative presentations vary.

A fish paste variety of siumaai is sold as a popular street food in Hong Kong, usually alongside curry fishballs. It is most often eaten with a sweet soy sauce and/or chili oil.

The Hong Kong Siumaipedia was written to document the Cantonese variety.^[2]

Hohhot shaomai

Hohhot shaomai is a regional variety in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia.^[3]^[4]

The wrapping is a very thin, round sheet of unleavened dough, with a pleated border. There is only one kind of filling, which mainly consists of chopped or minced mutton, scallion and ginger. Hohhot shaomai features this extensive use of scallion and ginger, creating a dense combined scent, and a slightly spicy taste. The filling is put in the center of the wrapping and the border of the wrapping is loosely gathered above, forming a "neck" and a flower-shaped top. It is then cooked by steaming or pan-frying. Hohhot shaomai is served in the unit of "liang", which means either eight steamed ones served in a steamer tier, or eight fried ones served in a dish. "Liang" is equal to 50 grams, is traditionally used as an indication of the total weight of the wrapping. Hohhot shaomai is commonly served with vinegar and tea, due to its greasiness.

Mutton and scallion shaomai from Inner Mongolia

Hunan juhua shaomai

Called the chrysanthemum shaomai (菊花燒賣), this variety is made in Changsha (長沙), Hunan province (湖南). This shaomai is named for its opening resembling the chrysanthemum flower petal shape. It is spicy with pepper and the wrapper is translucent. The filling largely consists of glutinous rice, pork hash, shrimp, shiitake mushrooms, bamboo shoots and onion.^{[citation needed]}

Jiangnan shaomai

Shaomai prepared in the Jiangnan region (stretching from Shanghai to Nanjing) has a filling similar to zongzi from the region, containing marinated pork pieces in glutinous rice, soy sauce and Shaoxing wine, steamed with pork fat. It is larger than the Cantonese version.

The Shanghai variation also contains shiitake mushrooms and onion.^[5] The mince, mushrooms and onion are stir-fried before being prepared as the filling.^[6]

Uyghur shaomai

In northwest China, the Uyghur people of Xinjiang adapted shaomai into two regional varieties.^{[citation needed]} The southern Xinjiang recipes differ slightly from the northern version in terms of ingredients and method. The filling of the northern version consists of mutton or beef, along with green onion and radish, whereas the southern filling primarily uses glutinous rice with smaller amounts of mutton or beef. Minced meat from sheep ribs containing some fat is ideal.^{[citation needed]}

Jiangxi Yifeng shaomai

Called the Yifeng shaomai in the southeastern Jiangxi province, this version's distinct flavour comes from a blend of pork mince, bread flour, sesame seed powder, ground pepper and sugar.^[7] It is particularly popular in the area of Yifeng Tanshan Tianbao where it is one of the foods eaten during the Chinese New Year celebration.

Variants from other countries

Japanese shūmai

Shūmai in Japan usually use pork and minced onion as the main ingredients and are often topped with a green pea. While the meat filling in Chinese shaomai is usually minced, the meat filling in Japanese shumai is ground to a paste.

Hawaiian pork hash

Pork hash in Hawaii consists primarily of ground pork, sometimes with minced shrimp added. Lye is sometimes used to treat the pork to add a bouncy texture. Ginger, Chinese rice wine, soy sauce, sesame oil, and white pepper are common seasonings to the farce. Water chestnuts and carrots are sometimes added. The outer covering is made of a thin yellow or white dough. Pork hash in Hawaii is fairly large, often the size of a large chicken egg. It is often served with soy sauce mixed with hot mustard.^[8]^[9]

Indonesian siomay

Siomay or siomai (sometimes called somay) in Indonesia is pronounced the same way as its sisters and is usually a wonton wrapper, stuffed with filling and steamed. It is also served with steamed potatoes, tofu, hard-boiled eggs, steamed bitter gourd and cabbages, all sliced and topped with peanut sauce and kecap manis (sweet soy sauce). Because the population of Indonesia is largely Muslim, Indonesian siomay rarely uses pork. Instead, it is often made from various fish, most commonly wahoo or mackerel tuna. This variant is less common in Western countries.^{[citation needed]}

Philippine siomai

Siomai ([ˈʃomaɪ]; Filipino: siyomay) in the Philippines is often ground pork, beef, shrimp, and the like. It is combined with extenders like garlic, green peas, carrots and among others which is then wrapped in wonton wrappers. It is commonly steamed, with a popular variant being fried, resulting in a crisp exterior. It is normally dipped in soy sauce with the juice of calamansi, a Philippine lime, and a chili-garlic oil is sometimes added to the sauce.

A recent variant on siomai is wrapped in sheets of laver after the wonton wrappers, which are marketed as "Japanese".

Vietnamese xíu mại

Xíu mại in Vietnam has minced pork, onion, scallion and shredded bread as the main ingredients and is cooked in tomato sauce. It is usually served in a roll of bánh mì for breakfast. Because the recipe omits dough wrappings, it is more akin to a meatball rather than shumai.

History

As described by historical materials, shaomai was served in tea houses as a secondary product.^[3]^[10] The name shaomai (捎賣; 捎卖), means the product was "sold as a sideline", with tea. It is considered to have been brought to Beijing and Tianjin by merchants from Shanxi, causing its later wide spread. The name was later transformed into modern forms like "燒麥; 烧麦", "稍美" and "燒賣; 烧卖", changing the characters while keeping the original shaomai pronunciation. The product was initially in the form of meat and vegetables wrapped in thin sheets, and was sold weighing only the wrapper, a tradition which is still kept in Hohhot.In 2021, "the craft of making Shaomai at Lao Suiyuan" was awarded as a non-material cultural heritage project in Hohhot.^[11]

Serving

In Hohhot, shaomai is commonly served as a staple food, especially for breakfast. It is considered a local specialty in regions around Huhhot. Steamed shaomai are served in bamboo steamer tiers, and fried shaomai are served in dishes.

Within the dim sum tradition of southern China, shaomai is one of the most standard dishes.^[1] It is generally served alongside har gow, another variety of steamed dumpling containing shrimp, cooked pork fat, bamboo shoots and scallions; collectively these are known as har gow-siu mai (蝦餃燒賣).

In Guangzhou, siu mai (燒賣) and har gow (蝦餃), along with char siu bao (叉燒包), and egg tarts (蛋撻), are considered the classic dishes of Cantonese dim sum cuisine. They are collectively referred to as the "Four Heavenly Kings" of the cuisine. (Chinese: 四大天王; pinyin: sì dà tiān wáng; Cantonese Yale: sei daaih tīn wòhng).^[12]^[13]

In food stalls in Indonesia, siomai (or "siomay" in local dialect) are eaten together with steamed vegetables and tofu, and served with spicy peanut sauce.

In Philippine food stalls and fast food restaurants, siomai is eaten with dip, toothpicks to facilitate handling, or with rice (using a spoon and fork).