The 6th New York Cavalry Regiment, also known as the 6th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry and nicknamed the "2nd Ira Harris Guards", was a cavalryregiment of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The majority of its fighting was in Virginia as part of the Army of the Potomac.
Service
The regiment was organized as the 2nd Ira Harris Guard in New York City between September 12 and December 19, 1861, initially under the special authority of the War Department.[4] The regiment was, in fact, at first the protege of Senator Ira Harris, of New York, who had been instrumental in securing the authority for its formation.[5][6] The recruiting headquarters were at 4 Pine Street, in Manhattan, and the first rendezvous for the command was at Camps Herndon and Scott on Staten Island. Its organization was completed as early as October 24, 1861. The twelve-company regiment was divided into three battalions of four companies each.[5][6][7] While training, the regiment was transferred to the state of New York and numbered as the 6th Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry on Wednesday, November 20, Thomas Devin,[note 4]captain of a militia cavalry company, had been appointed colonel of the regiment two days earlier and Duncan McVicar lieutenant colonel.[6][10]
Companies were mustered in as follows: A September 12, B September 27, D September 28, C September 29, E October 3. F and G October 24, H October 28, I November 2, L November 6, K" and M December 19, 1861.[11]
Further training at York
On Friday, December 20, 1861,[11] the regiment was ordered to York, PA. On Monday, 850 men, 200 horses, of the 6th New York crossed on a barge with some difficulty to Elizabethport, NJ, arriving at 3:00 a.m. Tuesday, Christmas Eve.[12] An hour later, the regiment boarded the cars at the New Jersey Central Railroad (NJCRR) depot and was soon on its way over through northern New Jersey, crossing the Delaware at Easton into Pennsylvania on Christmas Day.[13] The train continued onto Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad (L&SRR) across the Lehigh River, eventually crossing the Susquehanna River, thence down its west bank for several miles and reached York at 3:00 p.m. on Christmas, 1862 after a 35-hour 250 miles (400 km) trek.[13]
The regiment's new year began with each company receiving a keg of beer followed by a parade through the city ending with a reception.[14] Through January, the regiment was put to work building barracks and stables while drilling and training.[15] Rumors were rife that the command would be disbanded or converted to infantry, much to the disinclination of the men.[5][6] By Friday, Jan 31, the barracks were complete, and the troopers moved in. At that point, the regiment's time was solely devoted to drills, inspections, guard duty, and learning cavlry tactics.[14] The 6th New York earned a reputation for discipline and orderly conduct seldom enjoyed by a regiment quartered in a city. As February continued, alongside the drills and saber exercise, they were elateed with news of victories at Fort Donelson and Fort Pulaski. The rumors remained, sparked by the lack of enough horses. After an inspection, Brig. Gen. Stoneman, chief of cavalry, reported that the 6th New York Cavalry was an efficient and highly disciplined regiment.[14]
At York, the more the men saw of their now 40-year-old militia-bred colonel (Devin) the better they liked him considering him greatly militarily skill, well-qualified, and while a few other volunteer cavalry colonels were as well-drilled, there were none better.[12] As February turned to March, Devin received orders to bring his command to Perryville, MD in the defenses of Washington attached to Military District of Washington.[4] At the Perryville train depot, it would relieve the 11th U. S. Infantry guarding the large government depot at that point, as well as guarding and caring for thousands of sick horses and mules.[6][10]
Initial deployment
In March, Devin received orders to bring his command to the front. The 6th New York regiment was ordered to join the defenses of Washington attached to Military District of Washington. Its post was the train depot in Perryville, MD,[4] where it relieve the 11th U. S. Infantry[14] The post guarded the station and the supply depot there.[6][10] Among its duties there was guarding and caring for thousands of sick horses and mules.[16]
On Thursday, March 6, at 9.30 a.m. on the 6th, the 1st Battalion decamped and took train for Perryville, the rest of the regiment being under orders to follow for same place. The next day, at 3:00 p.m.,the 2nd and 3rd Battalions formed line and marched to the depot. Arriving there two hour later, Company I was detailed to put the 200 horses on board and had quite a lively time of it.[16] Steaming out of York at 7:00 p.m. and arrived at the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad's (PW&B) President Street Station in Baltimore at 5:00 a.m. on Friday, March 8.[16]
