List of scandentians

Horsfield's treeshrew (Tupaia javanica)

Scandentia is an order of small mammals. Members of this order are called scandentians, or treeshrews. They are primarily found in Southeast Asia, with the Madras treeshrew instead in mainland India. They range in size from the Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew, at 11 cm (4 in) plus a 9 cm (4 in) tail, to the striped treeshrew, at 23 cm (9 in) plus a 13 cm (5 in) tail. They generally live in forests, and primarily eat insects and fruit. No population estimates have been made for any scandentian species, though the Nicobar treeshrew is categorized as endangered.

The twenty-three extant species of Scandentia are grouped into two families: Tupaiidae, which contains twenty-two species within three genera, and Ptilocercidae, which contains a single species, the pen-tailed treeshrew. Only a few extinct scandentian species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories

Conservation status
EX	Extinct (0 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically Endangered (0 species)
EN	Endangered (1 species)
VU	Vulnerable (1 species)
NT	Near threatened (0 species)
LC	Least concern (15 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (6 species)
NE	Not evaluated (0 species)

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the scandentian's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "†".

Classification

The order Scandentia consists of two families: Tupaiidae, which contains twenty-two species within three genera, and Ptilocercidae, which contains a single species. Many of these species are further subdivided into subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species.

Family Ptilocercidae

• Genus Ptilocercus (pen-tailed treeshrew): one species

Family Tupaiidae

• Genus Anathana (Madras treeshrew): one species
• Genus Dendrogale (smooth-tailed treeshrews): two species
• Genus Tupaia (treeshrews): nineteen species

Scandentia   Ptilocercidae   Ptilocercus Tupaiidae Dendrogale Anathana Tupaia

Scandentians

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.[2]

Family Ptilocercidae

Main article: Ptilocercidae

Genus Ptilocercus – Gray, 1848 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Pen-tailed treeshrew	P. lowii Gray, 1848 Two subspecies P. l. continentis P. l. lowii	Southeast Asia	Size: 13–14 cm (5–6 in) long, plus 16–19 cm (6–7 in) tail[3] Habitat: Forest[4] Diet: Insects and fruit[3]	LC  Unknown [4]

Family Tupaiidae

Main article: Tupaiidae

Genus Anathana – Lyon, 1913 – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Madras treeshrew	A. ellioti (Waterhouse, 1850)	India	Size: 16–19 cm (6–7 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[5] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[6] Diet: Insects, other invertebrates, and fruit[5]	LC  Unknown [6]

Genus Dendrogale – Gray, 1848 – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean smooth-tailed treeshrew	D. melanura (Thomas, 1892) Two subspecies D. m. baluensis D. m. melanura	Northern Borneo	Size: 11–15 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[7] Habitat: Forest[8] Diet: Fruit and insects[9]	DD  Unknown [8]
Northern smooth-tailed treeshrew	D. murina (Schlegel, Müller, 1843)	Mainland Southeast Asia	Size: About 12 cm (5 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2 in) tail[10] Habitat: Forest[11] Diet: Fruit, arthropods, and small vertebrates[10]	LC  Unknown [11]

