1914

This article is about the year 1914. For the board game, see 1914 (game). For the film, see 1914 (film). For the poem, see 1914 (poem).

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century 20th century 21st century
Decades:	1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s
Years:	1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917
	v t e

1914 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1914 MCMXIV
Ab urbe condita	2667
Armenian calendar	1363 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԳ
Assyrian calendar	6664
Baháʼí calendar	70–71
Balinese saka calendar	1835–1836
Bengali calendar	1320–1321
Berber calendar	2864
British Regnal year	4 Geo. 5 – 5 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar	2458
Burmese calendar	1276
Byzantine calendar	7422–7423
Chinese calendar	癸丑年 (Water Ox) 4611 or 4404     — to — 甲寅年 (Wood Tiger) 4612 or 4405
Coptic calendar	1630–1631
Discordian calendar	3080
Ethiopian calendar	1906–1907
Hebrew calendar	5674–5675
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1970–1971
- Shaka Samvat	1835–1836
- Kali Yuga	5014–5015
Holocene calendar	11914
Igbo calendar	914–915
Iranian calendar	1292–1293
Islamic calendar	1332–1333
Japanese calendar	Taishō 3 (大正３年)
Javanese calendar	1843–1845
Juche calendar	3
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4247
Minguo calendar	ROC 3 民國3年
Nanakshahi calendar	446
Thai solar calendar	2456–2457
Tibetan calendar	阴水牛年 (female Water-Ox) 2040 or 1659 or 887     — to — 阳木虎年 (male Wood-Tiger) 2041 or 1660 or 888

1914 (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1914th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 914th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1914, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

This year saw the beginning of what became known as the First World War, after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne was assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. It also saw the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with the St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line.

Events

January

Main article: January 1914

• January 1 – The St. Petersburg–Tampa Airboat Line in the United States starts services between St. Petersburg and Tampa, Florida, becoming the first airline to provide scheduled regular commercial passenger services with heavier-than-air aircraft, with Tony Jannus (the first federally-licensed pilot) conveying passengers in a Benoist XIV flying boat. Abram C. Pheil, mayor of St. Petersburg, is the first airline passenger, and over 3,000 people witness the first departure.[1]
• January 11
  • The Sakurajima volcano in Japan begins to erupt, becoming effusive after a very large earthquake on January 13. The lava flow causes the island which it forms to be linked to the Ōsumi Peninsula.[2]
  • The Karluk, flagship of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, sinks after being crushed by ice.[3]

February

Main article: February 1914

• February 8 – The Luxembourg national football team has its first victory, beating France 5–4 in a friendly match, for the first and only time in football history.^[citation needed]
• February 12 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.[4]
• February 13 – Copyright: In New York City, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers is established, to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.[5]
• February 17 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden in the aftermath of the Courtyard Crisis. He is replaced by Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, father of Dag Hammarskjöld.[6]
• February 26 – The ocean liner that will become HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at the Harland and Wolff shipyards in Belfast.^[citation needed]
• February 28 – The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus is proclaimed by ethnic Greeks, in Northern Epirus.[7]

March

Main article: March 1914

• March 7 – Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania, to begin his reign.[8]
• March 10 – Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Velázquez's painting Rokeby Venus in London's National Gallery, with a meat chopper.[9]
• March 17 (Saint Patrick's Day) – Green beer is invented by Thomas H. Curtin, and displayed at the Schnorrer Club of Morrisania in the Bronx, New York.[10]
• March 20
  • Curragh incident: British Army officers stationed in Ireland at the Curragh Camp resign their commissions rather than be ordered to resist action by Unionist Ulster Volunteers if the Government of Ireland Act ("Third Home Rule Bill") is passed in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.[11] The government backs down and they are reinstated.
  • Film Tess of the Storm Country is released, propelling its star Mary Pickford to new levels of fame, marking the rise of the modern celebrity.^[citation needed]
• March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.[12]
• March 29 – Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive on Easter Island, to make the first true study of it (they depart in August 1915).[13]

April

Main article: April 1914

• April 4–September 27 – Komagata Maru incident: The SS Komagata Maru sails from India to Canada. Canadian regulations, designed to exclude Asian immigrants, prevent the boat from docking in Vancouver, and it is forced to return to Calcutta with all its passengers.[14]
• April 9 – Tampico Affair: A misunderstanding involving United States Navy sailors in Mexico and army troops loyal to Mexican dictator Victoriano Huerta leads to a breakdown in diplomatic relations between the United States and Mexico.[15]
• April 11 – Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band, and becomes the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.[16]
• April 14–18 – The first International Criminal Police Congress is held in Monaco; 24 countries are represented, including some from Asia, Europe, and the Americas; the Dean of the Paris Law School is president.^[citation needed]
• April 20
  • Colorado Coalfield War – Ludlow Massacre: The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 24 people.^[citation needed]
  • President Woodrow Wilson asks the United States Congress to use military force in Mexico, in reaction to the Tampico Affair.^[citation needed]
• April 21 – United States occupation of Veracruz: 2,300 U.S. Navy sailors and Marines from the South Atlantic fleet land in the port city of Veracruz, Mexico, which they will occupy for over six months. The Ypiranga incident occurs when they attempt to enforce an arms embargo against Mexico, by preventing the German cargo steamer SS Ypiranga from unloading arms for the Mexican government in the port.^[citation needed]
• April 22 – Mexico ends diplomatic relations with the United States for the time being.^[citation needed]
• April 23
  • The Afrikaans language receives official recognition, when Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven addresses the English caucus of the Cape Provincial Council.[17]
  • MLB Chicago Federals host the Kansas City Packers in the 1st game played at Weeghman Park (the later Wrigley Field).[18]
• April 24–25 – Larne Gun Running: 35,000 rifles and over 3 million rounds of ammunition from a German dealer are landed at Larne, Bangor and Donaghadee in Ulster for the Unionist Ulster Volunteers.[11]

May

Main article: May 1914

• May 1–November 1 – The Exposition Internationale is held at Lyon, France.[19]
• May 5–October 11 – The Jubilee Exhibition (Jubilæumsutstillingen) is held at Kristiania, Norway, to mark the centennial of the country's constitution.[20]
• May 8 – Paramount Pictures is created by W. W. Hodkinson as a national film distributor in the United States.[21]
• May 9 – J. T. Hearne in England becomes the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.[22]
• May 17 – The Protocol of Corfu provides for the provinces of Korçë and Gjirokastër, constituting Northern Epirus, to be granted autonomy under the nominal sovereignty of Albania.[23]
• May 25 – The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Government of Ireland Act 1914, the "Irish Home Rule Bill".[24]
• May 29 – Ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sinks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence following a collision; 1,012 lives are lost.[25]
• May 30 – Ocean liner RMS Aquitania makes her maiden voyage.[26]

June

Main article: June 1914

• c. June – Blaise Diagne of Senegal becomes the first Black African representative in the French Parliament.^[citation needed]
• June 1 – Woodrow Wilson's envoy, Edward Mandell House, meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II.[27]
• June 8 – The Brazilian Football Confederation is founded, with Álvaro Zamith as its first president. The Brazilian Olympic Committee is founded on the same day.^[citation needed]
• June 9 – Pittsburgh Pirate Honus Wagner becomes the first baseball player in the twentieth century with 3,000 career hits.^[citation needed]
• June 12–18 – Greek genocide: Ottoman Greeks in Phocaea are massacred by Turkish irregular troops.[28]
• June 18 – Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionals take San Luis Potosí; Venustiano Carranza demands Victoriano Huerta's surrender.^[citation needed]
• June 23 – After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal is reopened by the Kaiser; the British Fleet under Sir George Warrender visits; the Kaiser inspects the Dreadnought HMS King George V.[29]
• June 24 – In Manchester, New Hampshire, a downtown fire causes $400,000 worth of damage and injures 19 firemen.^[citation needed]

This picture of the arrest of a suspect in Sarajevo is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip, although some[30][31] believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.

