A typical Vietnamese roll or sandwich is a fusion of meats and vegetables from native Vietnamese cuisine such as chả lụa (Vietnamese sausage), coriander (cilantro), cucumber, pickled carrots, and pickled daikon combined with condiments from French cuisine such as pâté, along with red chili and mayonnaise.[8] However, a variety of popular fillings are used, like xá xíu (Chinese barbecued pork), xíu mại Vietnamese minced pork, and nem nướng grilled pork sausage, to even ice cream which are more of a dessert. In Vietnam, bread rolls and sandwiches are typically eaten for breakfast, or as a snack.
The baguette was introduced to Vietnam by the French in the mid-19th century, during the Nguyễn dynasty, and became a staple food by the early 20th century. In the 1950s, a distinctly Vietnamese style of sandwich developed in Saigon, becoming a popular street food, also known as bánh mì Sài Gòn ('Saigon sandwich' or 'Saigon-style bánh mì').[9][10] Following the Vietnam War, overseas Vietnamese popularized the bánh mì sandwich in countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States. In these countries, they are commonly sold in Asian bakeries.
Terminology
In Vietnamese, the word bánh mì is derived from bánh (which can refer to many kinds of food, primarily baked goods, including bread) and mì ("wheat"). It may also be spelled bánh mỳ in northern Vietnam. Taken alone, bánh mì means any kind of bread, but it could refer to the Vietnamese baguette or the sandwich made from it. To distinguish the unfilled bread from the sandwich with fillings, the term bánh mì không ("plain bread") can be used. To distinguish Vietnamese-style bread from other kinds of bread, the term bánh mì Sài Gòn ("Saigon-style bread") or bánh mì Việt Nam ("Vietnam-style bread") can be used.
A folk etymology claims that the word bánh mì is a corruption of the French pain de mie, meaning soft, white bread.[11] However, bánh (or its Nôm form, 餅) has referred to rice cakes and other pastries since as early as the 13th century, long before French contact.[12]
History
The word bánh mì, meaning "bread", is attested in Vietnamese as early as the 1830s, in Jean-Louis Taberd's dictionary Dictionarium Latino-Annamiticum.[13] The French introduced Vietnam to the baguette, along with other baked goods such as pâté chaud, in the 1860s, at the start of their imperialism in Vietnam.[14][15]Northern Vietnamese initially called the baguette bánh tây, literally "Western bánh", while Southern Vietnamese called it bánh mì, "wheat bánh".[16][17]Nguyễn Đình Chiểu mentions the baguette in his 1861 poem "Văn tế nghĩa sĩ Cần Giuộc". Due to the price of imported wheat at the time, French baguettes and sandwiches were considered a luxury. During World War I, an influx of French soldiers and supplies arrived. At the same time, disruptions of wheat imports led bakers to begin mixing in inexpensive rice flour (which also made the bread fluffier). As a result, it became possible for ordinary Vietnamese to enjoy French staples such as bread.[18][19][17] Many shops baked twice a day, because bread tends to go stale quickly in the hot, humid climate of Vietnam. Baguettes were mainly eaten for breakfast with some butter and sugar.[15]
Until the 1950s, sandwiches hewed closely to French tastes, typically a jambon-beurre moistened with a mayonnaise or liver pâté spread.[18][19][15][2] The 1954 Partition of Vietnam sent over a million migrants from North Vietnam to South Vietnam, transforming Saigon's local cuisine.[16] Among the migrants were Lê Minh Ngọc and Nguyễn Thị Tịnh, who opened a small bakery named Hòa Mã in District 3. In 1958, Hòa Mã became one of the first shops to sell bánh mì thịt.[18][20][21] Around this time, another migrant from the North began selling chả sandwiches from a basket on a mobylette,[22] and a stand in Gia Định Province (present-day Phú Nhuận District) began selling phá lấu sandwiches.[23] Some shops stuffed sandwiches with inexpensive Cheddar cheese, which came from French food aid that migrants from the North had rejected.[15]Vietnamese communities in France also began selling bánh mì.[17]
After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, bánh mì sandwiches became a luxury item once again.[16] During the so-called "subsidy period", state-owned phở eateries often served bread or cold rice as a side dish, leading to the present-day practice of dipping quẩy in phở.[24] In the 1980s, Đổi Mới market reforms led to a renaissance in bánh mì, mostly as street food.[16]
Meanwhile, Vietnamese Americans brought bánh mì sandwiches to cities across the United States. In Northern California, Lê Văn Bá and his sons are credited with popularizing bánh mì among Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese Americans alike through their food truck services provider and their fast-food chain, Lee's Sandwiches, beginning in the 1980s.[17] Sometimes bánh mì was likened to local sandwiches. In New Orleans, a "Vietnamese po' boy" recipe won the 2009 award for the best po' boy at the annual Oak Street Po-Boy Festival.[25] A restaurant in Philadelphia also sells a similar sandwich, marketed as a "Vietnamese hoagie".[26]
Since the 1970s, Vietnamese refugees from the Vietnam War arrived in London and were hosted at community centers [27] in areas of London such as De Beauvoir Town eventually founding a string of successful Vietnamese-style canteens in Shoreditch where bánh mì alongside phở, was popularised from the 1990s.
