The state of New York during the American Civil War was a major influence in national politics, the Union war effort, and the media coverage of the war. New York was the most populous state in the Union during the Civil War, and provided more troops to the U.S. army than any other state, as well as several significant military commanders and leaders.[1] New York sent 400,000 men to the armed forces during the war. 22,000 soldiers died from combat wounds; 30,000 died from disease or accidents; 36 were executed.[2] The state government spent $38 million on the war effort; counties, cities and towns spent another $111 million, especially for recruiting bonuses.[3]
The voters were sharply divided politically. A significant anti-war movement emerged, particularly in the mid- to late-war years. The Democrats were divided between War Democrats who supported the war and Copperheads who wanted an early peace. Republicans divided between moderates who supported Lincoln, and Radical Republicans who demanded harsh treatment of the rebel states. New York provided William H. Seward as Lincoln's Secretary of State, as well as several important voices in Congress.
In the decades after the war ended, numerous memorials and monuments were erected across New York to commemorate specific regiments, units, and officers associated with the war effort. Several archives and repositories, as well as historical societies, hold archives and collections of relics and artifacts.
Military recruitment
Upstate New York was among the leaders in the revolutions in transportation, agriculture, and industry. Turnpikes, canals, including the Erie Canal, and railroads connected eastern cities with western markets. New York's farmland was some of the most productive in the nation. The Genesee country became known as the breadbasket of the nation for its extraordinary grain production. Rapid-flowing rivers offered power for major industrial sites. Following these expanding economic opportunities, people, including African Americans and European Americans of many different backgrounds, poured into Upstate New York. They came from several different cultures, New England Yankees, Dutch and Yorkers from eastern New York, Germans and Scots Irish from Pennsylvania, and immigrants from England and Ireland.[5]
New York provided between 400,000 and 460,000 men during the war, nearly 21% of all the men in the state and more than half of those under the age of 30. Of the total enlistment, more than 130,000 were foreign-born, including 20,000 from British North American possessions such as Canada. 51,000 were Irish and 37,000 German. The average age of the New York soldiers was 25 years, 7 months, although many younger men and boys may have lied about their age in order to enlist.[6]
By the time the Civil War ended in 1865, New York had provided the Union Army with 27 regiments of cavalry, 15 regiments of artillery, 8 of engineers, and 248 of infantry.[7] Federal records indicate 4,125 free blacks from New York served in the Union Army, and three full regiments of United States Colored Troops were raised and organized in New York—the 20th, 26th, and 31st USCT.[8]
The first organized unit to leave the state for the front lines was the 7th New York State Militia, which departed by train for Washington, D.C., on April 19, 1861. The 11th New York Infantry, a two-years' regiment of new recruits, departed ten days later.[12] Among the earliest casualties of the Civil War was Malta, New York, native Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth, who was killed in May 1861 during an armed encounter in Alexandria, Virginia.[13]
Several wealthy New York industrialists played crucial roles in supporting the war effort through materiel, weapons, ammunition, supplies, and accoutrements. Railroad impresario Cornelius Vanderbilt used his growing network of rail systems to effectively move large quantities of troops through the state to staging and training areas.[15] The Union Navy contracted with U.S. Congressman Erastus Corning's iron works to manufacture parts and materials for the USS Monitor, the Navy's first ironclad warship. The Brooklyn Navy Yard was an important shipbuilding and naval maintenance concern.[16]
By contrast, the colorful mayor of New York City, Fernando Wood, was a prominent early supporter of the Confederate cause. He argued unsuccessfully that the city should secede from the Union as a separate entity.[22] New York City had many economic and financial ties to the South; by 1820, half of its exports were related to cotton, and upstate textile mills processed Southern cotton. In addition, the numerous immigrants in New York worried that freeing slaves would bring more labor competition to a market where they struggled over the lowest-paid jobs.
