在三十年战争中,克里斯蒂安试图成为德国新教诸侯的领袖,于是对阵领导天主教军队的阿尔布雷希特·冯·华伦斯坦,但在卢特战役中惨败[31]。结果是华伦斯坦的军队入侵和掠夺了日德兰半岛,迫使丹麦退出战争。丹麦设法避免了领土割让,但瑞典国王古斯塔夫二世对德意志地区进行了强势干预,标志着瑞典的军事力量开始崛起,同时影响力有超越丹麦的迹象。瑞典军队于1643年入侵日德兰半岛,并于1644年宣称拥有斯堪尼亚地区。由于被瑞典占领导致哥本哈根地区粮食短缺,加上境内粮食欠收和黑死病流行,丹麦人口锐减20%[32],不得不在英法的调解下签订了1645年的布罗姆塞布罗条约(英语:Treaty of Brømsebro)。在条约中,丹麦放弃了哈兰、哥特兰、丹属爱沙尼亚的最后部分以及挪威的几个省。
1657 年,丹麦国王弗雷德里克三世看到撕毁布罗姆塞布罗条约的机会,向瑞典宣战,双方卷入了第二次北方战争(1655-1660 年)。不过丹麦军队迅速溃败,瑞典国王查理十世的军队征服日德兰半岛,并指挥瑞典军队横跨结冰的丹麦海峡,占领了富英岛和西兰岛的大部分地区,然后于1658年2月迫使丹麦签署了罗斯基勒和平协议(英语:Peace of Roskilde),这给了瑞典斯堪尼亚、布莱金厄、布胡斯兰、特伦德拉格和博恩霍尔姆岛的控制权。 查理十世很快就后悔没有彻底击灭军力如此孱弱的丹麦,1658年8月,他对丹麦发动了第二次进攻并成功征服了丹麦的大部分岛屿,开始了长达两年的哥本哈根围城战。 丹麦国王积极领导城市防御,召集市民拿起武器,屡次击退瑞典人的进攻[33][34]。围攻在1660年查理十世古斯塔夫 (Charles X Gustav) 去世后结束[25],在随后的和平条约中,丹麦设法保持了独立并重新控制了特伦德拉格和博恩霍尔姆[35]。由于国王在战后大受欢迎,弗雷德里克三世以此解散选举君主制,转而支持绝对君主制,这种集权制度在丹麦一直持续到了1848年[36]。
丹麦之后又试图在斯堪尼亚战争(1675-1679 年)中重新控制斯堪尼亚,但未能成功。大北方战争(1700-21 年)之后,随着瑞典被俄罗斯沙皇国削弱,丹麦分别在1720年的腓特烈堡条约(英语:Treaty of Frederiksborg)和1773年的皇村条约(英语:Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo)中重新控制了由荷尔斯泰因-戈托普家族统治的石勒苏益格和荷尔斯泰因部分地区。丹麦在18世纪的后半叶非常繁荣,因为丹麦的中立地位使得其在战争时可以成为交战双方的贸易中转站。为了在拿破仑战争中继续保持独立地位,丹麦与法国和英国进行贸易,并与俄罗斯、瑞典和普鲁士加入了第二次武装中立联盟[37]。英国人认为这是一种敌对行为,于是在1801年和1807年炮击哥本哈根,一次打击了丹麦舰队,另一次炮击造成的大火烧掉了丹麦首都的大部分地区。丹英之间爆发炮舰战争,丹麦雇佣的小型炮舰根本不是皇家海军的对手,接连惨败使得英国海军长期控制丹麦海域,丹麦经济遭到毁灭性打击,1813年丹麦-挪威破产。
1939年丹麦与纳粹德国签署了为期10年的互不侵犯条约,但德国于1940年4月9日以一个名为“威瑟堡行动”的演习为名义入侵丹麦,丹麦政府知道两国军事力量的悬殊差距,于是进攻开始后仅仅六个小时就宣布投降,是二战当中遭受入侵国家抵抗时间最短的,但丹麦也因此避免了不必要之伤亡和损失,使得丹麦在战后得以更快复苏。1943年之前,丹麦一直与德国进行经济合作。随着纳粹德国在东线战场显出颓势,丹麦政府拒绝进一步合作并自沉了大部分船只,还将许多军官送往中立的瑞典。丹麦抵抗组织(英语:Danish resistance)进行了一次救援行动,设法将数千名收到纳粹政权迫害的犹太人及其家人疏散到了瑞典的安全地带。一些丹麦人通过加入丹麦纳粹党(英语:Danish Nazi Party)或自愿进入丹麦纳粹党(英语:丹麦自由军团)与德国纳粹并肩作战[43]。冰岛被美军占领后与丹麦断绝关系,于1944年成为一个独立的共和国;德国于1945年5月投降,丹麦获得解放。战后反殖民思想兴起,丹麦开始对属地进行权力下放,1948年,法罗群岛获得自治权。1949年,丹麦成为北约创始成员国。
与挪威和瑞典一样,丹麦建立了由税收支撑的医疗保险系统。该系统的运营主要依靠本地市政税收与大区财政拨款。丹麦每年在医疗上的花费占GDP总额的9.8%。丹麦人平均寿命为78.6岁,平均每名医生服务294人。根据 LPI(Legatum Prosperity Index)和 HCI(医疗保健指数 - Health Care Index),丹麦是拥有最佳医疗保健系统的国家之一。
^ 21.021.1Paludan, Helge (编). Danmarks historie i grundtræk. 2. rev. udg. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag. 2011. ISBN 978-87-7288-941-2.缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
^Englund, Peter. Den oövervinnerlige: om den svenska stormaktstiden och en man i dess mitt. Stockholm: Atlantis. 2000. ISBN 978-91-7486-999-6.缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
^Frost, Robert I. The northern wars: war, state and society in northeastern Europe, 1558 - 1721. Modern wars in perspective. London New York: Routledge. 2014. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