Due to a thirty-year-old ordinance banning steam engines operating in the city, there was no direct steam rail connection between President Street Station and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's (B&O) Camden Station. Rail cars that transferred between the two stations had to be pulled by horses along Pratt Street down ten blocks to the southwest to Camden Yards.[4] At 9:00 a.m., the 6th New York marched down Pratt to the other station.[note 5] Boarding the B&O at Camden at 10:00 a.m., the men started on the way to Perryville, arriving there at 1:30 p.m., and crossed the mouth of the Susquehanna to encamp there at the head of the Chesapeake Bay, opposite Havre de Grace.[16]
While the regiment was at Perryville, Col. Devin visited Washington to plead for horses and orders to be sent to the front. [18] Again, the camp abounded with rumors that the 6th New York would be disbanded, and the troopers remained firm that they would not go as infantry. The regiment suffered from sickness in due to bad water, heavy rains and high winds "... the rain came through every crack in the barracks; the floor resembled a hog-pen; everything was all wet and splashed, uniforms and equipments dripping; every one was nearly dead and heartily sick of the dormant life." [18]
On Monday, March 17, morale improved as each company received ten horses, and all non-commissioned officers drew saddles.[18] On Tuesday, Devin returned to Washington to learn, if possible, the War Department's plans for the regiment. On Friday, March 21, the regiment suffered its first loss when one of the men in Company I died of sickness.[18]
The 3rd Battalion deploys for the Peninsula Campaign
At the opening of Maj. Gen. McClellan's Army of the Potomac's(AoP) spring Peninsula Campaign,[4] the regiment's 3rd Battalion (Companies B, D, F, and H), under command of Maj. Floyd Clarkson, was detached participate in the operation was assigned to the Companies D and K served unbrigaded in Brig. Gen. Sumner's II Corps. Companies F and H, likewise, served unbrigaded as the cavalry reserve for Brig. Gen. Keyes' IV Corps of the AoP. Through the campaign, the companies scouted and screened their corps during the battles on the peninsula.[4] This battalion remained in garrison on the peninsula at Fort Monroe until they rejoined the regiment after Gettysburg in the summer of July 1863.[6][5]
Devin and the 1st and 2nd Battalions in the Virginia and Maryland campaigns
Through the spring and early summer, the 1st and 2nd Battalions remained in the defenses of Washington assigned to duty under Brig. Gen. Sturgis. On Tuesday, July 15, 1862, they were ordered to Warrenton, VA,[19] and were placed in Brig. Gen. Gregg's cavalry brigade under the -command of Maj. Gen. McDowell.[note 6] They were soon During Pope's Virginia Campaign, the 1st and 2nd Battalions scouted the country south of the Rapidan, and covered the evacuation of Fredericksburg and Aquia Creek.[6][5] Once Maj. Gen. Pope took command of the Army of Virrginia, the AoP reorganized and the regiment left its brigade and was attached to Maj. Gen. Reno's IX Corps of the AoP.
Following the Second Battle of Bull Run defeat and the inconclusive Battle of Chantilly, Gen. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia (ANV) invaded Maryland. McClellan was recalled from his disgrace after the Peninsula to once again command the AoP. As such, McClellan gathered his forces near the capital and began a move to western Maryland. McClellan had organized his army into three wings of which Maj. Gen. Burnside's right wing contained Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's I Corps and Reno's IX Corps.[note 7] As a result on Thursday, September 4, the regiment crossed the Potomac and joined IX Corps as it left Washington.[21] The 6th New York scouted the country between Maj. Gen. Sumner's II Corps[note 8] and the right wing, passing through Hyattsville, MD,[4] during its movement on Antietam. During the move, Burnside began tasking the regiment directly while still leaving it administratively part of IX Corps. City.[6][10] The wing moved north to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&ORR). Hitting the railway, Burnside's wing turned west and followed the line toward Frederick, MD. As the moved west, Devin and his command dutifully reported various encounters with the Confederates as well as reports from local Unionist citizens.[23] On the following Wednesday, September 10On the morning of September 10, Company E's commander, Capt. William E. Beardsley[24] sent back reports of skirmishing with rebel pickets at Frederick and that a loyal citizen told him parts of Jackson's corps were preparing to leave.[25]
Being the first regiment to enter Frederick, Col. Devin led the two battalions in small scraps with the rearguard of Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill's division of Maj. Gen. MG Jackson's wing on that day and again on Friday, September 12.[26][6] Two days later, September 14, at the battle of South Mountain, Colonel Devin commanding, the regiment was still under the immediate command of General Burnside during the right wing's seizure of Fox's and Turner's Gaps.