When the war began, former New York Governor Horatio Seymour took a cautious middle position within his Democratic Party, supporting the war effort but criticizing its conduct by the Lincoln administration. Seymour was especially critical of Lincoln's wartime centralization of power and restrictions on civil liberties, as well as his support of emancipation. In 1862, Seymour was again elected governor, defeating Republican candidate James S. Wadsworth. As governor of the Union's largest state, Seymour was the most prominent Democratic opponent of the President for the next two years. He strongly opposed the Lincoln administration's institution of the military draft in 1863.[23]
In 1861 and 1862, former U.S. SenatorHamilton Fish became associated with John A. Dix, William M. Evarts, William E. Dodge, A.T. Stewart, John Jacob Astor, and other New York men on the Union Defence Committee. They cooperated with the New York City government in raising and equipping troops, and disbursed more than $1 million for the relief of New York volunteers and their families. Later in the war, several leading New York politicians and businessmen helped found the Union League, a pro-Union, pro-Lincoln organization that helped fund the Republican Party, as well as charitable relief groups such as the United States Sanitary Commission.[25]
During the Gettysburg Campaign of 1863, despite his sharp political differences with Pennsylvania's Republican Governor Andrew G. Curtin, Governor Seymour dispatched significant quantities of New York State Militia to Harrisburg to help repel the invasion of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.[26] The first Union soldier killed on Pennsylvania soil was a native Pennsylvanian, Corporal William H. Rihl serving in a company assigned to the 1st New York Cavalry.[27][28]
During the draft riots of July 1863, 120 civilians were killed and 2,000 men injured. The draft riots also resulted in about $1,000,000 in property damage. This was also coupled with a strong anti-war movement sparked by Copperheads and other Peace Democrats, made New York one of the closest contested states in the presidential election of 1864. 368,735 (50.46%) New Yorkers chose the incumbent Abraham Lincoln, with 361,986 (49.54%) supporting Democratic challenger and former army commander George B. McClellan. Lincoln captured all 33 electoral votes.[20]
The New York Legislature oversaw the approval of funding the state's war effort, including bounties, fees, expenses, interest on loans, and for the support of the families of soldiers where needed. Total expenditures exceeded $152 million during the war.[29]
No Civil War battles were fought within New York, although Confederate agents did set several fires in New York City as an act intended to terrorize the community and build support for the peace movement.[30]
New York troops were prominent in virtually every major battle in the Eastern Theater, and some New York units participated in leading campaigns in the Western Theater, albeit in significantly smaller numbers than in the East. New Yorker John Schofield rose to command of the Army of the Ohio and won the Battle of Franklin, dealing a serious blow to Confederate hopes in Tennessee.
More than 27,000 New Yorkers fought in the war's bloodiest battle, the three-day Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. Nearly 1,000 men - 989 soldiers were killed in action, with 4,023 wounded (many of whom died of wounds or disease in the months following the battle). 1,761 New Yorkers were taken as prisoners of war, and many were transported to Southern prisons in Richmond, Virginia and elsewhere. It was the largest number of casualties for New York troops in any battle.[31]
During the entire war, New York provided more than 370,000 soldiers to the Union armies. Of these, 834 officers were killed in action, as well as 12,142 enlisted men. Another 7,235 officers and men perished from their wounds, and 27,855 died from disease. Another 5,766 were estimated to have perished while incarcerated in Southern prisoner-of-war camps.[1]
New York City, the most populous in the United States, was a bustling city that provided a major source of troops, supplies, and equipment for the Union Army. Powerful city politicians and newspaper editors helped shape public opinion towards the war effort and the policies of President Lincoln. The port of New York served as fertile recruiting grounds for the Army as immigrants from Europe (primarily Irish and Germans) at times stepped off the oceanic transports and into the muster rolls. Recruiters such as Michael Corcoran filled muster rolls with thousands of immigrants in response to Lincoln's initial call for 75,000 volunteers from New York.[35]
Politically, the city was dominated by Democrats, many of whom were under the control of a political machine known as Tammany Hall. Led by William "Boss" Tweed, they gained numerous offices in New York City, and even to the state legislature and judges' seats, often through illegal means. From 1860 to 1870, Tweed controlled most Democratic nominations in the city, while Republicans tended to be more prevalent in upstate New York.[36]
The city's growing Irish and German immigrant population, and anger about conscription led to the Draft Riots of 1863, one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.[37] The week of July 11 to July 16, 1863, was known at the time as "Draft Week".[38] Residents, mainly Irish immigrants, were upset with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight on what they viewed was the unpopular Civil War. The ensuing disturbances were the largest civil insurrection in American history apart from the Civil War.[39] President Lincoln sent several regiments of militia and federal troops to control the city. Irish rioters numbered in the thousands and began rampaging through the streets of New York, attacking blacks and burning whatever building that either belonged to the wealthy or was sympathetic to the Union cause.[40] Smaller-scale riots erupted in other cities throughout the North, including in other places in New York State, at about the same time.[41]
The exact death toll during the New York Draft Riots is unknown, but according to historian James M. McPherson (2001), at least 120 civilians were killed.[42] Estimates are that at least 2,000 more were injured. Total property damage was about $1 million.[43] Historian Samuel Morison wrote that the riots were "equivalent to a Confederate victory".[43] The city treasury later indemnified one-quarter of the amount. Fifty buildings, including two Protestant churches, burned to the ground. On August 19, the draft was resumed.
