动静型配列

动静型配列示意

动静型配列(Active–stative alignment),又称活格配列[1]动作格配列[2]:32不及物动词分裂型配列(split intransitive alignment),是一类配列方式,这种配列中不及物动词句的单一变元(标为 S)的格会根据其所领有的语义角色而变化。如果 S 是施事(非作格动词),则与及物动词句的施事论元(A)同等对待(SA=A);如果是受事(非宾格动词),则与及物动词句的施事论元(P)同等对待(SP=P)。[2][3]动静型配列的语言常通过格变化或一致来呈现配列,这些语言称为活格语言动作格语言不及物动词分裂型语言

编码性质

如果一门语言有形态上的格变化,那么谓语中心词的论元一般会如下标记:

  • 如果不及物动词的单一核心变元(S)拥有施事,则与及物动词的施事论元(A)一同标记为活格SA=A);
  • 如果不及物动词的单一核心变元(S)拥有受事,则与及物动词的受事论元(P)一同标记为状态格SP=P)。

比如高加索格鲁吉亚语,在非作格动词句中,玛丽亚姆被标上跟及物动词主语一样的活格后缀 -მა (-ma),而在非宾格动词句中则被表上跟及物动词宾语一样的状态格后缀 -ი (-i)

a. მარიამ -მა წერილ -ი დაწერა.
Mariam -ma ts'eril -i dats'era
玛丽亚姆 -ACT -STA 写.PST
A 活格 P 状态格
玛丽亚姆写了信。
b. მარიამ -მა სიმღერა.
Mariam -ma simğera.
玛丽亚姆 -ACT
S 活格
玛丽亚姆在歌唱。
c. მარიამ -ი იყო თბილის -ში რევოლუცია -მდე
Mariam -i iq'o Tbilis -ši revolutsia -mde
玛丽亚姆 -STA 是.PST 第比利斯 -LOC 革命 -TERM
S 状态格
革命之前玛丽亚姆(住)在第比利斯。

在没有格变化的语言里,动静型配列会由语序或介词表示。有时状态格是无标记的。[3]

种类

动静型配列也有两种分类:[4]

  • 分裂 S:大部分活格语言当中,不及物动词句的变元 S 所拥有的格是固定的,这通常取决于中心词是什么样的不及物动词(非作格),根据其固定拥有的语义角色会有一个固定的划分。
  • 流动 S:一部分活格语言当中,不及物动词句的变元 S 所拥有的格并不固定,因为不及物动词并没有固定的语义角色,语义角色取决于说话者。

例如,北高加索巴茨语英语Bats_language当中的分裂 S 系统,“饿”“颤抖”等非宾格动词变元常被当作及物动词句的受事论元,标记为狀態格;而“走”“说”“想”非作格动词变元则常当作及物动词句的施事论元,标记为活格。这个分类之外的其他动词则为流动S动词,如“滑”。[5]

分布

各种配列类型在全世界的分布

活格语言分布于世界各处,在高加索诸语言、美洲原住民语言当中尤为集中。右图呈现了各种配列在世界上的分布,而下表则列出了世界各区域活格语言的例子:[6]

北美洲: 大洋洲: 南美洲:
欧洲: 亚洲: 重构语言:

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Klimov, Georgij A. 1974: On the Character of Languages of Active Typology, in Linguistics 131: 11-25
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 角田太作. 世界の言語と日本語 言語類型論から見た日本語 改訂版. くろしお出版. 2009: 182–185 (日语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Comrie, Bernard. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology: Syntax and Morphology. University of Chicago Press. 1989. ISBN 0226114333. 
  4. ^ Mithun 1991 : Active / agentive case marking and its motivation, in Language 67: 510-546, p. 513, 515-516, from Blake 1994 : 126
  5. ^ Holisky, Dee Ann. The case of the intransitive subject in Tsova-Tush (Batsbi). Lingua. 1987, 71: 103–32. doi:10.1016/0024-3841(87)90069-6. 
  6. ^ Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). (2011) "The World Atlas of Language Structures Online". Munich: Max Planck Digital Library. Available online at WALS页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ John Whitman,柳田優子(2009)「人称と活格類型 ―上代日本語の代名詞体系の観点から―」『「内」と「外」の言語学』,pp.175-214,東京:開拓社.[1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  8. ^ 柳田優子(2014)「言語類型論からみた上代日本語の主語表示・目的語表示 ―「ガ」と「ヲ」と「ゼロ」表示について―」『日本語学』Vol. 33-14, pp.124-137.[2]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  9. ^ Gamkrelidze Thomas V. / Ivanov Vjačeslav V. 1995 [1984]: Proto-Indo European as a Language of the Active Type, in Gamkrelidze Thomas V. / Ivanov Vjačeslav V.: Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 233- 276
  10. ^ Gamkrelidze Thomas V. / Ivanov Vjačeslav V. 1995 [1984]: The grammatical syntagmatics of Proto-Indo European in typological perspective, in Gamkrelidze Thomas V. / Ivanov Vjačeslav V.: Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 233- 276
  11. ^ Gante Christiane 2007: Objektkasus im Indogermanischen, Magisterarbeit an der Universitaet Hamburg, Grin Verlag 2008

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