• June 28 – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria: Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, 19, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, triggering the July Crisis overnight and eventually World War I. Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo and Zagreb break out. ^[citation needed]
• June 29
  • The Secretary of the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade sends a dispatch to Vienna, suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots continue throughout Bosnia.^[citation needed]
  • Khioniya Guseva attempts and fails to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his hometown in Siberia.^[citation needed]
  • The International Exhibition opens at the "White City", Ashton Gate, Bristol, England, U.K. It closes on August 15, and the site is used as a military depot.[32]
• June 30 – Among those addressing the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand are Lords Crewe and Lansdowne in the House of Lords, and Messrs Asquith and Law in the Commons.^[citation needed]

July

Main articles: July 1914, Causes of World War I, and July Crisis

• July 1 – The Royal Naval Air Service, a forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.[33]
• July 2 – The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.^[citation needed]
• July 4
  • The funeral of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria takes place at Artstetten Castle, 50 miles west of Vienna, Austria-Hungary.^[citation needed]
  • Lexington Avenue bombing: Four people are killed in New York City when an anarchist bomb intended to kill John D. Rockefeller explodes prematurely, in the conspirator's apartment.^[citation needed]
• July 5 – A council is held at Potsdam: powerful leaders within Austria-Hungary and Germany meet to discuss the possibilities of war with Serbia, Russia and France.^[citation needed]
• July 7 – Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff, and Naval Commander-in-Chief; the Council lasts from 11:30 am until 6:15 pm.^[citation needed]
• July 9 – The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives the report of the Austro-Hungarian investigation into the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo. The Times publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as "pestilent rats").^[citation needed]
• July 10 – Nicholas Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, dies of a heart attack while visiting Austrian minister Wladimir Giesl von Gieslingen at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.^[citation needed]
• July 11
  • Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut, with the Boston Red Sox.^[citation needed]
  • USS Nevada, the United States Navy's first "super-dreadnought" battleship, is launched.^[citation needed]
  • Over 5,000 people attend a rally in Union Square, Manhattan, called by the Anti-Militarist League to commemorate the anarchists killed in the July 4th Lexington Avenue bombing.[34]
• July 13 – Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade.^[citation needed]
• July 14 – The Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the House of Lords in the U.K. It allows Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin. Because of the outbreak of war in Europe and later developments in Ireland, the Act was never implemented in its original form.^[citation needed]
• July 15 – Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns from the presidency of Mexico and leaves for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.^[citation needed]
• July 18
  • The Signal Corps of the United States Army establishes an Aviation Section, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.[35]
  • The British Fleet is reviewed at Spithead, by George V.^[citation needed]
  • Mahatma Gandhi leaves South Africa for the last time, sailing out of Cape Town for England, on board the S.S. Kinfauns Castle.^[citation needed]
• July 19 – George V summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem. It meets from July 21–24, without reaching consensus.^[citation needed]
• July 23 – July Ultimatum: Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.^[citation needed]
• July 25 – Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilise its own forces. Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.^[citation needed]
• July 26 – Howth gun-running: former British civil servant and novelist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly sail into Howth in Ireland in his yacht Asgard and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. British Army troops of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the Bachelor's Walk massacre, firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 37 others are injured.[36][37]
• July 27 – Felix Ysagun Manalo registers the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippines.[38]

Map of European alliances in 1914

  Triple Entente

  Triple Alliance

• July 28
  • The official start of World War I when Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia by telegram. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary.^[citation needed]
  • Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, is acquitted of the murder of Gaston Calmette by reason of crime passionnel.[39]
• July 28–August 10 – World War I: Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau: British and French naval forces fail to prevent the ships of the Imperial German Navy Mediterranean Division from reaching the Dardanelles.^[citation needed]
• July 29
  • World War I: Austro-Hungarian Navy river monitor SMS Bodrog fires the first shots of the war, opening the bombardment of the defenses of Belgrade, Serbia's capital.^[citation needed]
  • In Massachusetts, the new Cape Cod Canal opens; it shortens the trip between New York and Boston by 66 miles, but also turns Cape Cod into an island.[40]
• July 31 – Russia orders full mobilisation.^[citation needed]

August

Main article: August 1914

Mobilization in Germany.

• August 1
  • The German Empire declares war on the Russian Empire, following Russia's military mobilization in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilisation.^[citation needed]
  • France orders general mobilisation.^[citation needed]
  • The New York Stock Exchange is closed because of the outbreak of the war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges are already closed.[41]
  • Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Jamaica.^[citation needed]
• August 2
  • German troops occupy Luxembourg, in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan.^[citation needed]
  • A secret treaty between the Ottoman Empire and German Empires secures Ottoman neutrality.^[citation needed]
  • At 19:00 (local time) Germany issues a 12-hour ultimatum to neutral Belgium, to allow German passage into France.[42]
• August 3
  • Germany declares war on Russia's ally, France.^[citation needed]
  • At 07:00 (local time) Belgium declines to accept Germany's ultimatum of August 2.^[citation needed]