New York was the most populous state in the Union at the outbreak of the American Civil War, with more than 3.5 million residents.[44] As such, it provided a significant number of leading generals, admirals, and politicians who were either born in New York or spent considerable time there before the war. A few of New York's most noted native sons follow, with their birthplaces in parentheses:[45]
The Grand Army of the Republic and other veterans organizations throughout New York contributed to the erection of hundreds of individual statues, fountains, busts, and other commemorations, as well as building several meeting halls where they could relive war events and keep their relics and artifacts relatively safe.[47]
Women played an important role on New York's home front during the role, providing support, encouragement, material goods to the soldiers, and helping with the United States Sanitary Commission and United States Christian Commission. Several New York ladies served as nurses to ill and wounded soldiers at a variety of military hospitals throughout the state. On April 24, 1886, the state legislature authorized the New York chapter of the GAR to erect a large memorial on the grounds of the Capitol in Albany in honor of the women of the state for their "humane and patriotic acts during the war."[48]
Among the more impressive Civil War-related monuments and memorials in the state is the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, which depicts equestrian relief bronzes of Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant.[49] Grant, the commander of the Union armies during the latter half of the war, is buried in New York City in Grant's Tomb.[50] The Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, located at 89th Street and Riverside Drive in New York City, also commemorates Union Army soldiers and sailors.[51]
Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn is the final resting place for hundreds of Civil War veterans, including several generals.[52] Another large group of former generals (many of which were not New York residents) are buried at West Point Cemetery, including George Armstrong Custer, George Sykes, Wesley Merritt and Winfield Scott.[53] Significant Civil War cemeteries exist in other towns, among them Elmira, the site of the Elmira Prison prisoner-of-war camp. More than 2,000 Confederates who died during their incarceration are buried in nearby Woodlawn National Cemetery.[54]
Scores of New York regiments are commemorated by monuments on various battlefields throughout the country, with the largest concentration at the Gettysburg Battlefield in southern Pennsylvania. The state of New York erected a large marble memorial near the crest of Cemetery Hill, and nearly every New York unit that participated in the battle later erected individual monuments on or near where they fought.[55] Several more New York monuments dot Antietam National Battlefield.[56]
^Lawson, Melinda, "The Civil War Union Leagues and the Construction of a New National Patriotism" Civil War History Volume 48, Issue 4, 2002. pp. 338+.
^Gambone, A. M., "...if tomorrow night finds me dead..." The Life of General Samuel K. Zook (Army of the Potomac), Butternut and Blue, 1996, ISBN0-935523-53-7.
^Iver Bernstein, The New York City draft riots: Their significance for American society and politics in the age of the Civil War (Oxford University Press, 1990).
^McPherson, James M Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 399
^ abMorison, Samuel Eliot (1972). The Oxford History of the American People: Volume Two: 1789 Through Reconstruction. Signet. p. 451. ISBN0-451-62254-5.
Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863 (1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; online; for online copies see Annual Cyclopaedia. Each year includes several pages on each U.S. state.
Brummer, Sidney David (1911). Political History of New York State During the Period of the Civil War(pdf). Studies in history, economics and public law, ed. by the Faculty of political science of Columbia university. Vol. 39 (1st ed.). New York, NY: Columbia university, Longmans, Green. p. 451. OCLC862942622. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
Ellis, David M. et al. A History of New York State (Cornell University Press, 1967) pp. 335–346.
