植物油

植物油（英語：Vegetable oil），由植物來源取得的油脂，通常是由植物種子中取得，主要成分三酸甘油脂依來源不同有多種脂肪酸組合。植物油一詞有時會特別用來指在室溫下會保持液體形態的植物來源油脂（Plant oil），而在室溫下會保持固體形態的則稱為植物脂（Plant fat）。人類從很古老的時代就開始使用植物油，主要用於烹調食物之用。熱帶植物油普遍相較於溫寒帶植物油，通常含有較多比例的飽和脂肪酸，因為其於高溫下較為穩定，細胞膜脂結構較不易破壞^[1]。

提取

将食用油（主要为甘油三酯）从植物中提取出来，有压榨、溶剂提取等方式，出油率各不相同。

不同方式榨取长叶紫荆木（英语：Madhuca longifolia）种子油的效率对比^[2]
方式	出油率
Ghani（见下）	20–30%
榨油机	34–37%
溶剂	40–43%

机械压榨

机械压榨在工业上一般是使用榨油机（英语：expeller pressing），但螺旋压力机、冲压榨油机（英语：ram press (food)）、ghani（印度传统，动物驱动杵臼）等也有使用。机械榨油启动成本低，在工业化程度低的发展中国家和小作坊中较常用，其中印度较常使用ghani。^[3]

冷壓、初榨

冷壓初榨是植物油（如橄欖油）的處理方式，冷壓是榨油時，將溫度控制在攝氏60度到80度（而不是一般熱壓的攝氏200度以上），油品可以保存較久，但生產需要的時間較長^[4]，初榨則是指原材料第一次榨取時得到的油品^[4]。

溶剂萃取

大规模的工业植物油生产常用的是化学提取法，将输入材料打碎后使用溶剂进行萃取。这类做法出油更多、速度更快、单位成本也更低。目前最常用的溶剂是己烷。在萃取后，食用油会被加热到约300 °F（149 °C），通过蒸发去除溶剂残留。^[5]

超臨界二氧化碳作为一种无毒绿色溶剂，正被研究用于工业规模的产油。^[6]

产量

处理

去味

对植物油进行精炼时，一般将其在接近真空中加热到烟点附近或约450 °F（232 °C），并在容器底部加入少量水。^[7]这样的低压蒸汽蒸餾（：蒸汽蒸餾）可以去除油中可溶于水的杂质，包括带来油耗味的游离脂肪酸，起到除色、除味的效果。几乎所有现代的食用油，如大豆油、玉米油、芥花油，都经过去味处理。这样做的坏处是可能移除油中的一些天然组分，并且会稍稍提升反式脂肪含量。^[8]^[9]^[10]

氢化

成分

植物油本表列出每100克植物油中各种成分的含量，单位为克（另有标记除外）；所有数据四舍五入保留一位小数，-表示无数据来源。
名称	主要原料	数据来源	饱和脂肪酸	单不饱和脂肪酸	多不饱和脂肪酸			反式脂肪酸	α-生育酚（英语：alpha-Tocopherol）（毫克）	维生素K1 （微克）
名称	主要原料	数据来源	饱和脂肪酸	单不饱和脂肪酸	总量	其中： ω-3脂肪酸	其中： ω-6脂肪酸	反式脂肪酸	α-生育酚（英语：alpha-Tocopherol）（毫克）	维生素K1 （微克）
扁桃仁油	扁桃仁	旧标准参考^[11]	8.2	69.9	17.4	-	-	-	39.2	7
杏仁油	杏仁	旧标准参考^[12]	6.3	60	29.3	-	-	-	4	0
牛油果油	鳄梨	旧标准参考^[13]	11.6	70.6	13.5	-	-	-	0	0
芥花籽油	油菜	基础数据^[14]	6.6	62.6	25.3	7.5	17.8	0	17.3	0
椰子油	椰子	基础数据^[15]	82.5	6.3	1.7	0	1.7	0	0.1	0.6
玉米油	玉米	基础数据^[16]	13.4	27.7	52.9	1	51.9	0	22.6	0
食用棉籽油	棉花属	旧标准参考^[17]	25.9	17.8	51.9	-	-	-	35.3	24.7
冷榨亚麻籽油	亚麻	旧标准参考^[18]	9	18.4	67.8	53.4	14.3	0.1	0.5	9.3
葡萄籽油	葡萄	旧标准参考^[19]	9.6	16.1	69.9	-	-	-	28.8	0
榛子油	榛子	旧标准参考^[20]	7.4	78	10.2	-	-	-	47.2	0
芥末油	芥菜籽	旧标准参考^[21]	11.6	59.2	21.2	-	-	-	0	0
淡橄榄油	油橄榄	基础数据^[22]	15.8	66.6	10.4	0.6	9.7	0.1	20.9	26
特级初榨橄榄油	油橄榄	基础数据^[23]	15.4	69.2	9.1	0.7	8.4	0	0	0
棕榈油	油棕	旧标准参考^[24]	49.3	37	9.3	-	-	-	15.9	8
花生油	花生	基础数据^[25]	16.2	57.1	19.9	0.3	19.6	0.2	15.2	4.2
罂粟籽油	罂粟籽	旧标准参考^[26]	13.5	19.7	62.4	-	-	-	11.4	0
稻米油	米糠	旧标准参考^[27]	19.7	39.3	35	-	-	-	32.3	24.7
红花籽油	红花	基础数据^[28]	7.7	71.6	13.8	0.2	13.6	0.1	46	5.3
芝麻油	芝麻	旧标准参考^[29]	14.2	39.7	41.7	-	-	-	1.4	13.6
乳木果油	乳木果	旧标准参考^[30]	46.6	44	5.2	-	-	-	0	0
大豆油	大豆	基础数据^[31]	14.9	22.1	57.6	6.6	50.9	0	12.2	0
葵花籽油	葵花籽	基础数据^[32]	9	63.4	20.7	0.2	20.5	0.1	68.5	6.9
山茶油	油茶	旧标准参考^[33]	21.1	51.5	23	-	-	-	0	0
番茄籽油	番茄	旧标准参考^[34]	19.7	22.8	53.1	-	-	-	3.8	0
核桃油	核桃	旧标准参考^[35]	9.1	22.8	63.3	-	-	-	0.4	15
小麦胚芽油	小麦	旧标准参考^[36]	18.8	15.1	61.7	-	-	-	149.4	24.7