Front page of the London Daily Mail on Aug 5, 1914

• August 4
  • World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.^[citation needed]
  • World War I: Imperial German Navy Rear-Admiral Wilhelm Souchon bombards the French Algerian ports of Bône and Philippeville from battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau.[43]
  • Ittihad Alexandria sports club is founded in Alexandria, Egypt.^[citation needed]
• August 5
  • Germany declares war on Belgium.^[citation needed]
  • The Kingdom of Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.^[citation needed]
  • The guns of Point Nepean fort at Port Phillip Heads in Victoria (Australia) fire across the bows of the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamer SS Pfalz, which is attempting to leave the Port of Melbourne in ignorance of the declaration of war, and she is detained; this is said to be the first Allied shot of the war.[44]
  • SS Königin Luise, taken over two days earlier by the Imperial German Navy as a minelayer, lays mines 40 miles (64 km) off the east coast of England. She is intercepted and sunk by the British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Amphion, the first German naval loss of the war. The following day, Amphion strikes mines laid by the Königin Luise and is sunk with some loss of life, in the first British casualties of the war.^[citation needed]
  • German zeppelins drop bombs on Liège, Belgium, killing 9 civilians.^[citation needed]
  • The first electric traffic light is installed between Euclid Avenue and East 105 Street, in Cleveland, Ohio.^[citation needed]
• August 5–16 – Battle of Liège: The German Army overruns and defeats the Belgians with the first operational use of Big Bertha.^[citation needed]
• August 6 – World War I:
  • Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.^[citation needed]
  • The first engagement between capital ships (light cruisers) of the British Royal Navy and the Imperial German Navy occurs, when HMS Bristol pursues the SMS Karlsruhe (which escapes) in the West Indies.^[citation needed]
• August 7 – World War I:
  • Battle of Mulhouse: France launches its first attack of the war, in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the province of Alsace from Germany, beginning the Battle of the Frontiers.[45]
  • British colonial troops of the British Gold Coast Regiment, entering the German West African colony of Togoland, encounter the German-led police force at a factory in Nuatja, near Lomé, and the police open fire on the patrol.[46] Alhaji Grunshi returns fire,[47] the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the war.[46]
• August 8
  • German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba, for high treason.^[citation needed]
  • Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition sets sail on the Endurance from Britain, in an attempt to cross Antarctica.^[citation needed]
• August 9 – World War I: British Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Birmingham rams and sinks German submarine U-15 off Fair Isle, the first U-boat lost in action.[48]
• August 12 – World War I:
  • Battle of Halen: Belgian troops defeat German cavalry, but the battle does little to delay the German invasion of Belgium.^[citation needed]
  • Formal declaration of war by the United Kingdom on Austria-Hungary.[49]
• August 13 – The Teoloyucan Treaties are signed in the State of Mexico.[50]
• August 15
  • The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the SS Ancon.[51]
  • Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza's troops under general Álvaro Obregón enter Mexico City.[52]
• August 15–24 – World War I: Battle of Cer – Serbian troops defeat the Austro-Hungarian army, marking the first Entente victory of the War.^[citation needed]
• August 16 – World War I:
  • German warships SMS Goeben and Breslau (both commissioned in 1912), which reached Constantinople on August 10, are transferred to the Ottoman Navy, Goeben becoming its flagship, Yavuz Sultan Selim.^[citation needed]
  • Lake Nyasa is the scene of a brief naval battle, when Captain Edmund Rhoades, commander of the British steamship SS Gwendolen, hears that war has broken out, and he receives orders from the British high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only ship on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by a Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew finds the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near "Sphinxhaven", in German East African territorial waters. Gwendolen disables the German vessel with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 meters (2,000 yards). This very brief engagement is hailed by The Times in London as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.^[citation needed]
• August 17–September 2 – World War I: The Battle of Tannenberg begins between German and Russian forces.^[citation needed]
• August 20
  • World War I: German forces occupy Brussels.^[citation needed]
  • Pope Pius X dies.^[citation needed]

    

    British volunteer recruits in London

• August 22 – World War I: Battle of Rossignol – German forces decisively defeat the French.[53]
• August 23 – World War I:
  • Battle of Mons: In its first major action, the British Expeditionary Force holds the German forces but then begins a month-long fighting Great Retreat to the Marne.^[citation needed]
  • Japan declares war on Germany.^[citation needed]
• August 26 – World War I:
  • The Togoland Campaign ends with the German West African colony of Togoland (Togo from 1960) surrendering to Britain and France.^[citation needed]
  • Battle of Río de Oro: British Royal Navy protected cruiser HMS Highflyer forces the SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, sailing as an auxiliary cruiser, to scuttle off northwest Africa.[54]
• August 26–27 – Battle of Le Cateau: British, French, and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat from the German advance.^[citation needed]
• August 26–30 – Battle of Tannenberg: The Russian Second Army is surrounded and defeated.[55]
• August 28 – Battle of Heligoland Bight: British cruisers under Admiral Beatty sink three German cruisers.[56]
• August 29–30 – The Battle of St. Quentin: French forces hold back the German advance.^[citation needed]

September

Pope Benedict XV, the new pope

Main article: September 1914

• September 1
  • (August 19 Old Style) Saint Petersburg in Russia changes its name to Petrograd.[57]
  • The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in the Cincinnati Zoo from old age.^[citation needed]
• September 2 – World War I: The French village of Moronvilliers is occupied by the Germans.^[citation needed]
• September 3 – World War I:
  • The Austro-Hungarian city and fortress of Lemberg falls to Russian troops.^[citation needed]
  • Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds Pope Pius X, becoming the 258th pope.^[citation needed]
  • William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just six months, due to opposition to his rule.^[citation needed]
• September 5 – World War I:
  • London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.^[citation needed]
  • The First Battle of the Marne begins: Situated north-east of Paris, the French 6th Army under General Maunoury attacks German forces near Paris. Over 2,000,000 fight (500,000 are killed/wounded) in the Allied victory. A French and British counterattack at the Marne ends the German advance on Paris.^[citation needed]
  • British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.^[citation needed]
• September 6–8 – French Army troops are rushed from Paris to join the First Battle of the Marne using Renault Type AG taxicabs.^[citation needed]
• September 7 – World War I: Turkey declares war on Belgium.^[citation needed]
• September 10 – World War I: South Africa declares war on Germany.^[citation needed]
• September 11 – World War I:
  • The Battle of Rawa ends in the defeat of Austro-Hungarian forces by the Russians.[58]
  • First Battle of the Masurian Lakes: A German offensive pushes the Russian First Army back across its entire front.[59]
  • Battle of Bita Paka: The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force lands on German New Guinea and secures a strategically significant wireless station, the first major Australian military engagement of the War.[60]
• September 13 – World War I:
  • The conclusion of the Battle of Grand Couronné ends the Battle of the Frontiers, with the north-east segment of the Western Front stabilising.[61]
  • South African troops open hostilities in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.^[citation needed]
• September 14 – Royal Australian Navy submarine HMAS AE1 vanishes while on combat patrol near Papua New Guinea, beginning one of Australia's longest naval mysteries; the sunken vessel will not be discovered for another 103 years.^[citation needed]
• September 15 – The Maritz Rebellion of disaffected Boers against the government of the Union of South Africa begins. General Koos de la Rey, a Boer general associated with the leaders of the rebellion, is shot dead after his driver fails to stop at a police roadblock.^[citation needed]
• September 17
  • World War I: The Race to the Sea, by opposing forces on the Western Front, begins.[62]
  • Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.[63]
• September 21 – World War I: British Imperial police forces capture Schuckmannsburg, in the Caprivi Strip of German South-West Africa.^[citation needed]
• September 22 – World War I:
  • Action of 22 September 1914: German submarine U-9 torpedoes three British Royal Navy armoured cruisers, HMS Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue, with the death of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.^[citation needed]
  • Bombardment of Papeete: German naval forces bombard Papeete, French Polynesia.^[citation needed]
  • German light cruiser SMS Emden bombards Madras, the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers in the War.[64]^[page needed]
• September 25 – World War I: The first Battle of Albert begins as part of the Race to the Sea.[65]
• September 26 – The United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established, by the Federal Trade Commission Act.[66]
• September 28 – World War I: The First Battle of the Aisne ends indecisively.[67]
• September 30
  • World War I: British Indian Army Expeditionary Force A arrives at Marseille for service in the Ypres Salient of the Western Front.^[citation needed]
  • The Flying Squadron of America is established to promote the temperance movement.[68]