Over the weekend, McCellan shifted Burnside's corps to his left. On Monday, September 16, the regiment had another small battle with the rebels on the Boonesboro-Sharpsburg Turnpike (Battle of Sharpsburg Turnpike). Tuesday morning a squadron of the 6th New York opened the Battle of Antietam when it made contact with Confederate skirmishers east of Antietam Creek.[7] During the Battle of Antietam, the 6th New York screened the AoP's left south of Burnside's position.[6][5] Beginning began at 7:00 am, the troopers heard a continual roar of musketry and artillery all around them, and the shells falling among them forced a change in position out of fire.[27] A detail from Companies I and M crossed Stone Bridge to see if any Rebels were near the old Stone house. They made skirmished with them before returning with the intelligence. In the afternoon four companies from the regiment were sent on reconnaissance where captured some Confederate cavalry.[27] After sundown, artillery fire continued all night.[28]
The 1st and 2nd Battalions post-Antietam
On Wednesday, the troopers maintained their position as both armies were burying the dead. That evening, the 6th New York picketed along Antietam Creek. Throughout Thursday, September 19, the men heard heavy artillery fire in the direction of the Potomac on the right wing.[28] The next day, the artillery was heard from beyond the river as Lee had retreated across into Virginia. On Saturday, for the first time in ten days the regiment unsaddled its horses and encamped.[29]
On September 21, Sunday, four companies were sent east of Sharpsburg, to scout the predominantly Unionist Washington and Frederick Counties for Rebel activity.[30] On Tuesday, the 6th New York crossed the Potomac and patrolled through Harper's Ferry noting the damage of Jackson's and A. P. Hill's assault just prior to Antietam. Tuesday evening, they encamped west of the town on Bolivar Heights, guarding its western approach. For the next eight days, the troopers of the 6th New York patrolled from that location. The regiment remained attached to Burnside's IX Corps whose divisions stretched 20 miles (32 km) from Maryland Heights across the Potomac to Hagerstow.
To the astonishment of Washington, McClellan declined to pursue Lee across the Potomac, citing shortages of equipment and the fear of overextending his forces. As a result, the 6th New York Cavalry remained in Virginia near Harper's Ferry and Loudon County.[29] The AoP would remain relatively inactive for the next six weeks.[31] The 6th New York would be involved in numerous patrols and skirmishes in Virginia down the Potomac east throughout Loudon County.
Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties
The regiment was consolidated with the 15th New York Cavalry on June 17 to form the 2nd New York Provisional Cavalry Regiment.
Casualties and losses
Regiment lost during service 9 Officers and 72 Enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 133 Enlisted men by disease. Total 214.[41]
Armament/Equipment/Uniform
Armament
Troopers in the 6th New York were initially armed with a mix of Model 1840 Cavalry SaberModel 1860 Light Cavalry Saber, and one Colt .44 "Army" pistol.[1] Although not yet reported back to the Adjutant General,[2] on Saturday, September 6, 1862,[42] the regiment received the Sharps Carbine, and each trooper received one by the time of the 4th quarter 1862 ordnance survey.[43][44] This continued as standard armament until the spring of 1864 when troopers began turning in their Sharps carbines for new Spencer carbines.[45]
Quarterly Ordnance surveys
The regiment reported the following issued weapons on quarterly ordnance surveys:
4th Quarter 1862[43][44]
A — 74 Sharps Carbines, (.52 Cal.); 84 Colt Army Model 1848 & 1860, (.44 Cal.); 79 Model 1840 Cavalry Saber
C — 41 Sharps Carbines, (.52 Cal.); 41 Colt Army Model 1848 & 1860, (.44 Cal.); 41 Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber
E — 48 Sharps Carbines, (.52 Cal.); 66 Colt Army Model 1848 & 1860, (.44 Cal.); 77 Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber
F — 46 Sharps Carbines, (.52 Cal.); 57 Colt Army Model 1848 & 1860, (.44 Cal.); 59 Model 1840 Cavalry Saber
H — 50 Sharps Carbines, (.52 Cal.); 54 Colt Army Model 1848 & 1860, (.44 Cal.); 54 Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber
I — 79 Sharps Carbines, (.52 Cal.); 91 Colt Army Model 1848 & 1860, (.44 Cal.); 98 Model 1840 Cavalry Saber
Companies B, D, G, K, L, and M missing quarterly ordnance reports
The 6th New York Cavalry used standard McClellan saddle and tack.[51] Like many other volunteer cavalry regiments, the 6th New York obtained breast straps for all mounts while some troopers were issued crupper straps and martingales as well.[51]
Uniform
The men of the regiment were issued their initial uniforms as they became available during training on Staten Island. They were issued dark blue Cavalry shell jackets, sky blue cavalry trousers (with reinforced seat), and the sky blue Cavalry winter overcoat (with a shorter cape than the infantry version.[52] From photographs in the regimental history, the Hardee hat and slouch hat seemed to be more common than the kepi, or forage cap, among the regiment.[53]
