他因对电报机所作出的贡献而出名,并获得财富和荣誉。他先因在横跨大西洋的电报工程中所作出的贡献,于1866年獲得爵士頭銜。到1892年,由於他在热力学方面的工作,以及反对爱尔兰自治的作為[2][3][4],他被封為拉格斯的开尔文男爵(Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr),所以他通常被称为开尔文男爵,这个头衔来自于流经他在苏格兰格拉斯哥大学实验室的开尔文河。受爵後,他因而成為首位进入英国上议院的科学家。
在校期间,除了他与生俱来的对科学的兴趣,汤姆森对古典学的兴趣也很浓厚。在12岁时,他将萨莫萨塔的琉善的《Dialogues of the Gods》从拉丁语翻译为英语,并且得了奖。
在1839~40学年,汤姆逊写了一篇散文《Essay on the figure of the Earth》,获得了天文学课的一等奖,展现出数学分析的资质和创造性。终其一生,在个人压力大时,他便转而研究在此文中提出的问题,作为应对策略。在这篇散文的标题页,汤姆森从亚历山大·蒲柏的《An Essay on Man(英语:An Essay on Man)》摘抄了下面的诗句。这些诗句启发汤姆森用科学的力量和方法来理解自然世界:
去,奇妙的生物!向着科学引领之处攀登;
去测量大地,称重空气,并注明潮汐;
给运行的行星指明轨道,
更正老旧的时间,调节太阳的光芒;
汤姆逊开始对傅立叶的《Théorie analytique de la chaleur》着迷,并开始致力于研究被仍然在艾萨克·牛顿阴影之下发展的英国传统所抵制的“大陆”数学。不出所料,傅立叶的理论已经被国内的数学家攻击;菲利普·凯兰还专门著述了一本书进行批判。这本书促使汤姆森发表了他的第一篇科学论文[6](使用假名P.Q.R.)为傅立叶辩护,并通过他的父亲提交到《剑桥数学杂志》。第二篇P.Q.R.论文[7]也随后几乎立刻发表。
董事会坚持让汤姆森加入1858年的电缆敷设远征,没有任何经济补偿,并在项目中的积极参与。作为回报,汤姆森获得了试验他的反射镜检流计的机会,对此董事会不甚感兴趣,怀特豪斯旁边的装备。然而,在1858年6月的灾难性风暴之后,阿伽门农号只好打道回府。回到伦敦后,董事会几乎要放弃该项目,并打算通过销售电缆减轻其损失的程度。汤姆森、赛勒斯·韦斯特·菲尔德(英语:Cyrus West Field)和柯蒂斯·米兰达·兰普森(英语:Curtis Lampson)说服了董事会再尝试一次,汤姆森坚持认为技术问题是容易处理的。虽然仅以顾问的身份参与,汤姆森已经在航行中获得了在压力下解决实际问题的真正的工程师的直觉和技能,往往率先在处理突发事件,并且不畏惧对体力活伸出援助之手。8月5日,电缆终于贯通了。
灾难和胜利
汤姆森担忧的事情终于发生了:怀特豪斯的设备被证明不够敏感,必须由汤姆森的反射镜检流计所取代。但怀特豪斯坚持认为,是他的装置提供了服务,并开始涉足绝望的措施来做出一些补救。结果,他只是成功地用 2,000 V 的电压彻底损坏了电缆。当电缆完全失败,怀特豪斯被开除;汤姆森表示反对,还被董事会谴责他的干扰。这之后汤姆森感到后悔,他太随便地默许了许多怀特豪斯的提议,并没有花足够的力气去质疑他。[31]
1865年7月,汤姆森参与了大東方號(SS Great Eastern)的电缆敷设远征航行,但航程再次受到技术问题的困扰。在铺设了1200英里(1900千米)后电缆又不幸丢失,远征不得不放弃。进一步的探险队于1866年成功地在两周内铺设新的电缆,然后继续恢复并完成了1865线。团队凯旋而归,受到公众的盛情款待,汤姆森尤其受到了褒奖。1866年11月10日,汤姆森与该项目的其他主要负责人一起被封为爵士。[34][35]
多年来,开尔文勋爵是拉格斯的聖高隆教区教堂(蘇格蘭教會)的一个长老。1907年12月17日他在拉格斯辞世后,他的遗体就是被带到这个教堂[66]。在殡葬仪式后,遗体被带到他心爱的格拉斯哥大學的布特厅,以缅怀他的贡献,然后,遗体被带到伦敦,安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂,艾萨克·牛顿爵士的最后安息之地附近。西尔瓦努斯·汤普森(英语:Silvanus P. Thompson)的开尔文传记没有提到他在聖高隆教堂是长老的事实,或殡葬仪式是在该教堂举行,而是“只要他在拉格斯,他都会参加那里的[苏格兰]自由教堂的主事,其妻子的姐/妹夫查尔斯·沃特森是牧师。[67]”
1900年4月27日,他给英国皇家研究院(英语:Royal Institution)做了一个广为人知的演讲,题为《覆盖热量和光线的动力学理论的十九世纪的乌云》(Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light)[69][70]。他所说的“乌云”是指:物质如何穿过以太而运动(例如迈克耳孙-莫雷实验令人费解的结果)的难题;以及统计力学中的能量均分原理可能会被打破的担忧。而在二十世纪,针对这两个问题,产生了两个主要的物理理论:针对前者产生了相对论;针对后者产生了量子力学。阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦在1905年发表了所谓的"奇迹年论文",其中一篇解释了光电效应(量子力学的前奏),另一篇则描述了狭义相对论。
自1980年代以来,有一段话广泛被误认为是开尔文所说:“物理学没有什么新的可以发现的事物了;所有剩下的只是更多和更精确的测量”;这段话要么没有引用,要么说是引自对英国科学促进会的讲话(1900年)中[75]。没有任何证据表明开尔文说了这段话[76][77];这段话其实是根据阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙所说的话改编的,他在1894年中指出:“……似乎可以说,物理学宏大的基本原则已经牢固确立……一个着名的物理学家说,未来物理科学的真理应当从六位小数中寻找。[77]”此前其他人,例如菲利普·冯·乔利(英语:Philipp von Jolly),也有过类似的声称[78]。将其归为开尔文,大概是与他1900年对英国皇家研究院的“两朵乌云”的讲话(见上文)弄混了;这反而指出了后来发生了科学革命的两个领域。
^P.Q.R (1841) "On Fourier's expansions of functions in trigonometric series" Cambridge Mathematical Journal2, 258–259
^P.Q.R (1841) "Note on a passage in Fourier's 'Heat'" Cambridge Mathematical Journal3, 25–27
^P.Q.R (1842) "On the uniform motion of heat [in homogeneous solid bodies], and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity" Cambridge Mathematical Journal3, 71–84
^Niven, W.D. (ed.). The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, 2 vols. New York: Dover. 1965. Vol. 2, p. 301.
^Thomson, W. (1848) "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations" Math. and Phys. Papers vol. 1, pp 100–106