October

Main article: October 1914

• October 3 – World War I: 25,000 Canadian troops depart for Europe.^[citation needed]
• October 4
  • The 1914 Burdur earthquake occurs in Turkey.[69]
  • The Manifesto of the Ninety-Three is signed by prominent academics supporting the early German war effort.^[citation needed]
• October 9 – World War I: Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp (Belgium) falls to German troops.^[citation needed]
• October 14 – World War I: The Canadian Expeditionary Force arrives on 32 ocean liners in Plymouth Sound.[70]
• October 16–31 – World War I: Battle of the Yser: The Belgian army halts the German advance, but with heavy losses.[71]
• October 19 – World War I:
  • The First Battle of Ypres begins.^[citation needed]
  • The Race to the Sea effectively ends, with the Western Front reaching the Belgian coast.^[citation needed]
• October 27 – World War I:
  • British super-dreadnought battleship HMS Audacious (23,400 tons) is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin.^[citation needed]
  • The Greek army occupies Northern Epirus with the approval of the Allies.^[citation needed]
• October 28 – World War I:
  • Battle of Penang, Malaya: German cruiser Emden sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer, before escaping.^[citation needed]
  • Participants in the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria are sentenced at Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, being under 20 years of age at the time of the assassination, cannot be given the death penalty, and is given a 20-year prison sentence instead.^[citation needed]
• October 29 – World War I: Ottoman warships shell Russian Black Sea ports; Russia, France and Britain declare war on the Ottoman Empire, November 1–5.[72]
• October 31 – World War I: Battle of the Vistula River concludes in a Russian victory over German and Austro-Hungarian forces around Warsaw.^[citation needed]

November

Main article: November 1914

• November 1 – World War I: Battle of Coronel – A British Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock is met in the eastern Pacific and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee in the first British naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of HMS Good Hope and HMS Monmouth.^[citation needed]
• November 5 – World War I:
  • Britain and France declare war on the Ottoman Empire.[72] The United Kingdom annexes Cyprus, which it controls until the island's declaration of independence in 1960.
  • The Battle of Tanga ends, with the British Indian Expeditionary Force B failing to capture German East Africa defences.[73]
  • Alpha Phi Delta is founded as a social fraternity at Syracuse University in the United States.^[citation needed]
• November 7 – Siege of Tsingtao: The Japanese and British seize Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the German East Asia Squadron.^[citation needed]
• November 9 – World War I: Battle of Cocos – The German cruiser Emden, the last active warship of the Central Powers in the Indian Ocean, is sunk by the Australian cruiser Sydney.^[citation needed]
• November 11 – With the 1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V proclaimed holy war.[74]
• November 13 – Zaian War: Battle of El Herri – Zayanes (Berbers) in Morocco overpower French forces.[75]
• November 14 – The Joensuu Town Hall, designed by Eliel Saarinen, is inaugurated in Joensuu, Finland.[76]
• November 16 – A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.^[citation needed]
• November 21 – In New Haven, Connecticut, the new Yale Bowl officially opens; Harvard defeats Yale 36–0 in the first American football game held here.[77]
• November 23 – Mexican Revolution: The last U.S. forces withdraw from Veracruz, occupied seven months earlier in response to the Tampico Affair; Venustiano Carranza's troops take over, and Carranza makes the town his headquarters.[78]
• November 24 – Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.[79]
• November 28 – World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.^[citation needed]

December

Main article: December 1914

• December 2 – Serbian Campaign (World War I): Austro-Hungarian forces occupy Belgrade, Serbia.^[citation needed]
• December 5 – The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition begins its attempt to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.[80]
• December 8 – World War I: Battle of the Falkland Islands: A superior British Royal Navy squadron under Doveton Sturdee defeats ships of the Imperial German Navy under Maximilian von Spee (who goes down with his ship).^[citation needed]
• December 12 – The New York Stock Exchange re-opens fully, having been closed since August 1, except for bond trading.^[citation needed]
• December 15 – Hōjō Coal Mine Disaster: A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hōjō mine in Kyūshū, Japan, kills 687 people (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).^[citation needed]
• December 16 – World War I: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby: Imperial German Navy battlecruisers bombard British North Sea ports, resulting in 137 deaths, mostly civilians.^[citation needed]
• December 17 – United States President Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (initially introduced by Francis Burton Harrison). This begins the ongoing international war on drugs.^[citation needed]
• December 18 – Egypt becomes a British protectorate.[81]
• December 19
  • Serbian Campaign (World War I): The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.[82]
  • Mohandas Gandhi leaves England, sailing for India on this date (accompanied by his wife Kasturba). He begins to learn the Bengali language whilst on board.^[citation needed]
• December 20 – Tokyo Station officially opens in Japan, replacing Shinbashi Station as Tokyo's main terminal.^[citation needed]
• December 24 – World War I: An unofficial and temporary Christmas truce begins between British and German soldiers on the Western Front.^[citation needed]
• December 25 – World War I: Cuxhaven Raid: British aircraft launched from warships attack the German port of Cuxhaven with submarine support, although little damage is caused.[83]

Date unknown

• The capital of the Guangxi Province of China is moved from Guilin to Nanning.[84]
• Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.[85]
• The first everyday items made of stainless steel come into public circulation.^[citation needed]
• The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the United States Navy.^[citation needed]
• Phi Sigma, a local undergraduate classical club, is founded by a group of students in the Greek Department at the University of Chicago.^[citation needed]
• Watchmaker Glycine Watch SA is founded by Eugène Meylan in Switzerland.[86]
• Fashion and perfumes company Puig is founded in Barcelona.^[citation needed]
• Woodman's of Essex, the famous family-owned clam shack on Boston's North Shore, is opened.^[citation needed]

Births

Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January

Noor Inayat Khan

• January 1
  • Noor Inayat Khan (aka Nora Baker), World War II heroine (executed 1944)[87]
  • Anita Mackey, American social worker (d. 2024)[88]
• January 4 – Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist (d. 2007)[89]
• January 5 – George Reeves, American actor (Superman) (d. 1959)[90]
• January 9 – Kenny Clarke, American jazz drummer and bandleader (d. 1985)[91]
• January 10 – Yu Kuo-hwa, Chinese politician, 23rd Premier of the Republic of China (d. 2000)[92]
• January 14
  • Magda Fedor, Hungarian sports shooter (d. 2017)^[citation needed]
  • Harold Russell, Canadian actor (d. 2002)[93]
• January 15 – Hugh Trevor-Roper, English historian (d. 2003)[94]
• January 18 – Arno Schmidt, German author (d. 1979)^[citation needed]
• January 26 – Princess Hadice Hayriye Ayshe Dürrühsehvar (d. 2006)^[citation needed]
• January 30 – John Ireland, Canadian-born actor (d. 1992)^[citation needed]
• January 31 – Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer (d. 1994)^[citation needed]

February

William S. Burroughs

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin

Robert Alda

• February 3
  • Mary Carlisle, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 2018)^[citation needed]
  • George Nissen, American gymnast, inventor of the trampoline (d. 2010)^[citation needed]
• February 4 – Alfred Andersch, German writer (d. 1980)[95]
• February 5
  • William S. Burroughs, American author (d. 1997)[96]
  • Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)[97]
• February 6
  • Silvius Magnago, Italian politician (d. 2010)^[citation needed]
  • Roza Papo, Yugoslav physician and general (d. 1984)^[citation needed]
• February 10 – Larry Adler, American musician (d. 2001)[98]
• February 12 – Lazar Koliševski, Yugoslav communist political leader (d. 2000)^[citation needed]
• February 15 – Kevin McCarthy, American actor (d. 2010)[99]
• February 17 – Arthur Kennedy, American actor (d. 1990)^[citation needed]
• February 18 – Mahmoud Zulfikar, Egyptian film director (d. 1970)[100]
• February 19 – Jacques Dufilho, French comedian, actor (d. 2005)^[citation needed]
• February 22
  • Renato Dulbecco, Italian-born virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)^[citation needed]
  • Liu Chi-Sheng, Chinese pilot that fought in WWII, the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War (d. 1991)^[citation needed]
• February 23 – Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)^[citation needed]
• February 26 – Robert Alda, American-born actor, father of actor Alan Alda (d. 1986)[101]

