Outline of immunology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:

Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.[1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

Essence of immunology

Immunology

• Branch of Biomedical science
• Immune system
• Immunity

1. Branches of immunology:

1. General Immunology 2. Basic Immunology 3. Advanced Immunology 4. Medical Immunology 5. Pharmaceutical Immunology 9. Clinical Immunology 6. Environmental Immunology 8. Cellular and Molecular Immunology 9. Food and Agricultural Immunology

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• Classical immunology
• Clinical immunology
• Computational immunology
• Diagnostic immunology
• Evolutionary immunology
• Systems immunology
• Immunomics
• Immunoproteomics
• Immunophysics
• Immunochemistry
• Ecoimmunology
• Immunopathology
• Nutritional immunology
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Reproductive immunology
• Circadian immunology
• Immunotoxicology
• Palaeoimmunology
• Tissue-based immunology

• Testicular immunology - Testes
• Immunodermatology - Skin
• Intravascular immunology - Blood
• Osteoimmunology - Bone
• Mucosal immunology - Mucosal surfaces

• Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system - Respiratory tract

• Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system
• Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye
• Cancer immunology/Immunooncology - Tumors

History of immunology

History of immunology

• Timeline of immunology

General immunological concepts

• Immunity:

• Immunity against:

• Pathogens
  • Pathogenic bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
• Parasites
• Tumors
• Allergens
• Self-proteins

• Autoimmunity
• Alloimmunity
• Cross-reactivity

• Tolerance

• Central tolerance
• Peripheral tolerance
• Clonal anergy
• Clonal deletion
• Tolerance in pregnancy
• Immunodeficiency

• Antigen

• Antigenicity
• Immunogen
• Superantigen
• Allergen
• Hapten
• Epitope

• Linear
• Conformational
• Mimotope

• Tumor antigen
• Antigen-antibody interaction

• Immunogenetics

• Affinity maturation

• Somatic hypermutation
• Clonal selection

• V(D)J recombination

• Artemis complex
• Recombination-activating gene

• RAG1
• RAG2

• Recombination signal sequences

• Junctional diversity
• Immunoglobulin class switching
• Allelic exclusion
• Polyclonal response

• Phagocytosis

• Opsonin

• Intrinsic immunity
• Leukocyte extravasation
• Cross-presentation
• Immune repertoire
• Original antigenic sin
• Antigen presentation
• Immunological synapse
• Co-stimulation

Components of the immune system

Immune system

  Adaptive immune system

Adaptive immune system

• Humoral immunity

• Antibodies

• Kinds of antibodies

• Monoclonal antibodies
• Polyclonal antibodies
• Autoantibody
• Microantibody
• Neutralizing antibody

• Classification

• Allotype
• Isotype
• Idiotype

• Functions

• Antibody opsonization
• Neutralisation

• Regions

• Paratope
• Complementarity-determining region (CDRs)
• Hypervariable region
• Framework region
• Fab Region
• Fc Region

• Polyclonal B cell response

• Cell-mediated immunity

  Innate immune system

Innate immune system

• Complement system

• Classical complement pathway
• Mannan-binding lectin pathway
• Alternate complement pathway
• Complement membrane attack complex

• Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.)

• Antimicrobial peptides
• Defensins
• Lysozyme

• Inflammation

• Inflammatory reflex
• Inflammasome
• Granuloma
• Acute-phase proteins

• Amyloid

• SAP
• SAA

• Positive

• Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
• Alpha 1-antitrypsin
• Alpha 2-macroglobulin
• C-reactive protein
• Ceruloplasmin
• C3
• Ferritin
• Fibrin
• Haptoglobin
• Hemopexin
• Orosomucoid

• Negative

• Serum albumin
• Transferrin

Organs of the immune system

Lymphatic system

  Primary lymphoid organs

Primary lymphoid organs

• Thymus - Site of T cell maturation
• Bone marrow - Site of haematopoiesis and B cell maturation

