Hyper-IgM syndrome type 2

Hyper IgM syndrome type 2
Immunoglobulin M
TypesHyper-IgM syndrome type 1,2,3,4 and 5[1][2][3][4][5]
Diagnostic methodMRI, Chest radiography and genetic testing[6]
TreatmentAllogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation[7]

Hyper IgM syndrome type 2 is a rare disease. Unlike other hyper-IgM syndromes, type 2 patients identified thus far did not present with a history of opportunistic infections. One would expect opportunistic infections in any immunodeficiency syndrome. The responsible genetic lesion is in the AICDA gene found at 12p13.[8]

Hyper IgM syndromes

Hyper IgM syndromes is a group of primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by defective CD40 signaling; via B cells affecting class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation. Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination deficiencies are characterized by elevated serum IgM levels and a considerable deficiency in Immunoglobulins G (IgG), A (IgA) and E (IgE). As a consequence, people with HIGM have an increased susceptibility to infections.[9][7][10]

Signs and symptoms

Hyper IgM syndrome can have the following syndromes:[6][11]

Cause

Class switch recombination

Different genetic defects cause HIgM syndrome, the vast majority are inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic trait and most with the condition are male.[7][1][2][3][12][4]

IgM is the form of antibody that all B cells produce initially before they undergo class switching. Healthy B cells efficiently switch to other types of antibodies as needed to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. In people with hyper IgM syndromes, the B cells keep making IgM antibodies because can not switch to a different antibody. This results in an overproduction of IgM antibodies and an underproduction of IgA, IgG, and IgE.[13][7]

Pathophysiology

CD40 is a costimulatory receptor on B cells that, when bound to CD40 ligand (CD40L), sends a signal to the B-cell receptor.[14] When there is a defect in CD40, this leads to defective T-cell interaction with B cells. Consequently, humoral immune response is affected. Patients are more susceptible to infection.[6]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hyper IgM syndrome can be done via the following methods and tests:[6]

Treatment

In terms of treatment for hyper IgM syndrome, there is the use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Additionally, anti-microbial therapy, use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, immunosuppressants, as well as other treatments, may be needed.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 308230 – Immunodeficiency With Hyper-IgM, TYPE 1; HIGM1". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 605258 – Immunodeficiency With Hyper-IgM, TYPE 2; HIGM2". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 606843 – Immunodeficiency With Hyper-IgM, TYPE 3; HIGM3". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  4. ^ a b "OMIM Entry – # 608106 – Immunodeficiency With Hyper-IgM, TYPE 5; HIGM5". omim.org. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  5. ^ "OMIM Entry – 608184 – Immunodeficiency With Hyper-IgM, Type 4; HIGM4". omim.org. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d "X-linked Immunodeficiency With Hyper IgM Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e Johnson, Judith; Filipovich, Alexandra H.; Zhang, Kejian (1 January 1993). "X-Linked Hyper IgM Syndrome". GeneReviews. PMID 20301576. Retrieved 12 November 2016.update 2013
  8. ^ Revy P, Muto T, Levy Y, et al. (September 2000). "Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2)". Cell. 102 (5): 565–75. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00079-9. hdl:11655/14257. PMID 11007475. S2CID 13092588.
  9. ^ a b Etzioni, Amos; Ochs, Hans D. (1 October 2004). "The Hyper IgM Syndrome—An Evolving Story". Pediatric Research. 56 (4): 519–525. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000139318.65842.4A. ISSN 0031-3998. PMID 15319456.
  10. ^ "Hyper-Immunoglobulin M (Hyper-IgM) Syndromes | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases". niaid.nih.gov. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  11. ^ Davies, E Graham; Thrasher, Adrian J (27 November 2016). "Update on the hyper immunoglobulin M syndromes". British Journal of Haematology. 149 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08077.x. ISSN 0007-1048. PMC 2855828. PMID 20180797.
  12. ^ Lougaris V, Badolato R, Ferrari S, Plebani A (2005). "Hyper immunoglobulin M syndrome due to CD40 deficiency: clinical, molecular, and immunological features". Immunol. Rev. 203: 48–66. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00229.x. PMID 15661021. S2CID 6678540.subscription needed
  13. ^ Reference, Genetics Home. "X-linked hyper IgM syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  14. ^ Reference, Genetics Home. "CD40 gene". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 27 November 2016.