Bánh mì sandwiches were featured in the 2002 PBS documentary Sandwiches That You Will Like. The word bánh mì was added to the Oxford English Dictionary on 24 March 2011.[28][29] As of 2017, bánh mì is included in about 2% of U.S. restaurant sandwich menus, a nearly fivefold increase from 2013.[30] On 24 March 2020, Google celebrated bánh mì with a Google Doodle.[31]
Ingredients
Bread
A Vietnamese baguette has a thin crust and white, airy crumb. It may consist of both wheat flour and rice flour.[18]
Besides being made into a sandwich, it is eaten alongside meat dishes, such as bò kho (a beef stew), curry, and phá lấu. It can also be dipped in condensed milk (see Sữa Ông Thọ).
Fillings
A bánh mì sandwich typically consists of one or more meats, accompanying vegetables, and condiments.
Accompanying vegetables typically include fresh cucumber slices or wedges, leaves of the coriander plant and pickled carrot and daikon in shredded form (đồ chua). Common condiments include spicy chili sauce, sliced chilis, seasoning sauce, and mayonnaise.[14][17] These sandwiches can even be filled with searedtofu. [32]
Varieties
Many fillings are used. A typical bánh mì shop in the United States offers at least 10 varieties.[33]
The most popular variety is bánh mì thịt, thịt meaning "meat". Bánh mì thịt nguội (also known as bánh mì pâté chả thịt, bánh mì đặc biệt, or "special combo") is made with various Vietnamese cold cuts, such as sliced pork or pork belly, chả lụa (Vietnamese sausage), and head cheese, along with the liver pâté and vegetables like carrot or cucumbers.[34][16][10][35]
Other varieties include:
Bánh mì bì (shredded pork sandwich) – shredded pork or pork skin, doused with fish sauce
Bánh mì chay (vegetarian sandwich) – made with tofu or seitan; in Vietnam, usually made at Buddhist temples during special religious events, but uncommon on the streets
Bánh mì bơ (margarine or buttered sandwich) – margarine / butter and sugar
Bánh mì trứng ốp-la (fried egg sandwich) – contains fried eggs with onions, sprinkled with soy sauce, sometimes buttered; served for breakfast in Vietnam
Bánh mì kẹp kem (ice cream sandwich) – contains scoops of ice cream topped with crushed peanuts[36]
Bánh mì chả lụa (pork sausage sandwich)
Bánh mì đặc biệt ("special combo" sandwich)
Bánh mì bì (shredded pork sandwich) at Eden Center
Nowadays, different types of bánh mì are popular. For example, bánh mì que is thinner and longer and can be filled with various ingredients just as normal bánh mì.
Prior to the Fall of Saigon in 1975, well-known South Vietnamesebánh mì vendors included Bánh mì Ba Lẹ and Bánh mì Như Lan (which opened in 1968[18]).
In regions of the United States with significant populations of Vietnamese Americans, numerous bakeries and fast food restaurants specialize in bánh mì. Lee's Sandwiches, a fast food chain with locations in several states, specializes in Vietnamese sandwiches served on French baguettes (or traditional bánh mì at some locations) as well as Western-style sandwiches served on croissants. In New Orleans, Dong Phuong Oriental Bakery is known for the bánh mì bread that it distributes to restaurants throughout the city. After 1975, Ba Lẹ owner Võ Văn Lẹ fled to the United States and, along with Lâm Quốc Thanh, founded Bánh mì Ba Lê.[37] The Eden Center shopping center in Northern Virginia has several well-known bakeries specializing in bánh mì.[14]
^"banh mi". OxfordDictionaries.com (North American English). Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
^Jean-Louis Taberd (1838). "Panis". Dictionarium Latino-Annamiticum. Dictionarium anamitico-latinum (in Latin). p. 453. hdl:2027/uc1.b000742998. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2018 – via HathiTrust.