March

Juan Carlos Onganía

Norman Borlaug

Edmund Muskie

Octavio Paz

• March 1 – Ralph Ellison, American writer (d. 1994)^[citation needed]
• March 2
  • Hansi Knoteck, Austrian actress (d. 2014)^[citation needed]
  • Martin Ritt, American director (d. 1990)^[citation needed]
• March 3
  • Julio Franco Arango, Colombian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1980)^[citation needed]
  • Asger Jorn, Danish painter (d. 1973)[102]
• March 4 – Ward Kimball, American cartoonist (d. 2002)^[citation needed]
• March 6 – Kirill Kondrashin, Russian conductor (d. 1981)[103]
• March 8 – Yakov Zeldovich, Russian physicist (d. 1987)^[citation needed]
• March 13 – Saroj Dutta, Indian communist leader (d. 1971)^[citation needed]
• March 14 – Frederick Samuel Modise, Leader of IPHC (d. 1998) [104]
• March 17 – Juan Carlos Onganía, 35th President of Argentina (d. 1995)[105]
• March 19 – Jiang Qing, Chinese politician (d. 1991)[106]
• March 21 – Paul Tortelier, French cellist and composer (d. 1990)[107]
• March 23 – Wendell Smith, African American sportswriter (d. 1972)^[citation needed]
• March 25 – Norman Borlaug, American agricultural scientist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2009)[108]
• March 26 – William Westmoreland, American Vietnam War general (d. 2005)^[citation needed]
• March 28 – Edmund Muskie, American politician (d. 1996)[109]
• March 30 – Sonny Boy Williamson I, American musician (d. 1948)[110]
• March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat, writer, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998)[111]

April

Alec Guinness

María Félix

• April 2
  • Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)[112]
  • Hans Wegner, Danish furniture designer (d. 2007)^[citation needed]
• April 3 – Sam Manekshaw, Field Marshal of the Indian Army (d. 2008)[113]
• April 4
  • David W. Goodall, Australian botanist and ecologist (d. 2018)[114]
  • Marguerite Duras, French author, director (d. 1996)[115]
• April 8 – María Félix, Mexican actress (d. April 8, 2002)[116]
• April 11
  • Norman McLaren, Scots-born Canadian animator and director (d. 1987)[117]
  • Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (d. 2003)[118]
• April 12
  • Armen Alchian, American economist (d. 2013)[119]
  • Adriaan Blaauw, Dutch astronomer (d. 2010)[120]
  • Gretel Bergmann, German-Jewish athlete (d. 2017)^[citation needed]
  • Jan van Cauwelaert, Belgian bishop (d. 2016)^[citation needed]
• April 13 – Orhan Veli, Turkish poet (d. 1950)^[citation needed]
• April 18 – Claire Martin, Canadian author (d. 2014)^[citation needed]
• April 22
  • Baldev Raj Chopra, Indian film director (d. 2008)^[citation needed]
  • Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer (d. 2002)^[citation needed]
  • Michael Wittmann, German tank commander (d. 1944)^[citation needed]
• April 24 – Jan Karski, Polish World War II resistance movement fighter (d. 2000)[121]
• April 25 – Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 51st President of Venezuela (d. 2001)^[citation needed]
• April 26
  • Bernard Malamud, American author (d. 1986)[122]
  • Lilian Rolfe, French-born World War II heroine (d. 1945)^[citation needed]
• April 28 – Yakov Novichenko, Soviet military officer (d. 1994)^[citation needed]
• April 30 – Dorival Caymmi, Brazilian songwriter (d. 2008)^[citation needed]

May

Tyrone Power

Hank Snow

Joe Louis

• May 5 – Tyrone Power, American actor (d. 1958)[123]
• May 7 – Ye Fei, Filipino-Chinese general and politician (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• May 8 – Romain Gary, Russian-born writer, diplomat (d. 1980)[124]
• May 9
  • Carlo Maria Giulini, conductor (d. 2005)[125]
  • Hank Snow, Canadian country musician (d. 1999)[126]
• May 12 – Bertus Aafjes, Dutch poet (d. 1993)^[citation needed]
• May 13 – Joe Louis, African-American boxer (d. 1981)[127]
• May 14
  • Teodor Oizerman, Soviet and Russian philosopher and academician (d. 2017)^[citation needed]
  • Corneliu Coposu, Romanian politician (d. 1995)^[citation needed]
  • Hideko Maehata, Japanese swimmer (d. 1995)[128]
• May 16 – Edward T. Hall, American anthropologist (d. 2009)^[citation needed]
• May 18
  • Georg von Tiesenhausen, German-American rocket scientist (d. 2018)^[citation needed]
  • Boris Christoff, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 1993)[129]
  • Pierre Balmain, French fashion designer (d. 1982)[130]
• May 19
  • Max Perutz, Austrian-born molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)[131]
  • Alex Shibicky, Canadian hockey player (d. 2005)^[citation needed]
• May 20 – Avraham Shapira, head of the Rabbinical court of Jerusalem and the Supreme Rabbinic Court; rosh yeshiva of Mercaz HaRav (d. 2007)^[citation needed]
• May 22
  • Vance Packard, American social critic and author (d. 1996)[132]
  • Sun Ra, American musician (d. 1993)^[citation needed]
• May 24
  • Lilli Palmer, German actress (d. 1986)[133]
  • George Tabori, Hungarian writer and director (d. 2007)^[citation needed]
• May 26 – Irmã Dulce Pontes, Brazilian Catholic Franciscan Sister (d. 1992)^[citation needed]
• May 31 – Akira Ifukube, Japanese classical music, film composer (d. 2006)^[citation needed]

June

Yuri Andropov

E.G. Marshall

• June 6 – Zhang Jingfu, Chinese politician (d. 2015)^[citation needed]
• June 10 – Joseph DePietro, American weightlifter (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• June 12 – Go Seigen, Japanese Go player (d. 2014)^[citation needed]
• June 14
  • Gisèle Casadesus, French actress (d. 2017)^[citation needed]
  • Ruthven Todd, Scottish poet, artist and novelist (d. 1978)[134]
• June 15
  • Yuri Andropov, Soviet leader (d. 1984)[135]
  • Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born American cartoonist (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• June 18 – E. G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)^[citation needed]
• June 20 – Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, Turkish archaeologist (d. 2024)
• June 21 – William Vickrey, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)[136]
• June 22 – Mei Zhi, Chinese children's author, essayist (d. 2004)^[citation needed]
• June 23 – Juán Landolfi, Argentine-Italian football player (d. unknown)^[citation needed]
• June 25 – Luz Magsaysay, 7th First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2004)^[citation needed]
• June 26
  • Laurie Lee, English author (d. 1997)[137]
  • Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and teacher (d. 1997)[138]
  • Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (d. 2001)
• June 27 – Margaret Ekpo, Nigerian women's rights activist, social mobilizer and politician (d. 2006)[139]
• June 29 – Rafael Kubelík, Czech-born conductor (d. 1996)[140]
• June 30 – Francisco da Costa Gomes, 15th President of Portugal (d. 2001)[141]