Field, Phyllis F. The politics of race in New York: The struggle for black suffrage in the Civil War era (Cornell UP, 2009).
Holzer, Harold, ed. State of the Union: New York and the Civil War (2002) Essays by scholars
Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994)
McKelvey, Blake. Rochester: The Flower City, 1855-1890 (1949)
Miller, Richard F. ed. States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War (2014) 490pp excerpt
Mitchell, Stewart. Horatio Seymour of New York (Harvard UP, 1938)
Murdock, Eugene C. "Horatio Seymour and the 1863 draft." Civil War History 11.2 (1965): 117–141. excerpt
Phisterer, Frederick, New York in the War of the Rebellion, 1861 To 1865, Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1890. online
Quinn, Edythe Ann. Freedom Journey Black Civil War Soldiers and the Hills Community, Westchester County, New York (State University of New York Press, 2015)
Raus, Edmund J. Banners South: Northern Community at War (2011), about Cortland, New York
Rawley, James A. Edwin D. Morgan 1811–1883: Merchant in Politics (Columbia University Press, 1955), the Republican governor.
Sernett, Milton C. North star country: upstate New York and the crusade for African American freedom (Syracuse UP, 2002)
Spann, Edward K. Gotham at War: New York City, 1860-1865 (2002) excerpt
Weible, Robert and Jennifer A. Lemakn. Irrepressible Conflict: The Empire State in the Civil War (2014) online review; color prints showcasing 500+ objects in a museum exhibit
"ELY, Alfred 1815 – 1892", Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Office of Art & Archives, retrieved August 5, 2008
Biyani International Institute of Engineering & Technology (Closed)Biyani institute of engineering and technologyMotto in EnglishWhere you can trustTypeNot-for-Profit PrivateAffiliationAll India Council for Technical Education and Rajasthan Technical University[1]ChairmanRajeev BiyaniDirectorDr. Sanjay BiyaniLocationJaipur, Rajasthan, India CampusUrbanAcronymBIIETWebsitewww.biiet.org Biyani International Institute of Engineering & Technology (Closed) was a private girls engi…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Ragam bentuk patung Ana Deo Ana Deo adalah patung yang merupakan salah satu benda pusaka etnik Lio Ende. Masyarakat Lio ini berdiam di Ende, Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT).[1] Ana Deo berkaitan erat dengan kepercayaan asli masyarakat Lio. Patu…
Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Spanyol: nama keluarga pertama atau paternalnya adalah Asensio dan nama keluarga kedua atau maternalnya adalah DosSantosNazario. Marco Asensio Willemsen Asensio bersama Real Madrid pada 2018Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Marco Asensio Willemsen[1]Tanggal lahir 21 Januari 1996 (umur 28)Tempat lahir Palma, SpanyolTinggi 182 cm (6 ft 0 in)[2]Posisi bermain Sayap Kanan Gelandang SerangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Paris Saint-G…
Национальное аэрокосмическое агентство Азербайджана Штаб-квартира Баку, ул. С. Ахундова, AZ 1115 Локация Азербайджан Тип организации Космическое агентство Руководители Директор: Натиг Джавадов Первый заместитель генерального директора Тофик Сулейманов Основание Основ…
Tour de France 1922Il percorsoEdizione16ª Data25 giugno - 23 luglio PartenzaParigi ArrivoParigi Percorso5 372 km, 15 tappe Tempo222h08'06 Media24,488 km/h Classifica finalePrimo Firmin Lambot Secondo Jean Alavoine Terzo Félix Sellier Cronologia Edizione precedenteEdizione successiva Tour de France 1921Tour de France 1923 Manuale Il Tour de France 1922, sedicesima edizione della Grande Boucle, si svolse in quindici tappe tra il 25 giugno e il 23 luglio 1922, per un per…
Assassinated MP of the United Kingdom Robert BradfordMember of Parliament for Belfast SouthIn office28 February 1974 – 14 November 1981Preceded byRafton PounderSucceeded byMartin Smyth Personal detailsBornRobert Jonathan Bradford(1941-06-08)8 June 1941Limavady, Northern IrelandDied14 November 1981(1981-11-14) (aged 40)Belfast, Northern IrelandManner of deathAssassination (gunshot wounds)NationalityBritishPolitical partyVanguard Progressive Unionist PartyUlster Unionist …