^Phong Vinh (21 November 2015). "Bánh mì Hòa Mã 50 năm ở Sài Gòn" [Hòa Mã bakery at 50 years in Saigon]. VnExpress (in Vietnamese). FPT Group. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^"5 quán ăn lâu đời nhất Sài Gòn" [The 5 oldest eateries in Saigon]. Barcode (in Vietnamese). Indochine Media Ventures Vietnam. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^P.V. (5 June 2013). "Vào hẻm tìm ăn bánh mì cụ Lý" [Searching the alleys for grandpa Lý's sandwiches]. Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). Vietnam United Youth League. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^Trịnh Quang Dũng (22 January 2010). "Phở theo thời cuộc" [Pho in the present day]. Báo Khoa Học Phổ Thông (in Vietnamese). Ho Chi Minh City Union of Science and Technology Associations. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
^"Sài Gòn: Mua 'vé về tuổi thơ' với bánh mì kẹp kem siêu rẻ" [Saigon: Purchase a "ticket to childhood" with super-cheap ice cream sandwiches]. Trí Thức Trẻ (in Vietnamese). Hội Trí thức Khoa học và Công nghệ Trẻ Việt Nam. 18 April 2013. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
^"our story". Ba Le Sandwiches. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
مات بلوم مات بلوم عام 2013 معلومات شخصية الميلاد 14 نوفمبر 1972 (العمر 51 سنة)بيبودي، ماساتشوستس، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية الطول 201 سنتيمتر الجنسية الولايات المتحدة الوزن 160 كيلوغرام المدرسة الأم جامعة بيتسبرغ الحياة العملية الفرق سان دييغو تشارجرزبيتسبيرغ بانتثر…
Al-Mursalat المرسلتAl-MorsalatLingkunganNegara Arab SaudiProvinsiProvinsi MakkahKotaMekkahZona waktuUTC+3 (EAT) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+3 (EAT) Al-'Mursalat atau Al-Morsalat (bahasa Arab: المرسلت) adalah sebuah lingkungan di kota suci Mekkah di Provinsi Makkah, tepatnya di sebelah barat Arab Saudi.[1] Referensi ^ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. GeoNames database entry. (search Diarsipkan 2017-03-18 di Wayback Machine.) Accessed 12 May 2011. lbs …
British politician (born 1951) The Right Honourable SirJohn RedwoodOfficial portrait, 2020Shadow Secretary of State for DeregulationIn office6 May 2005 – 5 December 2005LeaderMichael HowardPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedShadow Secretary of State for Environment, Transport and the RegionsIn office15 June 1999 – 2 February 2000LeaderWilliam HaguePreceded byGillian ShephardSucceeded byArchie NormanShadow Secretary of State for Trade and IndustryIn…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 21st Space Operations Squadron – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 21st Space Operations Squadron21st Space Operations Squadron emblemFounded1 October 1991; 32 years ago (1991-…
Shooting method where the weapon's sights are not used or relied on Side view of handgun point shooting position Point shooting (also known as target-[1] or threat-focused shooting,[2] intuitive shooting, instinctive shooting, subconscious tactical shooting, or hipfiring) is a practical shooting method where the shooter points a ranged weapon (typically a repeating firearm) at a target without relying on the use of sights to aim. Emphasis is placed on fast draw and trying to scor…
Bilateral relationsChina-Sudan relations relations Sudan China Diplomatic missionSudan Embassy, BeijingChina Embassy, Khartoum China–Sudan relations are the bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Sudan. China is currently one of Sudan's largest trade partners, importing oil and exporting low cost manufactured items as well as armaments into the country. Both states enjoy a very robust and productive relationship in the fields of diplomacy, economic trade…