July

Christl Cranz

Willi Stoph

Jo Cals

Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin

• July 1 – Christl Cranz, German alpine skier (d. 2004)^[citation needed]
• July 2 – Erich Topp, German commander (d. 2005)^[citation needed]
• July 5 – Yitzhak Rafael, Israeli politician (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• July 6
  • Otto Bumbel, Brazilian professional football manager (d. 1998)^[citation needed]
  • Vincent J. McMahon, American professional wrestling promoter (d. 1984)^[citation needed]
• July 8
  • Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (d. 2010)^[citation needed]
  • Billy Eckstine, American jazz musician and singer (d. 1993)[142]
• July 9 – Willi Stoph, Prime Minister (1964-1973, 1976–1989) and Chairman of the Council of State (1973-1976) of the GDR (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• July 10
  • Joe Shuster, Canadian-born comic book author (d. 1992)^[citation needed]
  • Rempo Urip, Indonesian director (d. 2001)^[citation needed]
• July 11
  • Mohammad Al-Abbasi, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1972)^[citation needed]
  • Aníbal Troilo, Argentine tango musician (d. 1975)[143]
• July 13
  • Cyril Stevenson, Bahamian politician and newspaper publisher (d. 2006)^[citation needed]
  • Trevor Berghan, New Zealand rugby union player (d. 1998)^[citation needed]
• July 15
  • Birabongse Bhanudej, Siamese prince, racing driver, sailor and pilot (d. 1985)[144]
  • Akhtar Hameed Khan, Indian-born pioneer of microcredit in developing countries (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• July 16 – Herbert Nürnberg, German boxer (d. 1995)^[citation needed]
• July 17 – Klári Tolnay, Hungarian actress (d. 1998)^[citation needed]
• July 18
  • Gino Bartali, Italian road cyclist (d. 2000)^[citation needed]
  • Jo Cals, Dutch politician and jurist, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1965–1966) (d. 1971)[145]
• July 19
  • César Povolny, German-French association footballer (d. unknown)^[citation needed]
  • Hans Maršálek, Austrian typesetter, political activist, detective and historian (d. 2011)^[citation needed]
  • John Kenneth Macalister, Canadian World War II hero (d. 1944)^[citation needed]
• July 20
  • Dobri Dobrev, Bulgarian ascetic and philanthropist (d. 2018)^[citation needed]
  • Charilaos Florakis, Greek Communist leader (d. 2005)^[citation needed]
  • Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2013)^[citation needed]
• July 21
  • Pan Jin-yu, last remaining speaker of the Pazeh language of Taiwan (d. 2010)^[citation needed]
  • Suso Cecchi d'Amico, Italian screenwriter and actress (d. 2010)^[citation needed]
• July 22 – Charles Régnier, German actor, director, radio actor and translator (d. 2001)^[citation needed]
• July 24
  • Frances Oldham Kelsey, American Food and Drug Administration reviewer (d. 2015)[146]
  • Ed Mirvish, Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 2007)^[citation needed]
• July 27 – Gusti Huber, Austrian actress (d. 1993)^[citation needed]
• July 30 – Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin, Irish president of the International Olympic Committee (d. 1999)[147]
• July 31 – Louis de Funès, French comedy actor (d. 1983)^[citation needed]

Clayton Moore

Adolfo Bioy Casares

Thor Heyerdahl

Juanita Moore

Jonas Salk

Hedy Lamarr

August

• August 2 – Beatrice Straight, American actress (d. 2001)[148]
• August 8 – Yabing Masalon Dulo, Filipino textile master weaver and dyer (d. 2021)^[citation needed]
• August 9
  • Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)^[citation needed]
  • Tove Jansson, Finnish author (d. 2001)[149]
• August 10 – Ken Annakin, British film director (d. 2009)[150]
• August 15 – Paul Rand, American graphic designer (d. 1996)[151]
• August 17 – Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian World War II heroine (d. 1945)^[citation needed]
• August 19
  • Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, French politician, 95th Prime Minister of France (d. 1993)[152]
  • Margaret Morgan Lawrence, American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst (d. 2019)^[citation needed]
• August 26 – Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (d. 1984)[153]
• August 30 – Julie Bishop, American actress (d. 2001)^[citation needed]

September

• September 1 – Tsuneko Sasamoto, Japanese photographer (d. 2022)^[citation needed]
• September 5
  • Sor Isolina Ferré, Puerto Rican Roman Catholic nun (d. 2000)^[citation needed]
  • Gail Kubik, American composer (d. 1984)^[citation needed]
  • Nicanor Parra, Chilean poet (d. 2018)^[citation needed]
• September 7 – James Van Allen, American physicist (d. 2006)[154]
• September 10
  • Terence O'Neill, 4th Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (d. 1990)[155]
  • Robert Wise, American film director and producer (d. 2005)[156]
• September 11 – Serbian Patriarch Pavle, (d. 2009)^[citation needed]
• September 12
  • Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
  • Janusz Żurakowski, Polish-born pilot (d. 2004)^[citation needed]
• September 14 – Clayton Moore, American actor (The Lone Ranger) (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• September 15
  • Creighton Abrams, U.S. Vietnam War general (d. 1974)^[citation needed]
  • Subandrio, Indonesian politician (d. 2004)[157]
  • Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
  • Jens Otto Krag, Danish politician, 18th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1978)[158]
• September 17 – Lambert Mascarenhas, Indian journalist (d. 2021)^[citation needed]
• September 18
  • Jack Cardiff, British cinematographer, director and photographer (d. 2009)[159]
• September 20 – Kenneth More, English actor (d. 1982)[160]
• September 23 – Omar Ali Saifuddien III, Sultan of Brunei (d. 1986)[161]
• September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)[162]
• September 25 – Elena Lucena, Argentine film actress (d. 2015)^[citation needed]
• September 26 – Jack LaLanne, American fitness, exercise and nutritional expert (d. 2011)[163]
• September 27 – Sophie Sooäär, Estonian actress and singer (d. 1996)^[citation needed]

October

• October 1 – Daniel J. Boorstin, American historian, writer and Librarian of Congress (d. 2004)[164]
• October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer (d. 2002)[165]
• October 7 – Begum Akhtar, Indian singer (d. 1974)[166]
• October 9 – Guy Charmot, French resistance fighter and doctor (d. 2019)^[citation needed]
• October 10 – Agostino Straulino, Italian sailor and sailboat racer (d. 2004)^[citation needed]
• October 14 – Raymond Davis Jr., American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)[167]
• October 15 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan (d. 2007)[168]
• October 17 – Jerry Siegel, American comic book author (d. 1996)^[citation needed]
• October 19 – Juanita Moore, African-American actress (d. 2014)^[citation needed]
• October 20 – James C. Floyd, Canadian aerospace engineer^[citation needed]
• October 21 – Martin Gardner, American writer (d. 2010)[169]
• October 24 – František Čapek, Czechoslovakian canoeist (d. 2008)^[citation needed]
• October 25 – John Berryman, American poet (d. 1972)[170]
• October 26 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (d. 1984)[171]
• October 27 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (d. 1953)[172]
• October 28
  • Jonas Salk, American medical scientist (d. 1995)[173]
  • Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)[174]
• October 30 – Leabua Jonathan, 2nd Prime Minister of Lesotho (d. 1987)^[citation needed]