  Secondary lymphoid organs

Secondary lymphoid organs

• Spleen
  • White pulp
  • Red pulp
  • Marginal zone
• Lymph nodes
• Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

• Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Cells of the immune system

White blood cells

  Myeloid cells

Main articles: Myeloid cells and Phagocytes

See also: Sentinel cell

• Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Mast cells
• Monocytes
• Macrophages

• Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages)

• Adipose tissue macrophages
• Kupffer cell - Liver
• Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung
• Langerhans cell - Skin
• Dermal macrophage - Dermis
• Microglia - CNS
• Perivascular macrophage
• Meningeal macrophage - Meninges
• Hofbauer cell - Placenta
• Osteoclasts - Bone
• Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow
• Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen
• Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen
• Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp
• Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp

• Giant cells

• Foreign-body giant cell
• Langhans giant cell
• Touton giant cells

• Epithelioid cells
• Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro

• Dendritic Cells

• Conventional Dendritic Cells
• Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

  Lymphoid cells

Lymphoid cells

• B cells
  • Plasma B cells
  • Memory B cells
  • B-1 cells
  • B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to)
  • Marginal-zone B cells
  • Follicular B cells
• T cells
  • Naive T cells
  • Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells
    • Th1 cells
    • Th2 cells
    • Th3 cells
    • Th17 cells
    • T_FH cells - Follicular helper T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells
  • Memory T cells
  • Regulatory T cells
  • Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)
  • γδ T cells
  • Mucosal associated invariant T cells
• Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)
  • Group 1 ILC
    • Natural killer cells (NK cells)
  • Group 2 ILC
    • Nuocyte
  • Group 3 ILC
    • Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)

  Others

(Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions)

• Stromal cells

• Lymph node stromal cells
• Follicular dendritic cells

• Epithelial cells
• Pericytes
• Microfold cells (M cells)

  Hematopoiesis

Main articles: Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic stem cell

See also: Leukopoiesis, Extramedullary hematopoiesis, and Cellular differentiation

• Lymphopoiesis

• Lymphoblast
• Prolymphocyte

• T cell development

• Thymocyte

• B cell development

• Pre-pro-B cell
• Early pro-B cell
• Late pro-B cell
• Large pre-B cell
• Small pre-B cell
• Immature B cell

• Myelopoiesis

• Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM)

• Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM)

• Granulopoiesis

• Myeloblast (CFU-G)
• Promyelocyte
• Myelocyte
• Metamyelocyte
• Band cell

• Monocytopoiesis

• Monoblast (CFU-M)

• CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor

• Promonocyte

• CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor)
• CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor)
• Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP)

• Megakaryocytopoiesis

• CFU-Meg
• Megakaryoblast
• Promegakaryocyte
• Megakaryocyte
• Thrombopoiesis

• Thrombocyte (Platelets)

• Erythropoiesis

• Proerythroblast
• Normoblast
• Reticulocyte

• CFU-Mast

• Mast cell precursors

Molecules of the immune system

Immune receptors

Main articles: Immune receptor and co-receptors

See also: List of immune receptors

   Antigen receptors

• B cells

• Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR)
• Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain
• Co-receptors

• Stimulatory

• CD21
• CD19
• CD81

• Inhibitory

• CD22

• Accessory molecule (CD79)

• Ig-α (CD79A)
• Ig-β (CD79B)

• T cells

• Antigen receptor - T cell receptor (TCR)

• Subunits - TRA@ / TRB@ / TRD@ / TRG@

• Co-receptors

• CD8 (CD8α / CD8β)
• CD4

• Accessory molecules

• CD3

• Subunits - one CD3γ / one CD3δ / two CD3ε

• ζ-chain (CD247, CD3ζ, TCRζ)

   Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Pattern recognition receptor

See also: List of pattern recognition receptors

See also: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern and Damage-associated molecular pattern

• Membrane-bound PRRs

• Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

• TLR1
• TLR2
• TLR3
• TLR4
• TLR5
• TLR6
• TLR7
• TLR8
• TLR9
• TLR10
• TLR11
• TLR12
• TLR13

• C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) [2][3]