French stage actress (1844–1923) This article is about the French stage actress. For the American comedienne/actress, see Sandra Bernhard. For the episode of an adventure series, see Sarah Bernhardt (Lucky Luke). Sarah BernhardtBernhardt in 1880BornHenriette-Rosine Bernard22 October 1844Paris, Kingdom of FranceDied26 March 1923(1923-03-26) (aged 78)Paris, Third French RepublicResting placePère Lachaise CemeteryOccupationActressYears active1862–1923Spouse Ambroise Aristide Damala &…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Provincia di Cremona (disambigua). Provincia di Cremonaprovincia Provincia di Cremona – VedutaIl duomo ed il battistero di Cremona LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Lombardia AmministrazioneCapoluogoCremona PresidentePaolo Mirko Signoroni (centro-sinistra) dal 23-11-2019[1] Data di istituzione1859 TerritorioCoordinatedel capoluogo45°08′N 10°02′E45°08′N, 10°02′E (Provincia di Cremona) Super…
Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Mariamman Temple, Samayapuram – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Arulmigu Sri Mariamman Templeஅருள்மிகு மாரியம்மன் திர…
جزء من سلسلة مقالات سياسة لبنانلبنان الدستور الدستور اتفاق الطائف الطوائف حقوق الإنسان السلطة التنفيذية رئيس الجمهورية (قائمة) ميشال عون مجلس الوزراء رئيس الوزراء نجيب ميقاتي السلطة التشريعية مجلس النواب رئيس المجلس نبيه بري السلطة القضائية السلطة القضائية التقسيم الادا…
Intelligence agency Not to be confused with the Communications Security Establishment (CSE), formerly also known as CSEC. Canadian Security Intelligence ServiceAgency overviewFormedJune 21, 1984; 40 years ago (1984-06-21)Preceding agencyRCMP Security ServiceJurisdictionGovernment of CanadaHeadquartersOttawa, Ontario, Canada45°26′15″N 75°36′50″W / 45.4374°N 75.6139°W / 45.4374; -75.6139MottoA safe, secure and prosperous Canada, through trusted…
قوات حفظ السلام المصرية الدولة مصر النوع قوات برية الدور حفظ السلام المقر الرئيسي القاهرة مناطق العمليات خارج البلاد القادة القائد الحالي الفريق أول محمد زكي تعديل مصدري - تعديل أفراد من القوات الخاصة المصرية خلال عرض في بوكافو نظراً لقدرات الجيش المصري وإمكاناته، ف…
Turkish-German actor This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Vedat Erincin – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vedat Erinc…
Adrian WillaertLahir?Meninggal07 Desember 1562VenicePekerjaankomponis, guru; pendiri sekolah musik Venesia di San MarcoKebangsaanFlemish Adrian Willaert (lahir di Brugge tahun 1490 - meninggal di Venesia 1 Desember 1562) adalah seorang komponis Vlaam, pelopor aliran Venesia abad ke 16.[1] Ia pernah menjadi guru sejumlah tokoh musik seperti: andrea Gabrieli, Cypriaan de Rore, G. Zarlino, dan lain-lain.[1] Andrian Willaert mempelajari ilmu hukum di Paris.[2] Pada tahun 1516…
Not to be confused with Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge. Bridge in D.C. and the Rosslyn section of Arlington, VirginiaTheodore Roosevelt BridgeTheodore Roosevelt Bridge in 2008Coordinates38°53′33″N 77°03′27″W / 38.8925°N 77.0575°W / 38.8925; -77.0575Carries7 lanes (1 reversible) of I-66 / US 50CrossesPotomac RiverLocaleWashington, D.C. and the Rosslyn section of Arlington, VirginiaOther name(s)Teddy Roosevelt Bridge, Roosevelt BridgeCharacteristic…
Pietropatriarca della Chiesa cattolica Incarichi ricoperti Abate di Rivalta(1180-1185) Abate di Lucedio(1185-1205) Abate di La Ferté(1205-1206) Vescovo di Ivrea(1206-1208) Metropolita di Tessalonica (1208; nomina senza presa di possesso) Patriarca latino di Antiochia (1209-1216) Nato1140 circa in Piemonte Nominato abate ordinariogennaio 1180 Nominato vescovofebbraio/marzo 1206 Consacrato vescovotra il 30 dicembre 1206 e l'11 marzo 1207 Elevato patriarca5 marzo 1209 Deceduto2 settemb…
Richard KruspeInformasi latar belakangLahir24 Juni 1967 (umur 57) Wittenberge,Jerman Timur,JermanGenreIndustrial metalNeue Deutsche HärteAlternative metalPekerjaanGitaris, VokalInstrumenGuitar, SingerLabelMotor MusicRepublic RecordsSlash RecordsUniversal Music GroupArtis terkaitRammsteinEmigrateOrgasm Death GimmicksFirst Arsch Richard Kruspe (lahir 24 Juni 1967) merupakan musisi Jerman, dikenal sebagai pendiri dan pemimpin-gitaris band ( Dance Metal) Jerman Rammstein dan Emigrate. Dia juga…
Questa voce sugli argomenti armi d'artiglieria e cannoni aeronautici è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Questa voce sull'argomento seconda guerra mondiale è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. MG 151Un MG 151/20 accanto ad un Messerschmitt Bf 109TipoCannone automatico aeronautico Origine Germania ImpiegoUtilizzatori Luftwaffe Regia Aerona…