Geopolitical region Not to be confused with West Asia, MENA, or the Greater Middle East. For other uses, see Middle East (disambiguation). Middle EastArea7,207,575 km2 (2,782,860 sq mi)Population371 million (2010)[1]Countries UN members (16) Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen UN observer (1)…
American college basketball season 2008–09 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketballConferenceBig Ten ConferenceRecord6–25 (1–17 Big Ten)Head coachTom CreanAssistant coaches Tim Buckley Bennie Seltzer Roshown McLeod Home arenaAssembly HallSeasons← 2007–082009–10 → 2008–09 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W L PCT W L PCT No. 8 Michigan State 15 – 3 .833 31 – 7 .816 No. 17 P…
Institutional corruption in the country Political corruption Forms and concepts Bribery Cronyism Economics of corruption Electoral fraud Elite capture Influence peddling Kleptocracy Mafia state Nepotism Pyrrhic defeat theory Slush fund Simony State capture State-corporate crime Throffer Anti-corruption International Anti-Corruption Court Group of States Against Corruption International Anti-Corruption Academy International Anti-Corruption Day United Nations Convention against Corruption Corrupti…
1926 film The Lady of the HaremThe Royal Theater in Kansas City showing the filmDirected byRaoul WalshScreenplay byJames Elroy FleckerJames T. O'DonohoeProduced byJesse L. LaskyAdolph ZukorStarringErnest TorrenceWilliam Collier Jr.Greta NissenLouise FazendaGeorge BerangerSôjin KamiyamaFrank LeighCinematographyVictor MilnerProductioncompanyFamous Players–Lasky CorporationDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date November 1, 1926 (1926-11-01) Running time60 minutesCountryUnite…
Мали́на (лат. Fructus Rubi idaei, Baccae Rubi idaei) — плід малини звичайної. За ботанічною класифікацією плід малини — не ягода, а багатокістянка. Складається з декількох десятків зрощених кістянок (плодиків з кісточками), прикріплених до білої конічної плодоніжки і зібраних навколо неї …
British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse QuestingSireHard SpunGrandsireDanzigDamChercheuseDamsireSeeking the GoldSexFillyFoaled13 April 2009CountryUnited KingdomColourBayBreederDarley StudOwnerGodolphin RacingTrainerJohn GosdenKiaran McLaughlinRecord11:4-2-1Earnings£565,135Major winsCoaching Club American Oaks (2012)Alabama Stakes (2012)AwardsAmerican Champion Three-Year-Old Filly (2012) Questing (foaled 2009) is a British-bred Thoroughbred filly. After beginning her career in England she was transf…
Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2017-05) Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress är den amerikanska kongressens biografiska databas. I det kompletta biografiska uppslagsverket ingår uppgifter om alla tidigare och nuvarande ledamöter av USA:s kongres…
British television variety show Tonight at the London PalladiumAlso known asSunday Night at the London PalladiumThe London Palladium ShowSunday Night at the PalladiumGenreVariety showCreated byVal ParnellPresented byOriginal series:Tommy Trinder (1955–1958)Bruce Forsyth (1958–1960, 1961–1964, 1998, 2000)Don Arrol (1960–1961)Norman Vaughan (1962–1965, 1974)Jimmy Tarbuck (1965–1967)Jim Dale (1973–1974)Ted Rogers (1974)Revived series:Bradley Walsh (2014–2017)Stephen Mulhern (2014)Ja…
Veterinary school in France École Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortTypePublic veterinary schoolEstablished1765PrincipalChristophe DegueurceStudents800LocationMaisons-Alfort, Ile-de-France, FranceAffiliationsParis-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne UniversityWebsitewww.vet-alfort.fr The entrance gate The National veterinary school of Alfort (French: École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort or ENVA) is a French public institution of scientific research and higher education in veterinary medicine, located in…
United Nations Security Council resolution United Nations resolution adopted in 2002 UN Security CouncilResolution 1399African Great Lakes regionDate19 March 2002Meeting no.4,495CodeS/RES/1399 (Document)SubjectThe situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the CongoVoting summary15 voted forNone voted againstNone abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France Russia United Kingdom United StatesNon-permanent members Bulgari…