Pemerkosaan genosidal

Pemerkosaan genosidal adalah tindakan sebuah kelompok yang melakukan tindak pemerkosaan massal pada masa perang terhadap pihak yang mereka anggap sebagai musuh sebagai bagian dari kampanye genosidal.^[1] Pada Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh,^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Perang Yugoslavia, Genosida Rwanda,^[3]^[6] Perang Sudara Irak dan Genosida Rohingya di Myanmar, pemerkosaan massal telah menjadi bagian integral dari konflik-konflik tersebut yang membawa konsep pemerkosaan genosidal ke kancah internasional.^[7] Meskipun pemerkosaan perang telah berulang kali terjadi dalam konflik sepanjang sejarah, peristiwa tersebut biasanya dipandang sebagai produk konflik, dan bukan bagian integral dari kebijakan militer.^[8]

Kekerasan terhadap wanita pada masa Pemisahan india juga dikutip sebagai contoh pemerkosaan genosidal.^[9]

Catatan kaki

Referensi

^ Totten & Bartrop 2007, hlm. 159–160.
^ Sharlach 2000, hlm. 92–93.
^ ^a ^b Sajjad 2012, hlm. 225.
^ Ghadbian 2002, hlm. 111.
^ Mookherjee 2012, hlm. 68.
^ Sharlach 2000, hlm. 90.
^ Miller 2009, hlm. 53.
^ Fisher 1996, hlm. 91–133.
^ R. Brass, Paul (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657.

Daftar pustaka

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Fisher, Siobhán K. (1996). "Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide". Duke Law Journal. 46 (1): 91–133. doi:10.2307/1372967. JSTOR 1372967.
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Leaning, Jennifer; Bartels, Susan; Mowafi, Hani (2009). "Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration". Dalam Susan Forbes Martin, John Tirman. Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Springer. hlm. 173–199. ISBN 978-9048128242.
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Russell-Brown, Sherrie L. (2003). "Rape as an Act of Genocide". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 21 (2).
Sajjad, Tazreena (2012). "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". Dalam Samuel Totten. Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (edisi ke-Reprint). Transaction. hlm. 219–248. ISBN 978-1412847599.
Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. doi:10.1080/713687893.
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Smith-Spark, Laura (8 December 2004). "How did rape become a weapon of war?". British Broadcasting Corporation. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2013.
Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313329678.
Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005). Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521673570.

[FOOTNOTETottenBartrop2007159–160-1] Totten & Bartrop 2007, hlm. 159–160.

[FOOTNOTESharlach200092–93-2] Sharlach 2000, hlm. 92–93.

[FOOTNOTESajjad2012225-3] Sajjad 2012, hlm. 225.

[FOOTNOTEGhadbian2002111-4] Ghadbian 2002, hlm. 111.

[FOOTNOTEMookherjee201268-5] Mookherjee 2012, hlm. 68.

[FOOTNOTESharlach200090-6] Sharlach 2000, hlm. 90.

[FOOTNOTEMiller200953-7] Miller 2009, hlm. 53.

[FOOTNOTEFisher199691–133-8] Fisher 1996, hlm. 91–133.

[9] R. Brass, Paul (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657.

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Pemerkosaan genosidal

Catatan kaki

Referensi

Daftar pustaka

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