Genus Tupaia – Raffles, 1821 – nineteen species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bangka Island treeshrew	T. discolor Lyon, 1906	Bangka Island, Indonesia	Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Unknown[13] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	DD  Unknown [13]
Common treeshrew	T. glis (Diard, 1820)	Southeast Asia	Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Forest[15] Diet: Insects, other arthropods, and fruit[12]	LC  Unknown [15]
Golden-bellied treeshrew	T. chrysogaster Miller, 1903	Mentawai Islands, Indonesia	Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[17] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	VU  Unknown [17]
Horsfield's treeshrew	T. javanica Horsfield, 1822	Western Indonesia	Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[18] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	LC  Unknown [18]
Javan treeshrew	T. hypochrysa Thomas, 1895	Java, Indonesia	Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Unknown[19] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	DD  Unknown [19]
Kalimantan treeshrew	T. salatana Lyon, 1913	Southern Borneo, Indonesia	Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[20] Diet: Termites and ants[20]	DD  Unknown [20]
Large treeshrew	T. tana Raffles, 1821 Fifteen subspecies T. t. banguei T. t. besara T. t. bunoae T. t. cervicalis T. t. chrysura T. t. kelabit T. t. kretami T. t. lingae T. t. masae T. t. nitida T. t. paitana T. t. sirhassenensis T. t. speciosa T. t. tana T. t. utara	Southeast Asia	Size: About 22 cm (9 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[21] Diet: Insects and other invertebrates, as well as fruit[22]	LC  Unknown [21]
Long-footed treeshrew	T. longipes Thomas, 1893	Borneo	Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[23] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	LC  Unknown [23]
Mindanao treeshrew	T. everetti Thomas, 1892	Mindanao, Philippines	Size: 17–22 cm (7–9 in) long, plus 11–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[24] Habitat: Forest[25] Diet: Small animals, insects, fruit, vegetables, and eggs[24]	LC  Unknown [25]
Mountain treeshrew	T. montana Thomas, 1892 Two subspecies T. m. baluensis T. m. montana	Northern Borneo	Size: About 20 cm (8 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail[26] Habitat: Forest[27] Diet: Omnivorous[28]	LC  Unknown [27]
Nicobar treeshrew	T. nicobarica (Zelebor, 1869) Two subspecies T. n. nicobarica T. n. surda	Nicobar Islands, India	Size: About 14 cm (6 in) long, plus 18 cm (7 in) tail[29] Habitat: Forest[30] Diet: Insects as well as fruit[14]	EN  Unknown [30]
Northern treeshrew	T. belangeri (Wagner, 1841) Two subspecies T. b. belangeri T. b. chinensis	Southeast Asia	Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[31] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[32] Diet: Insects as well as fruit[31]	LC  Unknown [32]
Painted treeshrew	T. picta Thomas, 1892 Two subspecies T. p. fuscior T. p. picta	Borneo	Size: About 21 cm (8 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[33] Habitat: Forest[34] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	LC  Unknown [34]
Palawan treeshrew	T. palawanensis Thomas, 1894	Palawan, Philippines	Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[35] Diet: Insects and fruit[28]	LC  Unknown [35]
Pygmy treeshrew	T. minor Günther, 1876 Four subspecies T. m. humeralis T. m. malaccana T. m. minor T. m. sincipis	Southeast Asia	Size: 11–14 cm (4–6 in) long, plus 13–17 cm (5–7 in) tail[36] Habitat: Forest[37] Diet: Small animals, fruit leaves, seeds, and carrion[36]	LC  Unknown [37]
Ruddy treeshrew	T. splendidula Gray, 1865 Five subspecies T. s. carimatae T. s. lucida T. s. natunae T. s. riabus T. s. splendidula	Southern Borneo	Size: About 18 cm (7 in) long, plus 14 cm (6 in) tail[33] Habitat: Forest[38] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	LC  Unknown [38]
Slender treeshrew	T. gracilis Thomas, 1893 Three subspecies T. g. edarata T. g. gracilis T. g. inflata	Borneo and nearby islands	Size: 12–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[16] Habitat: Forest[39] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	LC  Unknown [39]
Striped treeshrew	T. dorsalis Schlegel, 1857	Borneo	Size: 14–23 cm (6–9 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[40] Habitat: Forest[41] Diet: Insects, fruit, seeds, and leaves[40]	DD  Unknown [41]
Sumatran treeshrew	T. ferruginea Raffles, 1821	Sumatra and Tanahbala, Indonesia	Size: 13–21 cm (5–8 in) long, plus 12–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[12] Habitat: Unknown[42] Diet: Fruit and insects[14]	DD  Unknown [42]

References

1. "Fossilworks: Scandentia". Paleobiology Database. University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
2. Wilson, Reeder, pp. 104–109
3. Askay, Sean (2000). "Ptilocercus lowii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
4. Cassola, F. (2016). "Ptilocercus lowii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41491A22278277. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41491A22278277.en.
5. Bora, Suhani (2002). "Anathana ellioti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
6. Molur, S. (2016). "Anathana ellioti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T39593A22278758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T39593A22278758.en.
7. Bernuetz, Madeline (2015). "Dendrogale melanura". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
8. Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Dendrogale melanura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T6405A22278427. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T6405A22278427.en.
9. Hutchins, Kleiman, Geist, McDade, Trumpey, p. 294
10. Kyle, James (2002). "Dendrogale murina". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
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12. Francis, p. 48
13. Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Tupaia discolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T111873499A111873502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T111873499A111873502.en.
14. Selig, K. R.; Sargis, E. J.; Silcox, M. T. (2019). "The frugivorous insectivores? Functional morphological analysis of molar topography for inferring diet in extant treeshrews (Scandentia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (6): 1901–1917. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyz151.
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16. Hubrecht, Kirkwood, eds.; Fuchs, Corbach-Söhle, p. 263
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19. Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia hypochrysa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T111873049A166528096. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T111873049A166528096.en.
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21. Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia tana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41501A22279356. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41501A22279356.en.
22. Miller, Emmeline (2007). "Tupaia tana". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
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24. Pietryga, Jason (2002). "Urogale everetti". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
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26. Phillipps, p. 146
27. Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia montana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41498A22279521. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41498A22279521.en.
28. Stone, p. 64
29. Oommen, M. A.; Shanker, K. (2008). "Ecology and Behavior of an Endemic Treeshrew Tupaia nicobarica Zelebor 1869 on Great Nicobar Island, India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 105 (1): 55–63.
30. Laginha Pinto Correia, D.; Kennerley, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tupaia nicobarica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22454A115166757. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22454A22279002.en.
31. Lowther, Teagan (2013). "Tupaia belangeri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
32. Han, K. H; Duckworth, J. W.; Molur, S. (2016). "Tupaia belangeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41492A22280884. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41492A22280884.en.
33. Phillipps, p. 148
34. Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia picta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41499A22279973. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41499A22279973.en.
35. Kennerley, R. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia palawanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T110678346A123808057.
36. Burnie, p. 133
37. Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41497A22279656. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41497A22279656.en.
38. Cassola, F. (2016). "Tupaia splendidula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41500A22279827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41500A22279827.en.
39. Han, K. H.; Stuebing, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tupaia gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41495A115189017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41495A22280735.en.
40. Miller, Melissa (2019). "Tupaia dorsalis". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
41. Gerrie, R.; Kennerley, R. (2019). "Tupaia dorsalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41493A22280298. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41493A22280298.en.
42. Sargis, E.; Kennerley, R. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Tupaia ferruginea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T111873543A166528436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T111873543A166528436.en.

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