Pemerkosaan genosidal

Pemerkosaan genosidal adalah tindakan sebuah kelompok yang melakukan tindak pemerkosaan massal pada masa perang terhadap pihak yang mereka anggap sebagai musuh sebagai bagian dari kampanye genosidal.[1] Pada Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh,[2][3][4][5] Perang Yugoslavia, Genosida Rwanda,[3][6] Perang Sudara Irak dan Genosida Rohingya di Myanmar, pemerkosaan massal telah menjadi bagian integral dari konflik-konflik tersebut yang membawa konsep pemerkosaan genosidal ke kancah internasional.[7] Meskipun pemerkosaan perang telah berulang kali terjadi dalam konflik sepanjang sejarah, peristiwa tersebut biasanya dipandang sebagai produk konflik, dan bukan bagian integral dari kebijakan militer.[8]

Kekerasan terhadap wanita pada masa Pemisahan india juga dikutip sebagai contoh pemerkosaan genosidal.[9]

Catatan kaki

Referensi

1. Totten & Bartrop 2007, hlm. 159–160.
2. Sharlach 2000, hlm. 92–93.
3. Sajjad 2012, hlm. 225.
4. Ghadbian 2002, hlm. 111.
5. Mookherjee 2012, hlm. 68.
6. Sharlach 2000, hlm. 90.
7. Miller 2009, hlm. 53.
8. Fisher 1996, hlm. 91–133.
9. R. Brass, Paul (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657. 

Daftar pustaka

• Allen, Beverly (1996). Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816628186. 
• Bisaz, Corsin (2012). The Concept of Group Rights in International Law: Groups as Contested Right-Holders, Subjects and Legal Persons. Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-9004228702. 
• Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-449-90820-4. 
• Card, Claudia (2008). "The Paradox of Genocidal Rape Aimed at Enforced Pregnancy". The Southern Journal of Philosophy. S1 (46): 176–189. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00162.x. 
• De Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2010). "Introduction". Dalam Anne-Marie De Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu. The Men Who Killed Me: Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1553653103. 
• Eftekhari, Shiva (2004). Rwanda, Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. 
• Fielding, Leila (2012). Female Génocidaires: What was the Nature and Motivations for Hutu Female. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3656324409. 
• Fisher, Siobhán K. (1996). "Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide". Duke Law Journal. 46 (1): 91–133. doi:10.2307/1372967. JSTOR 1372967. 
• Joeden-Forgey, Elisa Von (2010). "Gender and Genocide". Dalam Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses. The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199232116. 
• Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415353847. 
• Leaning, Jennifer; Bartels, Susan; Mowafi, Hani (2009). "Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration". Dalam Susan Forbes Martin, John Tirman. Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Springer. hlm. 173–199. ISBN 978-9048128242. 
• Miller, Sarah Clark (2009). "Atrocity, Harm, and resistance". Dalam Andrea Veltman, Kathryn Norlock. Evil, Political Violence, and Forgiveness: Essays in Honor of Claudia Card. Lexington. hlm. 53–76. ISBN 978-0739136508. 
• MacKinnon, Catherine A. (2006). "Genocide Rape Is Different Than War Rape". Center on Law & Globalization. 
• Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Ortbals, Candice D. (2012). "Rape as a Weapon of War and Genocide". Terrorism and Violent Conflict: Women's Agency, Leadership, and Responses. Springer. ISBN 978-1461456407. 
• Rothe, Dawn (2009). State Criminality: The Crime of All Crimes. Lexington. ISBN 978-0739126721. 
• Russell-Brown, Sherrie L. (2003). "Rape as an Act of Genocide". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 21 (2). 
• Sajjad, Tazreena (2012). "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". Dalam Samuel Totten. Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (edisi ke-Reprint). Transaction. hlm. 219–248. ISBN 978-1412847599. 
• Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. doi:10.1080/713687893. 
• Smith, Roger W. (2013). "Genocide and the Politics of Rape". Dalam Joyce Apsel, Ernesto Verdeja. Genocide Matters: Ongoing Issues and Emerging Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 82–105. ISBN 978-0415814966. 
• Smith-Spark, Laura (8 December 2004). "How did rape become a weapon of war?". British Broadcasting Corporation. Diakses tanggal 29 December 2013. 
• Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313329678. 
• Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005). Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521673570.