Kebangkitan Islam

Kebangkitan Islam (bahasa Arab: تجديد tajdīd, terj. har. "regenerasi, pembaruan"; atau الصحوة الإسلامية aṣ-Ṣaḥwah l-ʾIslāmiyyah, "kebangkitan Islam") mengacu pada kebangkitan agama Islam, yang biasanya berpusat pada penegakan syariah.[1] Seorang pemimpin kebangkitan dikenal dalam Islam sebagai mujaddid.

Dalam tradisi Islam, tajdid adalah sebuah konsep keagamaan yang penting, yang diserukan secara berkala sepanjang sejarah Islam dan menurut hadis sahih yang terjadi setiap abad.[2] Hal ini terwujud dalam komitmen baru terhadap dasar-dasar Islam, ajaran Al-Quran dan hadits (alias tradisi) nabi Islam Muhammad, hukum ketuhanan syariah, dan rekonstruksi masyarakat sesuai dengan hal-hal tersebut.[3]

Dalam literatur akademis, "kebangkitan Islam" adalah istilah umum untuk gerakan revivalis, yang mungkin bersifat "intoleransi dan eksklusif", atau "pluralistik"; "menguntungkan ilmu pengetahuan", atau menentangnya; "terutama kebaktian", atau "terutama politik"; demokratis, atau otoriter; pasifik, atau penuh kekerasan.[4]

Pada akhir abad ke-20, kebangkitan Islam membawa "re-Islamisasi", mulai dari meningkatnya jumlah undang-undang hukum berbasis syariah,[5] kehadiran di Haji,[6][3][7] penggunaan hijab, pengaruh pengkhotbah fundamentalis,[5] dan serangan teroris yang dilakukan oleh kelompok Islam radikal.[8] Perasaan akan "meningkatnya identitas Islam universal" atau Islam transnasional di kalangan imigran di negara-negara non-Muslim[note 1][8] juga terlihat jelas.

Penjelasan mengenai kebangkitan ini mencakup anggapan kegagalan sekularisme, dalam bentuk elit penguasa Kebarat-baratan yang semakin dipandang otoriter, tidak efektif, dan kurang keaslian budayanya;[4] gerakan nasionalis Arab sekuler yang pemerintahannya dikalahkan secara memalukan dalam Perang Enam Hari dengan Israel; jatuhnya Lebanon yang sebelumnya makmur dan multi-pengakuan menjadi negara sektarian yang destruktif perang saudara; keberhasilan Islam yang dirasakan termasuk kemenangan mengejutkan kekuatan Islam melawan raja sekuler yang bersenjata lengkap dan memiliki dana besar pada Revolusi Iran tahun 1979; dan ratusan miliar dolar yang dikeluarkan oleh Arab Saudi dan negara-negara teluk lainnya di seluruh dunia Muslim untuk mendorong penganut aliran Islam yang lebih ketat dan konservatif.

Para pengkhotbah dan ulama yang digambarkan sebagai revivalis (mujaddids) atau mujaddideen, oleh sekte dan kelompok yang berbeda, dalam sejarah Islam termasuk Ahmad bin Hanbal, Ibnu Taimiyah, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Ahmad Sirhindi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, dan Muhammad Ahmad. Pada abad ke-20, tokoh-tokoh seperti Rasyid Ridha, Hassan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Abul A'la Maududi, dan Ruhollah Khomeini, telah digambarkan seperti itu. Para akademisi sering menggunakan istilah "Islamis" dan "revivalis Islam" secara bergantian.[9][10] Arus revivalis kontemporer meliputi Jihadisme; neo-Sufisme, yang menumbuhkan spiritualitas Muslim; dan fundamentalisme klasik, yang menekankan ketaatan pada Syariah (hukum Islam) dan ketaatan pada ritual.[4]

Referensi

Catatan

  1. ^ dijelaskan oleh peneliti Islam Prancis Gilles Kepel dan Olivier Roy

Sitasi

  1. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ORFPI1994:4
  2. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama abudawud-4278
  3. ^ a b Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1991). The Contemporary Islamic Revival: A Critical Survey and Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 24–25. ISBN 9780313247194. 
  4. ^ a b c Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). hlm. 521–523. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9. 
  5. ^ a b Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: pp. 126–27
  6. ^ Kepel, Gilles, Jihad: on the Trail of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 75
  7. ^ Lapidus, p. 823
  8. ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Lapidus 12
  9. ^ Lapidus, Ira M. (1997). "Islamic Revival and Modernity: The Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 40 (4): 444–60. doi:10.1163/1568520972601486. JSTOR 3632403. The terms commonly used for Islamic revival movements are fundamentalist, Islamist or revivalist. 
  10. ^ R. Habeck, Mary (2006). Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. London: Yale University Press. hlm. 27. ISBN 0-300-11306-4. 

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