See also: C-type lectin

• Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors

• MRC1
• MRC2
• DEC205 (CD205)

• Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family

• DC-SIGN (CD209)
• Langerin (CD207)
• CLEC10A (CD301, MGL)
• CLEC5A (MDL1)

• Dectin 1 subfamily

• Dectin 1 (CLEC7A)
• MICL (CLEC12A)
• CLEC2
• DNGR1 (CLEC9A)

• DCIR subfamily

• Dectin 2 (CLEC6A)
• BDCA2 (CD303)
• Mincle (CLEC4E)
• DCIR (CLEC4A)

• Scavenger receptors

• Class A - Trimers

• MSR1 (SCARA1)
• MARCO (SCARA2)
• SCARA3
• SCARA4 (COLEC12)
• SCARA5

• Class B - Two transmembrane domains

• SCARB1
• SCARB2
• CD36 (SCARB3)

• Others

• CD68
• LOX-1

• Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

• FPR1
• FPR2
• FPR3

• Cytoplasmic PRRs

• NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

• NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain)

• CIITA

• NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain)

• NAIP

• NLRC (C for CARD domain)

• NOD1
• NOD2
• NLRC3
• NLRC4 (IPAF)
• NLRC5

• NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)

• NLRP1
• NLRP2
• NLRP3
• NLRP4
• NLRP5
• NLRP6
• NLRP7
• NLRP8
• NLRP9
• NLRP10
• NLRP11
• NLRP12
• NLRP13
• NLRP14

• NLRX

• NLRX1

• RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with dsRNA

• RIG-I
• MDA5
• LGP2

• Secreted PRRs

• Complement system (see complement proteins section)
• Collectins

• Mannan-binding lectin (MBL)
• Surfactant protein A (SP-A)
• Surfactant protein D (SP-D)
• CL-L1
• CL-P1
• CL-K1

• Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)[4]

• PGLYRP1
• PGLYRP2
• PGLYRP3
• PGLYRP4

• Ficolins

• FCN1
• FCN2
• FCN3

   Complement receptors

Complement receptor

• CR1 (CD35)
• CR2 (CD21)
• CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
• CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
• CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family)
• Anaphylatoxin receptors

• C3a receptor
• C5a receptor (CD88)
• C5AR2

   Fc receptors

Fc receptor

See also: List of Fc receptors

• Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR)

• FcγRI (CD64)
• FcγRIIA (CD32A)
• FcγRIIB (CD32B)
• FcγRIIIA (CD16a)
• FcγRIIIB (CD16b)
• FcγRT (Neonatal Fc receptor)

• Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR)

• FcαRI (CD89, FCAR)
• Fcα/μR

• Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR)

• FcεRI - Tetramer: FCER1A / FCER1B / two FCER1G
• FcεRII (CD23)

• Secreted Fc receptors

• Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig)

• Fc receptor-like molecules

• FCRL1
• FCRL2
• FCRL3
• FCRL4
• FCRL5
• FCRL6
• FCRLA
• FCRLB

   Cytokine receptors

Cytokine receptor

See also: List of cytokine receptors

• Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits

• Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132)

• IL2R - Heterotrimer: IL2RA (CD25) / IL2RB (CD122) / γ_c
• IL4R / IL13R - Heterodimer: IL4RA / (IL13RA1/IL13RA2)
• IL7R - Heterodimer: IL7RA (CD127) / γ-chain
• IL9R - Heterodimer: IL9R / γ-chain
• IL15R - Heterotrimer: IL15RA / IL2RB / γ-chain
• IL21R - Heterodimer: IL21R / γ-chain

• Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131)

• IL3R - Heterodimer: IL3RA / β-chain
• IL5R - Heterodimer: IL5RA / β-chain
• GM-CSFR (CD116) - Heterdimer: GM-CSFRA / β-chain

• Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130)