Capt. William Laing Heermance, Company C - Awarded the Medal of Honor for most distinguished gallantry in action near Chancellorsville, Va., April 30, 1863.[55]
Pvt. Thomas Kelly, Company A - Awarded the Medal of Honor for capturing a Confederate battle flag at Front Royal, Va., August 16, 1864.[55]
Sgt. Patrick H. McEnroe, Company D - Awarded the Medal of Honor for capturing colors of 36th Virginia Infantry at Winchester, Va., September 19, 1864.[55]
Farrier George E. Meach, Company I - Awarded the Medal of Honor for the capture of a flag at Winchester, VA, September 19, 1864.[55]
Chief Bugler, later Second Lieutenant, Thomas McCoy Wells, Company F - Awarded the Medal of Honor for capturing colors of 44th Georgia Infantry at Cedar Creek, VA, October 19, 1864.[55]
^As reported back to Adjutant General Hillhouse upon weapons issue on December 16, 1861
^As reported back to Adjutant General Hillhouse, on December 31, 1862
^As reported back to Adjutant General Sprague, on December 31, 1863
^A New York City native, son of Irish immigrant parents, Devin was a house painter and partner in a paint and varnish company with his brother John for much of his early life, while also serving in the New York State Militia.[8] For more information, see his Wikipedia article here.[9]
^It in this transfer on April 19, 1861, as the 6th Massachusetts transferred between stations, a mob of anti-war supporters and Southern sympathizers attacked the train cars and blocked the route. When it became apparent that they could travel by horse no further, the four companies, about 240 soldiers, got out of the cars and marched in formation down Pratt Street where they were attacked by the mob and opened fire in response.[17]
^They were part of Gregg's three regiment cavalry brigade and its brigade mates were the 8th Illinois and 8th Pennsylvania cavalry regiments.[20]
^U.S. War Dept., Official Records, Vol. 19/1, p. 179, - Organization of the Army of the Potomac, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, U.S. Army, commanding, September 14 17, 1862, p.169-180.
Gallagher, Gary W. (2006). The Wilderness Campaign: Military Campaigns of the Civil War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN978-0-80783-589-0. OCLC1058127655.
Hammond, John (1890). John Hammond. Chicago: P.F. Pettibone & Co. OCLC4935086. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Mink, Eric J. (November 30, 2008). "Armament in the Army of the Potomac at Fredericksburg"(PDF). Mysteries & Conundrums. Fredericksburg, VA: Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania NMP Staff. pp. 70–71. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
Rhea, Gordon C. (2004). The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5-6, 1864. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN978-0-80713-021-6. OCLC70080406.
Sprague, John T. (February 1, 1864). Adjutant General's Report, 1863(PDF). Annual Reports of the Adjutant General of the State of New York. Vol. II. Albany, NY: New York (State). Adjutant General's Office. p. 11. LCCNsn94095328. OCLC1039942785. Retrieved 2020-04-10. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Starr, Stephen Z. (2007). The Union Cavalry in the Civil War - Vol. 2 - The War in the East, from Gettysburg to Appomattox. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. OCLC4492585.
U.S. War Department (1884). The Peninsular Campaign, Virginia. Mar 17-Sep. 2, 1862, Part I -- Reports, Mar 17-Jun 24. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XI-XXIII-I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 66, 282, 450, 494, 504–506–508–511, 760, 815, 839, 840, 842, 864–867, 870, 871, 1134. hdl:2027/coo.31924079609560. OCLC29216042. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
U.S. War Department (1884). The Peninsular Campaign, Virginia. Mar 17-Sep. 2, 1862, Part II -- Reports, Jun 25-Sep 2. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XI-XXIII-II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 27, 37, 100–101, 163, 178, 184, 186–187, 190, 1057. hdl:2027/coo.31924077730152. OCLC29216042. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
U.S. War Department (1887). Operations in Northern Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. September 3 – November 14, 1862. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XIX-XXXI-I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/coo.31924079609610. OCLC857196196. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
U.S. War Department (1887). Reports, September 20 – November 14, 1862; Correspondence, etc., Sept 3-Nov. 14, 1862. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Vol. XIX-XXXI-II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. hdl:2027/coo.31924080772233. OCLC857196196. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Wittenberg, Eric J. (2011). Gettysburg's Forgotten Cavalry Actions: Farnsworth's Charge, South Cavalry Field, and the Battle of Fairfield, July 3, 1863. New York: Savas Beatie. ISBN978-1-61121-071-2. OCLC779472347.
Wittenberg, Eric J.; Petruzzi, J. David (2006). Plenty of Blame to Go Around : Jeb Stuart's Controversial Ride to Gettysburg. New York, NY: Savas Beatie. OCLC759859025.
.svg)