^XVI. Der Friede von Berlin zwischen Preußen und Dänemark und der Wiederbeginn des Krieges zwischen Dänemark und Schleswig-Holstein. — Die Nachrichten von der Schlacht bei Idstedt. — Die Ursachen des Verlustes der Schlacht. Schleswig-Holsteinische Erinnerungen. De Gruyter. 1863-12-31: 282–304.
^Dörr, Oliver. Kompendium völkerrechtlicher Rechtsprechung: eine Auswahl für Studium und Praxis. Mohr-Lehrbuch. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. 2004. ISBN 978-3-16-148311-0.缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
^Lov om Grønlands Selvstyre互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2018-11-06. (丹麥語). Retsinformation.dk. "I erkendelse af, at det grønlandske folk er et folk i henhold til folkeretten med ret til selvbestemmelse, bygger loven på et ønske om at fremme ligeværdighed og gensidig respekt i partnerskabet mellem Danmark og Grønland."
^Orfield, Lester Bernhardt Orfield. The Growth of Scandinavian Law. Union, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange. 2002: 14. ISBN 978-1-58477-180-7.
^ 70.070.1Climate Normals for Denmark. Danish Meteorological Institute. [2015-01-02]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-03). Figures, labelled in Danish: First plot is the whole country; Nedbør=Precipitation, Nedbørdage=Precipitation days (>1 mm), (Dag/Middel/Nat)temp.=(Daytime/Average/Nighttime) temperature, Solskinstimer=Hours of sunshine.
^Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material. Nature Communications. 2020, 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3.
^Animals in Denmark. listofcountriesoftheworld.com. 2012 [2016-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-01).
^Bird list of Denmark. Netfugl.dk. [2015-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-05). It involves all category A, B and C birds recorded in Denmark (according to SU/BOURC/AERC standard).
^Denmark – Constitution (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – Part I – Section 4 [State Church]: "The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the Established Church of Denmark, and, as such, it shall be supported by the State."
^Denmark – Constitution (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – Part VII – Section 70: "No person shall for reasons of his creed or descent be deprived of access to complete enjoyment of his civic and political rights, nor shall he for such reasons evade compliance with any common civic duty."
^Facts about Islam in Denmark[失效連結] – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Published/Last edited 10 May 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2012. www.ambdhaka.um.dk
^Religion in Denmark – From the Danish Foreign Ministry. Archive retrieved on 3 January 2012.
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