德國潛艇曾在一戰取得輝煌戰績,然而在《凡爾賽條約》禁止建造潛艇和協約國監管後,德國各大船廠雖有世界領先的潛艇技術卻苦無客戶,這時日本與阿根廷聯繫了德國數個造船廠,希望購買設計圖與轉授技術以建立本國潛艇部隊。這兩個規模龐大的生意使得德國串連了各大造船廠和企業,並由克虜伯發起,聯合成立了一家空殼公司:船舶建設工程局(英语:NV Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw)[10][11],其總部設於荷蘭海牙,以躲避凡爾賽條約的監督。船舶建設工程局存在目的除了為整合各造船廠技術和資源、聯合接訂單外,也要和國際潛艇技術接軌,使德國不至於落後,但到了1925年船舶建設工程局經營不善,在面臨倒閉的情況下,德國海軍私下與其公司人員聯繫。德國海軍也透過一個名為「結算諮詢公司」的空殼企業加入了船舶建設工程局的投資,並在之後注資了100萬馬克[10][11],成為該公司最大股東[10],還額外許諾每年補貼12萬馬克[10][11],德國軍方要求該公司為將來德國重建潛艇部隊時,能以新技術與設計予以支援;因此,原本為國內造船業而存在的船舶建設工程局轉型為德國海軍專門的研究機構[11]。除了船舶建設工程局外,海軍還接觸了其他民間企業,同時進行水雷、魚雷磁觸發引信和艦載機液壓彈射器的研究。
法國投降為德國攻擊英國海上通航線帶來了極為便利的條件,德國潛艇不必再從威廉港出發,耗費油料和一星期的航行時間才能進入大西洋[35],能夠從法國港口更有效的觸及英國海上生命線,大西洋上的潛艇活動數量也因此增加了25%[35]。由於法國淪陷,德國即將進攻英國本土,皇家海軍艦隊多調回待命,海上護航兵力變得相當薄弱,在1940年6月和7月每一支船團僅配有一艘軍艦護航,而護航艦與岸基飛機的反潛設備只能對付水下目標而不能對在水面攻擊商船的潛艇,再加上英國因為擔心受到空中德國軍機的攻擊而要求所有商船改以愛爾蘭往蘇格蘭的北海峽航道航行[36],導致航線擁擠,德國潛艇得以在1940年7月至12月於獲得重大戰果,艇長稱其為「第一段美好時光」,光德國潛艇就擊沉了278艘商船,共1,492,054總噸數的物資。大西洋運輸物資的損失直到1940年9月2日美國的富蘭克林·D·羅斯福總統透過《基地驅逐艦協定(英语:Destroyers for Bases Agreement)》提供了50艘驅逐艦給英國,情況才稍有改善。這段時間裡雖然德國潛艇戰果豐碩,但因為潛艇數量太少,難以發起狼群戰術,雖然鄧尼茲曾利用義大利的潛艇試圖貫徹此戰術,但因為人員訓練和作戰方式等問題而作罷[37];同時也因為缺乏長程偵察機而無法充分利用這段時間獲得更大的戰果。
由於船舶建設工程局的研究,德國潛艇並未落後國際,同時也在該機關中設計了二戰爆發後的主力潛艇。主要使用的有II級、VII級和IX級潛艇,另外還有數量不多的I級、X級(佈雷用)、XIV級(補給用)、XXI級和XXIII級。II型潛艇是由一戰的UB型潛艇改良而來,原設計目的為訓練艦,但在大戰爆發潛艇數量不夠時也被賦予作戰任務。VII級潛艇為整場戰爭中德國潛艇部隊的主力,尤其是VII級C型自1941年後的生產一直沒停過[91]。IX級潛艇為I級潛艇改良而來,適合遠洋長期作戰,作戰範圍可到太平洋,每艘IX級B型擊沉噸位數都達到了10萬噸[91]。另外在戰爭後期,德國開發了絕氣推進的XVII級潛艇(英语:German Type XVII submarine),還有通氣呼吸管和新型引擎的XXI級和XXIII級,以往潛艇水下航速都不過10節,但XXI級和XVII級則分別為17節和25節[92],且可以以12節到14節航速潛航10小時[92],能有效對抗盟軍的海上巡邏機。戰後它們成為現代潛艇設計的原型,特別是蘇聯的W級潛艇[93]。德國在整場戰爭中投入了1162艘各種類型的潛艇、以各種形式沉沒者共有785艘,還有156艘向盟軍投降[94]。水面艦艇共擊沉246艘潛艇、岸基飛機擊沉245艘、艦載機擊沉43艘[94]、飛機和船艦合作擊沉50艘、盟軍潛艇也擊沉了21艘[94]。共有32,000名潛艇人員陣亡[95]。德國在戰爭期間還有開發出數種袖珍潛艇,其中有像黑人型袖珍潛艇(德语:Neger (Torpedo))者,製造了200多艘於戰爭中使用。戰爭裡德國潛艇除了執行攻擊商船的任務外,也會擔任運輸和與日本交換物資的船隻工作。另外還有曾研究能夠發射V-2火箭的火箭潛艇(英语:Rocket U-boat)計畫,但沒有完成。
Video game seriesMedal of HonorGenre(s)First-person shooterDeveloper(s) 2015, Inc. Budcat Creations Danger Close Games EA Canada EA Digital Illusions CE Netherock Limited Rebellion Developments Team Fusion TKO Software Respawn Entertainment Publisher(s)Electronic ArtsCreator(s)Steven SpielbergPlatform(s)Game Boy AdvanceMac OS XWindowsGameCubePlayStationPlayStation 2PlayStation 3PlayStation PortableWiiXboxXbox 360First releaseMedal of HonorOctober 31, 1999Latest releaseMedal of Honor: Above and B…