参考文献

^ 植物在逆境下的生理反應（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）清華大學生命科學院。
^ B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman. Illipe. Minor oil crops. FAO. 1992 [2006-11-12]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-02）.
^ Janet Bachmann. Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers. [2006-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-24）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 「冷壓初榨」到底是什麼意思？無毒專家：我家不吃沙拉油的原因是.... [2016-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.
^ Polyunsaturated Fats. Clark's Nutrition. [March 13, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）.
^ Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose. Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2006, 83 (10): 863–868. S2CID 59940212. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6.
^ Feuge, R. O. Vegetable Oils and Fats for Edible Use. usda.gov. [March 13, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-19）. Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450° F. and maintained under a pressure of 0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.
^ Gupta, Monoj K. Practical guide to vegetable oil processing Second. Amsterdam. 2017. ISBN 978-1-63067-051-1. OCLC 974497799.
^ Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway. Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. 2008 [2022-08-16]. ISBN 978-0-12-804352-3. OCLC 491265615. （原始内容存档于2023-06-28）.
^ Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [2021-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
^ FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

外部链接

参见

[1] 植物在逆境下的生理反應（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）清華大學生命科學院。

[2] B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman. Illipe. Minor oil crops. FAO. 1992 [2006-11-12]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-02）.

[3] Janet Bachmann. Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers. [2006-07-31]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-24）.

[ARTL000021771-4] 4.0 ^4.1 「冷壓初榨」到底是什麼意思？無毒專家：我家不吃沙拉油的原因是.... [2016-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.

[5] Polyunsaturated Fats. Clark's Nutrition. [March 13, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-19）.

[6] Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose. Pilot-scale supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of wheat germ oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2006, 83 (10): 863–868. S2CID 59940212. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6.

[7] Feuge, R. O. Vegetable Oils and Fats for Edible Use. usda.gov. [March 13, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-19）. Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450° F. and maintained under a pressure of 0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.

[8] Gupta, Monoj K. Practical guide to vegetable oil processing Second. Amsterdam. 2017. ISBN 978-1-63067-051-1. OCLC 974497799.

[9] Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway. Soybeans : chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. 2008 [2022-08-16]. ISBN 978-0-12-804352-3. OCLC 491265615. （原始内容存档于2023-06-28）.

[10] Chapter 5 : Processing and refining edible oils. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [2021-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）.

[11] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[12] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[13] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[14] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[15] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[16] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[17] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[18] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[19] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[20] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[21] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[22] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[23] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[24] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[25] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[26] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[27] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[28] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[29] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[30] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[31] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[32] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[33] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[34] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[35] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

[36] FoodData Central. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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植物油

提取

机械压榨

冷壓、初榨

溶剂萃取

产量

处理

去味

氢化

成分

参考文献

外部链接

参见

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