• IL6R - Heterodimer: IL6RA / gp130
• IL11R - Heterodimer: IL11RA / gp130
• IL27R - Heterodimer: IL27RA / gp130
• OSMR - Heterodimer: OSMR / gp130
• LIFR (CD118) - Heterodimer: LIFR / gp130

• IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1)

• IL12R - Heterodimer: IL12RB1 / IL12RB2
• IL23R - Heterodimer: IL23RA / IL12RB1

• Others

• EPOR (Erythropoietin receptor) - Homodimer
• G-CSFR (CD114) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• MPL (CD110, Thrombopoietin receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• GHR (Growth hormone receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding
• PRLR (Prolactin receptor)

• Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif

• Interferon receptors

• Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2
• Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2

• Interleukin receptors

• IL10R - Heterodimer: IL10RA / IL10RB
• IL20R - Heterodimer: IL20RA / IL20RB
• IL22R - Heterodimer: IL22RA1 / IL10RB
• IL28R - Heterodimer: IL28RA / IL10RB

• Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members)

• CSF1
• CD117 (c-KIT)
• IL1 receptor family (IL1R)

• IL1R type 1 (CD121a)
• IL1R type 2 (CD121b)
• IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP)
• IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2)

• IL18R - Heterodimer: IL18R1 / IL18RAP

• IL17 family

• IL17RA
• IL17RB
• IL17RC
• IL17RD
• IL17RE

• Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors

TNFRSF1A (CD120a) TNFRSF1B (CD120b) TNFRSF3 (Lymphotoxin βR) TNFRSF4 (CD134, OX40) TNFRSF5 (CD40) TNFRSF6 (FAS)

TNFRSF6B TNFRSF7 (CD27) TNFRSF8 (CD30) TNFRSF9 (CD137) TNFRSF10A (CD261) TNFRSF10B (CD262)

TNFRSF10C (CD263) TNFRSF10D (CD264) TNFRSF11A (CD265, RANK) TNFRSF11B (Osteoprotegerin) TNFRSF12A (CD266) TNFRSF13B (CD267)

TNFRSF13C TNFRSF14 (CD268) TNFRSF16 (LNGRF) TNFRSF17 (CD269) TNFRSF18 TNFRSF19

TNFRSF21 TNFRSF25 TNFRSF27

• Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors

• CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)

CCR1 CCR2

CCR3 CCR4

CCR5 CCR6

CCR7 CCR8

CCR9 CCR10

• CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs)

CXCR1 CXCR2

CXCR3 CXCR4

CXCR5

CXCR6

CXCR7

• C chemokine receptors (XCRs)

• XCR1

• CX₃C chemokine receptors (CX₃CRs)

• CX₃CR1 (Fractalkine receptor)

• TGF beta receptors - Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors

• TGFBR1
• TGFBR2
• TGFBR3

   Natural killer cell receptors

Natural killer cell receptors

• Killer activation receptors (KARs)

• Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)

• NCR1
• NCR2
• NCR3

• Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s)

• NKG2A
• NKG2B
• NKG2C
• NKG2D
• NKG2E
• NKG2H

• Activating KIRs

• KIR2DS1

• Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs)

• Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail

• KIR2DL1
• KIR2DL2
• KIR2DL3
• KIR2DL4
• KIR2DL5A
• KIR2DL5B

• Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail

• KIR2DS1
• KIR2DS2
• KIR2DS3
• KIR2DS4
• KIR2DS5

• Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail

• KIR3DL1
• KIR3DL2
• KIR3DL3

• Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail

• KIR3DS1

   Others

• Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs)

• LILR subfamily A

• LILRA1
• LILRA2
• LILRA3
• LILRA4
• LILRA5
• LILRA6

• LILR subfamily B

• LILRB1
• LILRB2
• LILRB3
• LILRB4
• LILRB5

• Eicosanoid receptors

Antibodies

Antibodies

• Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  • IgA1
  • IgA2
• Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
• Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
• Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  • IgG1
  • IgG2
  • IgG3
  • IgG4
• Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Cytokines