November

Abd al-Karim Qasim

Joe DiMaggio

• November 1 – Moshe Teitelbaum, Hassidic rabbi (d. 2006)^[citation needed]
• November 2 – Ray Walston, American actor (d. 2001)^[citation needed]
• November 8
  • George Dantzig, Polish-born American mathematician (d. 2005)[175]
  • Norman Lloyd, American actor, producer and director (d. 2021)[176]
  • Eileen Kramer, Australian dancer, artist, performer and choreographer (d. 2024)[177]
• November 9 – Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (d. 2000)^[citation needed]
• November 11
  • Howard Fast, American novelist and television writer (d. 2003)[178]
  • Yue Yiqin, Chinese flying ace (d. 1937)^[citation needed]
• November 13
  • Alberto Lattuada, Italian film director (d. 2005)[179]
  • Amelia Bence, Argentine actress (d. 2016)^[citation needed]
• November 18 – William Phillips, New Zealand economist (d. 1975)[180]
• November 21 – Abd al-Karim Qasim, Iraqi general, 24th Prime Minister of Iraq (d. 1963)^[citation needed]
• November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (d. 1999)[181]

December

Dorothy Lamour

Karl Carstens

• December 9 – Frances Reid, American actress (d. 2010)^[citation needed]
• December 10 – Dorothy Lamour, American actress and singer (d. 1996)[182]
• December 11 – Gabriel Chiramel, Indian priest, zoologist and author (d. 2017)^[citation needed]
• December 12 – Patrick O'Brian, British novelist (d. 2000)[183]
• December 13 – Larry Parks, American actor (d. 1975)[184]
• December 14
  • Karl Carstens, German president (d. 1992)[185]
  • Frane Milčinski, Slovene poet, satirist, comedian, actor, children's writer and director (d. 1988)^[citation needed]
  • Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (d. 2003)[186]
• December 15 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist (d. 2011)[187]
• December 20 – Charles McKimson, American animator (d. 1999)^[citation needed]
• December 21 – Frank Fenner, Australian virologist and microbiologist (d. 2010)[188]
• December 24 – Zoya Bulgakova, Russian Soviet stage actress (d. 2017)^[citation needed]
• December 26 – Richard Widmark, American actor (d. 2008)[189]
• December 28 – Bidia Dandaron, Buddhist author and teacher in the USSR (d. 1974)^[citation needed]

Date unknown

• Makhosini Dlamini, 1st Prime Minister of Swaziland (d. 1978)^[citation needed]

Deaths

Deaths
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January

Leonie Aviat

• January 8 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier and politician, 30th governor of Kentucky (b. 1823)[190]
• January 10 – Leonie Aviat, French Roman Catholic religious sister and saint (b. 1844)^[citation needed]
• January 11 – Carl Jacobsen, Danish brewer and patron of the arts (b. 1842)^[citation needed]
• January 15 – Camilo Garcia de Polavieja, Spanish general (b. 1838)^[citation needed]
• January 16 – Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (b. 1843)^[citation needed]
• January 17 – Fernand Foureau, French explorer (b. 1850)^[citation needed]
• January 19
  • Candelaria Figueredo, Cuban patriot (b. 1852)^[citation needed]
  • Georges Picquart, French general and politician (b. 1854)^[citation needed]
• January 26 – Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero, Argentine Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1840)^[citation needed]

February

Per Pålsson

• February 1 – Albert Günther, German-born British zoologist (b. 1830)[191]
• February 4 – Per Pålsson, Swedish criminal (b. 1828)^[citation needed]
• February 13 – Alphonse Bertillon, French police officer and forensic scientist (b. 1853)^[citation needed]
• February 20 – Federico Degetau, Puerto Rican politician (b. 1862)^[citation needed]
• February 24 – Joshua Chamberlain, American Civil War general (b. 1828)^[citation needed]
• February 25 – Sir John Tenniel, English illustrator (b. 1820)[192]

March

Carlos Felipe Morales

George Westinghouse

Christian Morgenstern

• March 1
  • Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto, British aristocrat and politician, 2-time Governor-General of Canada (b. 1845)[193]
  • Carlos Felipe Morales, Dominican Roman Catholic priest, politician and military figure, 30th President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1867)^[citation needed]
• March 9 – José Luciano de Castro, Portuguese politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1834)^[citation needed]
• March 12 – George Westinghouse, American entrepreneur (b. 1846)[194]
• March 13
  • Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Indian Muslim scholar (b. 1841)^[citation needed]
  • María Tubau, Spanish actress (b. 1854)^[citation needed]
• March 16
  • Gaston Calmette, French journalist, editor of Le Figaro (b. 1858)[195]
  • Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)[196]
• March 18 – Andreas Beck, Norwegian explorer (b. 1864)^[citation needed]
• March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli, Italian volcanologist (b. 1850)[197]
• March 22 – Allen Caperton Braxton, American lawyer (b. 1862)^[citation needed]
• March 23 – Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès, Lebanese Maronite, Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic nun and saint (b. 1832)^[citation needed]
• March 25 – Frédéric Mistral, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)[198]
• March 31 – Christian Morgenstern, German poet and writer (b. 1871)[199]

April

Empress Shōken

Elena Guerra

Eduard Suess

• April 1 – Rube Waddell, American baseball player and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1876)^[citation needed]
• April 2 – Paul Heyse, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1830)[200]
• April 7
  • Mohammad Ayyub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1855)^[citation needed]
  • Sui Sin Far, English-born writer (b. 1865)[201]
• April 9 – Empress Shōken, consort of Emperor Meiji of Japan (b. 1849)^[citation needed]
• April 11 – Elena Guerra, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1835)^[citation needed]
• April 15 – Count Frederick of Hohenau (b. 1857)^[citation needed]
• April 16
  • George William Hill, American astronomer and mathematician (b. 1838)^[citation needed]
  • Jacinta Parejo, Venezuelan public figure, First Lady of Venezuela (b. 1845)^[citation needed]
• April 19 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher (b. 1839)[202]
• April 24 – Benedict Menni, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1841)^[citation needed]
• April 25 – Géza Fejérváry, 16th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1833)^[citation needed]
• April 26 – Eduard Suess, Austrian geologist (b. 1831)^[citation needed]
• April 28 – Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem, French botanist (b. 1839)^[citation needed]

May

Élisabeth Leseur

Eugenio Montero Ríos

• May 2 – John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, husband of Princess Louise of the United Kingdom (b. 1845)^[citation needed]
• May 3 – Élisabeth Leseur, French Roman Catholic mystic and servant of God (b. 1866)^[citation needed]
• May 8 – Seth Edulji Dinshaw, Indian Parsi philanthropist (b. 1842)^[citation needed]
• May 9 – C. W. Post, American cereal manufacturer (b. 1854)^[citation needed]
• May 10 – Lillian Nordica, American opera singer (b. 1857)[203]
• May 12 – Eugenio Montero Ríos, 29th Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1832)^[citation needed]
• May 15 – Ida Freund, Austrian-born British chemist and educator (b. 1863)[204]
• May 23 – William O'Connell Bradley, American politician from Kentucky (b. 1847)^[citation needed]
• May 26 – Jacob Riis, Danish-American social reformer (b. 1849)^[citation needed]
• May 27 – Sir Joseph Swan, British scientist (b. 1828)[205]
• May 29 – Joseph Gérard, French Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1831)^[citation needed]

June

Abraam

Bertha von Suttner

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

• June 10 – Abraam, Egyptian Coptic Orthodox bishop and saint (b. 1829)^[citation needed]
• June 11 – Adolf Friedrich V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1848)^[citation needed]
• June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson I, 23rd Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)^[citation needed]
• June 15 – John Robert Sitlington Sterrett, American classical scholar and archeologist (b. 1851)^[citation needed]
• June 19 – Brandon Thomas, British actor and playwright (Charley's Aunt) (b. 1848)[206]
• June 21 – Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1843)[207]
• June 22 – Princess Phannarai, Thai princess consort (b. 1838)^[citation needed]
• June 25 – Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1826)^[citation needed]
• June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (b. 1863) and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg (b. 1868), both assassinated[208]