^Thomson, William. (1949) "An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat; with Numerical Results deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam" Math. and Phys. Papers vol.1, pp 113–155
^Thomson, W. (1851) "On the dynamical theory of heat; with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam" Math. and Phys. Papers vol. 1 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), pp 175–183
^ 49.049.149.2Kelvin did pay off gentleman's bet with Strutt on the importance of radioactivity in the Earth. The Kelvin period does exist in the evolution of stars. They shine from gravitational energy for a while (correctly calculated by Kelvin) before fusion and the main sequence begins. Fusion was not understood until well after Kelvin's time。参考文献:England, P.; Molnar, P.; Righter, F. John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics. GSA Today. January 2007, 17 (1): 4–9. doi:10.1130/GSAT01701A.1.
^Tung, K.K. "Topics in Mathematical Modeling" (Princeton University Press 2007), p.243-251. In Thomson's theory the earth's age is proportional to the square of the difference between interior temperature and surface temperature, so that the uncertainty in the former leads to an even larger relative uncertainty in the age.
^Thomson, William. On the Secular Cooling of the Earth. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: 160–161.
^Heuel-Fabianek, Burkhard. Natürliche Radioisotope: die "Atomuhr" für die Bestimmung des absoluten Alters von Gesteinen und archäologischen Funden. StrahlenschutzPraxis: 31–42.
^Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth," Nature, 51 : 224-227Archive.is的存檔,存档日期2015-02-17, 341-342, 582-585. (51:224, 51:341, 51:582 at Internet Archive)
^Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan. The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. 1988: 411. ISBN 0671621300.
^Silvanus P. Thompson, The Life of William Thomson: Baron Kelvin of Largs (London: Macmillan, 1910), p.1087, 1209
^Robert Kargon and Peter Achinstein (1987) Kelvin’s Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: historical and philosophical perspectives, MIT PressISBN0-262-11117-9
^"Lord Kelvin, Nineteenth Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light", reproduced in Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain with Abstracts of the Discourses, Volume 16, p. 363–397 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
Wilson, D.B. (ed.). The Correspondence Between Sir George Gabriel Stokes and Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. (2 vols), Cambridge University Press. 1990. ISBN 0-521-32831-4.
Hörz, H. Naturphilosophie als Heuristik?: Korrespondenz zwischen Hermann von Helmholtz und Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). Basilisken-Presse. 2000. ISBN 3-925347-56-9.
传记和评论
Buchwald, J.Z. William Thomson and the mathematization of Faraday's electrostatics. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 1977, 8: 101–136. doi:10.2307/27757369.
Chang, H. Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-19-517127-6.
Gooding, D. Faraday, Thomson, and the concept of the magnetic field. British Journal of the History of Science. 1980, 13 (2): 91–120. doi:10.1017/S0007087400017726.
Gossick, B.R. Heaviside and Kelvin: a study in contrasts. Annals of Science. 1976, 33 (3): 275–287. doi:10.1080/00033797600200561.
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