Cytokine

See also: Proinflammatory cytokine, Monokine, and Lymphokine

• Chemokines

See also: Chemotaxis

• CC chemokines

CCL1 CCL2 CCL3 CCL4 CCL5 CCL6

CCL7 CCL8 CCL9/CCL10 CCL11 CCL12 CCL13

CCL14 CCL15 CCL16 CCL17 CCL18

CCL19 CCL20 CCL21 CCL22 CCL23

CCL24 CCL25 CCL26 CCL27 CCL28

• CXC chemokines

CXCL1 CXCL2 CXCL3 CXCL4

CXCL5 CXCL6 CXCL7 CXCL8

CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11

CXCL12 CXCL13 CXCL14

CXCL15 CXCL16 CXCL17

• C chemokines

• XCL1
• XCL2

• CX₃C chemokines

• CX₃CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin)

• Interferons
  • Interferon type I
    • IFN-α
    • IFN-β
    • IFN-ω
  • Interferon type II
    • IFN-γ
• Interleukins

IL1A IL1B IL1RA IL2 IL3 IL4 IL5 IL6 IL7 IL8

IL9 IL10 IL11 IL12 IL13 IL14 IL15 IL16 IL17A IL17F

IL18 IL19 IL20 IL21 IL22 IL23 IL24 IL25 IL26

IL27 IL28A IL28B IL29 IL30 IL31 IL32 IL33 IL34

IL35 IL36A IL36B IL36G IL36RA IL37 TSLP LIF (Leukemia inhibitory factor) OSM (Oncostatin M)

• Tumor necrosis factors

TNFA TNFB (Lymphotoxin-α) TNFC (Lymphotoxin-β) TNFSF4 (OX40L)

TNFSF5 (CD40L) TNFSF6 (FasL) TNFSF7 (CD70, CD27L) TNFSF8 (CD153, CD30L)

TNFSF9 (4-1BBL) TNFSF10 (TRAIL) TNFSF11 (RANK-L, OPG-L) TNFSF12 (TWEAK)

TNFSF13 (APRIL, CD256) TNFSF13B (BAFF, CD257) TNFSF14 (LIGHT, CD258)

TNFSF15 (VEGI) TNFSF18 EDA

• Colony stimulating factors

• CSF1 (M-CSF)
• CSF2 (GM-CSF)
• CSF3 (G-CSF)

MHCs

Major histocompatibility complex

See also: Human leukocyte antigen

• MHC class I

• HLA-A
• HLA-B
• HLA-C
• HLA-E
• HLA-F
• HLA-G

• MHC class II

• HLA-DM
  • α
  • β
• HLA-DO
  • α
  • β
• HLA-DP
  • α1
  • β1
• HLA-DQ
  • α1
  • α2
  • β1
  • β2
  • β3
• HLA-DR
  • α
  • β1
  • β3
  • β4
  • β5

Complement proteins

• Early stage (divided by pathway)

• Classical complement pathway

• C1Q complex - C1R / C1S
• C4 - C4a
• C2

• Mannan-binding lectin pathway

• MASP1 / MASP2
• Mannan-binding lectin

• Alternative complement pathway

• Factor B
• Factor D
• Factor P (Properdin)

• Middle stage

• C3 - C3a / C3b / iC3b
• C5 - C5a
• C3-convertase
• C5-convertase

• Late stage

• Membrane attack complex (MAC)

• C6
• C7
• C8
• C9

• Complement pathway inhibitors

• C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
• Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
• Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
• C4BP - Classical, Lectin
• Factor H - Alternate

Antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides

Transcription factors

• NF-κB
• AP-1
• Interferon regulatory factors (IRF)
• NFAT

• NFATc1
• NFATc2
• NFATc3
• NFATc4
• NFAT5

• T-bet - T_H1 differentiation
• GATA3 - T_H2 differentiation
• RORγT - T_H17 differentiation
• BCL6 - T_FH differentiation
• FoxP3 - T_reg differentiation