July

• July 2 – Joseph Chamberlain, British politician (b. 1836)[209]
• July 6 – Georges Legagneux, pioneer French aviator (b. 1882)^[citation needed]
• July 9 – Prince Gustav of Thurn and Taxis (b. 1848)^[citation needed]
• July 12 – Horace Harmon Lurton, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (b. 1844)^[citation needed]
• July 17 – Luis Uribe, Chilean naval hero (b. 1847)^[citation needed]
• July 21 – Karl von Czyhlarz, Czech-born Austrian jurist and politician (b. 1833)^[citation needed]
• July 23 – Vladimir Meshchersky, Russian journalist and novelist (b. 1839)^[citation needed]
• July 29 – Pietro Pace, Maltese Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1831)^[citation needed]
• July 31 – Jean Jaurès, French pacifist (assassinated) (b. 1859)[210]

August

Roque Saenz Peña

Pope Pius X

• August 4 – Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (b. 1848)^[citation needed]
• August 6
  • Maxim Sandovich, Russian Orthodox priest, martyr and saint (b. 1888)^[citation needed]
  • Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1860)^[citation needed]
• August 8
  • Martin-Paul Samba, Cameroonian rebel leader (executed)
  • Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, Cameroonian resistance leader (executed)^[citation needed]
• August 9 – Roque Sáenz Peña, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1851)^[citation needed]
• August 12 – John Philip Holland, Irish developer of the submarine (b. 1840)[211]
• August 15 – Adolfo Carranza, Argentine lawyer (b. 1857)^[citation needed]
• August 19 – Franz Xavier Wernz, Superior general of the Society of Jesus, (b. 1842)^[citation needed]
• August 20 – Pope Pius X (b. 1835)^[citation needed]
• August 23
  • Prince Friedrich of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1861)^[citation needed]
  • Robert Strange, American Episcopal bishop (b. 1857)^[citation needed]
• August 26 – Achille Pierre Deffontaines, French general (died of wounds received in action) (b. 1858)^[citation needed]
• August 27 – Eugen Böhm von Bawerk, Austrian economist (b. 1851)^[citation needed]
• August 28 – Leberecht Maass, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1863)^[citation needed]
• August 30 – Alexander Samsonov, Russian general (suicide) (b. 1859)^[citation needed]

September

Mostafa Fahmy Pasha

August Macke

• September 3 – Albéric Magnard, French composer (b. 1865)
• September 5 – Charles Péguy, French poet, essayist and editor (b. 1873)[212]
• September 11
  • Mircea Demetriade, Romanian poet, playwright and actor (b. 1861)[213]
  • Ismail Gasprinski, Crimean Tatar intellectual (b. 1851)^[citation needed]
• September 13 – Mostafa Fahmy Pasha, Egyptian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1840)^[citation needed]
• September 14 – Nicolás Zamora, Filipino Methodist minister and bishop (b. 1875)^[citation needed]
• September 15 – Koos de la Rey, Boer general (b. 1847)^[citation needed]
• September 16 – C. X. Larrabee, American businessman (b. 1843)^[citation needed]
• September 22 – Alain-Fournier, French writer (killed in action) (b. 1886)[214]
• September 26 – August Macke, German painter (killed in action) (b. 1887)^[citation needed]
• September 28 – Richard Warren Sears, American founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company (b. 1863)^[citation needed]

October

Carol I of Romania

Julio Argentino Roca

José Evaristo Uriburu

• October 1 – Kitty Lange Kielland, Norwegian painter (b. 1843)^[citation needed]
• October 10 – King Carol I of Romania (b. 1839)[215]
• October 12 – Prince Oleg Konstantinovich of Russia (b. 1892)^[citation needed]
• October 16
  • Victor Arnold, Austrian actor (b. 1873)^[citation needed]
  • Antonino Paternò Castello, Marchese di San Giuliano, Italian diplomat (b. 1852)^[citation needed]
• October 17
  • Adolfo Saldias, Argentine historian, lawyer, politician, soldier and diplomat (b. 1849)^[citation needed]
  • Prince Wolrad of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b. 1892)^[citation needed]
• October 19 – Julio Argentino Roca, Argentine general and statesman, 2-Time President of Argentina (b. 1843)^[citation needed]
• October 21 – Dimitrie Sturdza, 4-time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1833)^[citation needed]
• October 23 – José Evaristo Uriburu, Argentine politician, 12th President of Argentina (b. 1831)^[citation needed]
• October 24 – Yevgeniya Mravina, Russian soprano (b. 1864)^[citation needed]
• October 27 – Prince Maurice of Battenberg (b. 1891)^[citation needed]
• October 28
  • Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria (b. 1823)^[citation needed]
  • Federico Peliti, Italian baker (b. 1844)^[citation needed]

November

August Weismann

• November 1 – Sir Christopher Cradock, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1862)[216]
• November 3 – Georg Trakl, Austrian poet (suicide) (b. 1887)[217]
• November 5 – August Weismann, German evolutionary biologist (b. 1834)[218]
• November 9 – Princess Therese of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1836)^[citation needed]
• November 14 – Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, British field marshal (b. 1832)[219]
• November 17 – Sattar Khan, Iranian constitutional reformer and national hero (b. 1866)[220]
• November 21 – Thaddeus C. Pound, American businessman and politician (b. 1832)^[citation needed]
• November 28 – Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, German physicist (b. 1824)[221]

December

• December 1 – Alfred Thayer Mahan, United States Navy admiral, geostrategist and historian (b. 1840)[222]
• December 8 – Maximilian von Spee, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1861)[223]
• December 14 – Giovanni Sgambati, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1841)[224]
• December 16 – Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (b. 1832)[225]
• December 24 – John Muir, American naturalist (b. 1838)[226]

Date unknown

• Jehandad Khan, Afghan emir (executed)^[citation needed]

Nobel Prizes

• Physics – Max von Laue
• Chemistry – Theodore William Richards
• Medicine – Róbert Bárány
• Literature – not awarded
• Peace – not awarded

Religious Significance

Jehovah’s Witnesses

The year 1914 holds profound significance in Jehovah’s Witnesses theology. They interpret biblical prophecies to assert that in October 1914, Jesus Christ began his invisible reign as King in heaven, marking the conclusion of the “Gentile Times” or “appointed times of the nations” mentioned in Luke 21:24. This period, they believe, commenced with Jerusalem’s destruction in 607 B.C.E. and spanned 2,520 years, culminating in 1914.

Jehovah’s Witnesses also associate 1914 with the onset of the “last days,” characterized by global conflicts, natural disasters, and moral decline, as foretold in scriptures like Matthew 24:3-8 and 2 Timothy 3:1-5. They view events such as World War I, which began in 1914, as fulfillment of these prophecies, signifying Christ’s heavenly enthronement and the establishment of God’s Kingdom.

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Primary sources and year books

• New International Year Book 1914, Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 913pp

Further reading

• Beatty, Jack. The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began (1912) excerpt; argues the war was not inevitable
• Gilbert, Martin. A History of the Twentieth Century: Volume 1 1900-1933 (1997); global coverage of politics, diplomacy and warfare; pp 297–349; emphasis on World War I

External links

• European newspapers from 1914