希律生於公元前74年的以東,是哈斯蒙尼王朝權臣安提帕特的其中一位兒子,活在馬加比王室底下所以自小就作為猶太人長大,他父親和羅馬共和國獨裁官尤利烏斯·凱撒關係很好,因此受羅馬人的信任。哈斯蒙尼王朝國王安提柯二世反叛羅馬共和國時,作為凱撒昔日部下的軍頭安東尼支持希律去猶太地奪位,並且最終成功。公元前37年希律推翻哈斯蒙尼王朝後,共和國元老院封希律為猶太人的王,開始了服從羅馬共和國的希律王朝。大希律王統治時期的以色列叫希律猶太王國(英语:Herodian Kingdom of Judea)(公元前37年-前4年)。
在《塔木德》中,奮銳黨是个非宗教派系(不追随宗教领袖),被称之为 Biryonim (בריונים),即“野蛮的”、“蛮荒的”、“暴徒”,并谴责他们的冲动,谴责他们不会委屈求全,保护耶路撒冷的幸存者,以及他们盲目的军国主义,敌视拉比们的求和。他们继续指责奋锐党导致耶路撒冷和第二圣殿的倾覆,使得罗马束缚了犹太人。根据《巴比伦塔木德》,Gittin(英语:Gittin):56b,在耶路撒冷城被围时(猶太戰爭期間),奮銳黨人摧毁了几十年堆积出的食物和柴火,勒令犹太人出动,在绝望中进行反抗羅馬軍隊。猶太拉比约卡南·本·萨卡(英语:Yohanan ben Zakkai)出逃,与羅馬將軍韦斯巴芗(於69年成為皇帝)会面,建立贾尼亚会,编撰《米書拿》,使得犹太教得以幸存。
雖然內塔尼亞胡被視為是《奧斯陸協議》的堅定反對者,他仍然決定從希伯伦撤軍,並且簽下懷伊備忘錄(Wye River Memorandum),給予巴勒斯坦民族權力機構更大的自治權力。在內塔尼亞胡任內巴勒斯坦團體對以色列平民的襲擊活動大為減少,然而他的聯合政府仍然在1999年垮台。在1999年選舉中工黨的埃胡德·巴拉克以大幅票數差距擊敗內塔尼亞胡而繼任總理。
以色列虽然是发达国家,但贫富差距较大,物价昂贵,是经济合作与发展组织国家中贫困率最高的国家之一。以色列的国外援助在经济合作与发展组织中排名较低,其发展援助占国民总收入不到0.1%,而不是一般所建议的0.7%。该国在2016年世界慈善捐助指数列表中名列第43位。然而,以色列长期向全世界提供紧急援助和应对灾难的人道主义小组。以色列的人道主义努力于1957年正式开始,它建立了色列国际发展合作机构Mashav,另外,还有别的以色列人道主义和应急小组与以色列政府合作,其中包括IsraAid,这是由14个以色列组织和北美犹太团体共同执行的合作项目;此外还有ZAKA, The Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team (FIRST),Israeli Flying Aid (IFA),Save a Child's Heart (SACH) 和Latet。 [86]
在1985年至2015年期间,以色列派出了IDF研究与救助部门的24个代表队(Home Front Command)到22个国家中。在2010年海地地震之后,以色列是第一个建立提供外科手术的场地医院的国家。以色列派出了200多名医务人员,在现场对受伤的海地人进行治疗。在11天的人道主义任务中,以色列代表团对1100多名病人进行了治疗,共进行了319次成功的手术,分娩了16次,救出或协助拯救4人。尽管在2011年日本大地震和海啸中存在辐射的危机,但以色列是灾难发生后第一批派遣医疗代表团的国家之一。以色列于2011年向海啸灾区栗原市派出一个医疗队。这是由以色列IDF的50名成员组成的医疗诊所,其中有儿科,外科,妇产科,妇科和耳鼻喉科病房,还有验光部门,实验室,药房和重症监护室。他们在两周内对200名病人进行治疗,之后,应急小组向日本人捐赠了所有设备。[87]
在阿拉伯拒绝联合国在巴勒斯坦建立两个国家的决定之后,约旦在1950年合并了約旦河西岸地區。英国承认了这一吞并。至2019年,约旦仍视约旦河西岸为其领土。从约旦东部的以色列艾伦比口岸入境时,约旦不视为从王国出境;而在南方的以色列埃特拉口岸,情况正好相反,约旦视此地为两国边界。这里人口主要是阿拉伯裔居民,包括1948年第一次中东战争的难民, 但许多人至今仍持有约旦王国护照。从1967年至1993年的占领中,居住在这些领地上的巴勒斯坦人在以色列军事管理下。自从Israel–PLO letters of recognition颁布以来,大多数巴勒斯坦人口和城市一直处于巴勒斯坦民族权力机构的内部管辖范围之内,只保留部分的以色列军事控制,尽管以色列曾多次重新部署部队,并在动乱期间恢复全面的军事管理。为应对阿克萨群众起义日益增加的袭击事件,以色列政府开始修建“以色列約旦河西岸地區屏障”(也被称为“隔离墙”)。工程完成后,大约13%的屏障将在绿线或以色列内建造,而87%在約旦河西岸地区。[90]
以色列傳統的民間音樂通常是與錫安主義的理想和願景有關,例如描繪年輕的猶太子弟建構並防衛一個美好家園的題材。類似的題材通常被稱為שירי ארץ ישראל(「以色列之歌」)。以色列的古典音樂管弦樂團以及目前由祖賓·梅塔領導的以色列爱乐乐团也在國際間赫赫有名。Dudu Fisher、伊扎克·帕尔曼、平夏斯·祖克曼等人都是來自以色列。在以色列廣受歡迎的音樂型式包括了流行音樂、搖滾樂、重金屬、嘻哈音樂、以及各種族群的音樂,代表人物有艾弗瑞·萊德爾。
^Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital. The Jerusalem Post. 2017-12-06 [2017-12-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-06). The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations.
^Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, 2006 — Chap.8 "The Arab Regular Armies' Invasion of Palestine".
^Gilbert 2005,第1頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGilbert2005 (help)
^The status of Jerusalem(PDF). The Question of Palestine & the United Nations. United Nations Department of Public Information. [2016-03-22]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2016-03-04). East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.
^ 35.035.1Adriana Kemp, "Labour migration and racialisation: labour market mechanisms and labour migration control policies in Israel", Social Identities 10:2, 267–292, 2004
^Israel. Freedom in the World. Freedom House. 2008 [2012-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-23).
^Rummel 1997,第257頁 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRummel1997 (help). "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ... , Cyprus, ... , Israel, ..."
^Tubb 1998,第13–14頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTubb1998 (help)
^McNutt 1999,第47頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcNutt1999 (help)
^K. L. Noll, Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction,互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期1 July 2023. A&C Black, 2001 p. 164: "It would seem that, in the eyes of Merneptah's artisans, Israel was a Canaanite group indistinguishable from all other Canaanite groups." "It is likely that Merneptah's Israel was a group of Canaanites located in the Jezreel Valley."
^Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher. The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories 1st Touchstone. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2001. ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4.
^Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem", in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, Atlanta, GA, p. 48, footnote 57: "...They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half..."
^World Giving Index (PDF) (Report). Charities Aid Foundation. October 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017. Pfeffer, Anshel (April 28, 2015). "The Downsides of Israel's Missions of Mercy Abroad". Haaretz. Retrieved November 22, 2015. And even when no Israelis are involved, few countries are as fast as Israel in mobilizing entire delegations to rush to the other side of the world. It has been proved time and again in recent years, after the earthquake in Haiti, the typhoon in the Philippines and the quake/tsunami/nuclear disaster in Japan. For a country of Israel's size and resources, without conveniently located aircraft carriers and overseas bases, it is quite an impressive achievement. "About MASHAV". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 January 2017. Haim Yacobi, Israel and Africa: A Genealogy of Moral Geography, Routledge, 2015 p.113. Ki-moon, Ban (1 December 2016). "Secretary-General's remarks at reception in honour of ZAKA International Rescue Unit [as prepared for delivery]". United Nations. Retrieved 20 January 2017. Ueriel Hellman,"Israeli aid effort helps Haitians – and Israel's image", Jewish Telegraphic Agency 19 January 2010. "Israel's 'superwoman' takes flight to help others – ISRAEL21c". Israel21c. "Wolfson cardiac surgeons save lives of more Gazan children". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. "Earthquake in Haiti – Latet Organization deploys for immediate relief to victims". ReliefWeb.
^"When catastrophe strikes the IDF is there to help". Israel Today. May 20, 2015. Retrieved November 24, 2015. Benhorin, Yitzhak (18 January 2010). "Praise for Israeli mission in Haiti: 'Only ones operating'". Ynet. Retrieved 25 November 2015. "International Aid to Haiti: Who's Giving". Cbsnews.com. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2013. Marcy Oster, Israeli delegation leaves Haiti Jewish Telegraphic Agency January 27, 2010. "Heart surgery for Haitian child". Israel21c. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2015. "IDF team returns from Haiti". The canadian Jewish news. 4 February 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2015. "Israeli aid delegation leaves for Japan". Ynetnews. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2013. Kinue Tokudome, 'Promise fulfilled Israelìs Medical Team in Japan,' The Jerusalem Post 18 April 2015.
^"Resolution 497 (1981)". United Nations. 1981. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "East Jerusalem: UNSC Res. 478". UN. 1980. Retrieved 10 April 2010. "Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall". NBCNews.com. 9 July 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2013. "Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace". Ynetnews. 16 December 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2007. "Syria ready to discuss land for peace". The Jerusalem Post. 12 June 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula". The Jerusalem Post. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^"UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of 30 June 2009" (PDF). United Nations. June 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2007. "Questions and Answers". Israel's Security Fence. The State of Israel. 22 February 2004. Retrieved 17 April 2007. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Refworld | West Bank Barrier Route Projections, July 2008". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 11 April 2014. "Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank".
^"Situation Report on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip". Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. "The occupied Palestinian territories: Dignity Denied". International Committee of the Red Cross. 13 December 2007. "Israel/Palestine". Human Rights Watch. 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013. "Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 15 September 2009. p. 85. "Israel/Occupied Territories: Road to nowhere". Amnesty International. 1 December 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. "The scope of Israeli control in the Gaza Strip". B'Tselem. Retrieved 20 March 2012. "Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Ebon Moss-Bachrach al WonderCon 2019 Ebon Moss-Bachrach (Amherst, 19 marzo 1977) è un attore statunitense. Per la sua interpretazione nel ruolo di Richie Jerimovich in The Bear ha vinto un Premio Emmy, un Critics' Choice Award e ha ottenuto una candidatura al Golden Globe come miglior attore non protagonista in una serie. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Filmografia 2.1 Cinema 2.2 Televisione 3 Doppiatori italiani 4 Altri progetti 5 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Ha esordito come attore nel 1999, ed è pri…
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