Signaling pathways

• JAK-STAT signaling pathway

• TGF beta signaling pathway
• TLR signalling pathway

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Cell adhesion molecules

See also: List of cell adhesion molecules

• Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits

• Alpha subunits

• A1
• A2
• A3
• A4
• A5
• A6
• A7
• A8
• A9
• A10
• A11
• AD
• AE
• AL (CD11a)
• AM (CD11b)
• AV
• AX (CD11c)

• Beta subunits

• B1
• B2
• B3
• B4
• B5
• B6
• B7
• B8

• Dimers

• Cytoadhesin receptor

• Integrin alpha6beta4
• Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3

• Fibrinogen receptor

• Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18

• Fibronectin receptor:

• Integrin alpha2beta1
• Integrin alpha4beta1
• Integrin alpha5beta1

• Leukocyte-adhesion receptor:

• LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a / CD18
• Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
• Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18

• Very late antigen receptor:

• Integrin alpha1beta1
• Integrin alpha2beta1
• Integrin alpha3beta1
• VLA-4 - Heterodimer: CD49d / CD29
• Alpha-5 beta-1
• Integrin alpha6beta1

• Vitronectin receptor:

• Alpha-v beta-3
• Alpha-v beta-5

• Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs

• SynCAMs - Synaptic cell adhesion molecules
• NCAMs - Neural cell adhesion molecules
• Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)

• ICAM-1
• ICAM2
• ICAM3
• ICAM4
• ICAM5

• VCAM-1 (CD106)
• PECAM-1 (CD31)
• L1 family

• L1-CAM
• CHL1
• Neurofascin
• NrCAM

• SIGLEC family - Sialic acid binding lectins

• SIGLEC1 (Sialoadhesin)
• SIGLEC2 (CD22)
• SIGLEC3 (CD33)
• SIGLEC4 (MAG)
• SIGLEC5
• SIGLEC6
• SIGLEC7
• SIGLEC8
• SIGLEC9
• SIGLEC10
• SIGLEC11
• SIGLEC12
• SIGLEC14
• SIGLEC15

• CTX family

• CTX
• Junctional adhesion molecule
• BT-IGSF
• CAR
• VSIG
• ESAM

• Nectins

• PVRL1
• PVRL2
• PVRL3
• Nectin-4
• CADM1
• CADM3
• NECL3
• NECL4
• NECL5

• CD2 family

• CD2
• CD58
• Signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAMs)

• SLAMF1 (CD150)
• SLAMF2 (CD48)
• SLAMF3 (CD229, LY9)
• SLAMF4 (CD244)
• SLAMF5 (CD84)
• SLAMF6 (CD352)
• SLAMF7 (CD319)
• SLAMF8 (CD353)
• SLAMF9

• Cadherins
• Selectins

• E-selectin
• L-selectin
• P-selectin

• Others

• Lymphocyte homing receptors

• CD34
• GLYCAM-1
• Addressin (MAdCAM-1)

• CD44
• Carcinoembryonic antigens

• CEACAM1
• CEACAM3
• CEACAM4
• CEACAM5
• CEACAM6
• CEACAM7
• CEACAM8
• CEACAM16
• CEACAM18
• CEACAM19
• CEACAM20
• CEACAM21

• CD24
• CD44
• CD146
• CD164

Others

• CD69
• Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors

• S1PR1
• S1PR2
• S1PR3
• S1PR4
• S1PR5

• Co-stimulatory molecules

• CD80 - Expressed by APCs
• CD86 - Expressed by APCs
• CD28 family receptors

• CD28 - Expressed by T Cells
• CD278 (ICOS) - Homodimer, expressed by T Cells
• CTLA-4 (CD152)
• PD-1 (CD279)

Immune system disorders

Immune disorder

Hypersensitivity and Allergy

Main articles: Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, and Autoimmune disease

• Type 1 hypersensitivity / Allergy / Atopy

• Foreign (Allergen)