American baseball player (born 1953) Baseball player Larry ChristensonChristenson in 2019PitcherBorn: (1953-11-10) November 10, 1953 (age 70)Everett, Washington, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutApril 13, 1973, for the Philadelphia PhilliesLast MLB appearanceJune 3, 1983, for the Philadelphia PhilliesMLB statisticsWin–loss record83–71Earned run average3.79Strikeouts781 Teams Philadelphia Phillies (1973–1983) Career highlights and awards World Series …
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Australia StationRoyal Navy squadron on the Australia Station moored in Sydney in 1880ActiveCreated in 1859Disbanded1913CountryUnited Kingdom,subsequently AustraliaBranch Royal Navy 1848–1911 Commonwealth Naval Forces 1911–1913 Royal Australian Navy 1913TypeFleetMilitary unit The Australia Station was the British, and later Australian, naval command responsible for the waters around the Australian continent.[1] Australia Station was under the command of the Commander-in-Chi…
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This article is about the village in Rhondda Cynon Taf. For other uses, see Penygraig (disambiguation). Human settlement in WalesPenygraigPenygraig Labour ClubPenygraigLocation within Rhondda Cynon TafPopulation5,554 (2011)[1]OS grid referenceSS995915Principal areaRhondda Cynon TafPreserved countyMid GlamorganCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townTONYPANDYPostcode districtCF40Dialling code01443PoliceSouth WalesFireSouth WalesAmbulanceWe…
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The Haunted Manor by Stanisław Moniuszko performed at the Grand Theatre in Warsaw on September 22, 1966 Polish opera may be broadly understood to include operas staged in Poland and works written for foreign stages by Polish composers, as well as opera in the Polish language. The tradition reaches back to Italian language entertainments of the baroque. Romantic opera in Polish flourished alongside nationalism after the partition and is exemplified by the work of Stanisław Moniuszko. In the 20t…
Constituency of the National Assembly of Zambia Politics of Zambia Constitution Human rights Government President Hakainde Hichilema Vice-President Mutale Nalumango Cabinet Legislature National Assembly Speaker: Nelly Mutti Constituencies Judiciary Constitutional Court President: Mulela Margaret Munalula Supreme Court Chief Justice: Mumba Malila Elections General 1964 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 Presidential 2008 2015 Referendums 1969 2016 Political parties By-ele…
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