• Atopic eczema
• Allergic urticaria
• Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)
• Allergic asthma
• Anaphylaxis
• Food allergy

• Milk allergy
• Egg allergy
• Peanut allergy
• Tree nut allergy
• Seafood allergy
• Soy allergy
• Wheat allergy
• Garlic allergy

• Penicillin allergy

• Type 2 hypersensitivity / Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

• Foreign

• Pernicious anemia
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn

• Autoimmune

• Cytotoxic

• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Bullous pemphigoid
• Pemphigus vulgaris
• Rheumatic fever
• Goodpasture's syndrome

• Type 5 / Receptor mediated

• Graves' disease
• Myasthenia gravis

• Type 3 hypersensitivity / Immune complex

• Foreign

• Henoch–Schönlein purpura
• Hypersensitivity vasculitis
• Reactive arthritis
• Farmer's lung
• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
• Serum sickness
• Arthus reaction

• Autoimmune

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Subacute bacterial endocarditis
• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity)

• Foreign

• Allergic contact dermatitis
• Mantoux test

• Autoimmune

• Diabetes mellitus type 1
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Guillain–Barré syndrome
• Multiple sclerosis
• Coeliac disease
• Giant-cell arteritis

• GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease)

• Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease

• Unknown/Multiple types

• Foreign

• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
• Transplant rejection
• Latex allergy (I+IV)

• Autoimmune

• Sjögren's syndrome
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS1 / APS2)
• Autoimmune adrenalitis
• Systemic autoimmune disease

Immunodeficiency

Immunodeficiency

See also: Immunocompetence

• Primary immunodeficiency
• Acquired immunodeficiency
• Complement deficiency

Cancers of the immune system

Myeloid diseases

Inflammatory diseases

• Sepsis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Cytokine storm

Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders

Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders

Lymphatic organ disease

Immunologic techniques and tests

• Flow cytometry
• Mass cytometry
• Histology
• Adoptive cell transfer
• Experiments in immunology
• Genetically modified mouse
• Immunofluorescence
• Immunofixation
• Immunoadsorption
• MHC multimer
• Hybridoma technology

• Rabbit hybridoma
• Developmental studies hybridoma bank

Immunology and health

• Prevention
• Immunostimulants
• Immunotherapy

• Activation immunotherapy

• Cancer immunotherapy
• Autologous immune enhancement therapy

• Immunosuppression

• Sublingual immunotherapy
• Allergen immunotherapy
• Immunosuppressive drug

• Artificial induction of immunity
• Immunization

• Active immunotherapy
• Passive immunity

• Temporarily induced immunity
• Adoptive immunity

• Vaccination

• Vaccine-naive
• Vaccine
• Herd immunity
• Adjuvant

• Organ transplantation

• Allotransplant
• Transplant rejection

Immunologists

List of immunologists

Immunology lists

• List of autoimmune diseases
• List of immunologists
• List of viruses
• List of human clusters of differentiation
• List of vaccine ingredients
• List of allergens
• List of cytokines
• List of cytokine receptors
• List of pattern recognition receptors
• List of tissue-resident macrophages
• List of branches of immunology
• List of acute-phase proteins
• List of immune cells

References

1. Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
2. "HGNC Gene Group: C-type lectin domain containing". Retrieved 2019-08-30.
3. Geijtenbeek TB, Gringhuis SI (July 2009). "Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9 (7): 465–79. doi:10.1038/nri2569. PMC 7097056. PMID 19521399.
4. Royet J, Gupta D, Dziarski R (December 2011). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11 (12): 837–51. doi:10.1038/nri3089. PMID 22076558. S2CID 5266193.

External links

• BMC: Immunology- BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles.
• Nature Reviews Immunology (journal home)
• Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
• Overview at Medical College of Georgia
• MUGEN NoE murine models for immunological disease
• Transplantation Immunology^[permanent dead link‍] Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient (hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood).
• Online lectures in immunology University of South Carolina
• BRT-Burleson Research Technologies Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system.