ParaHoxozoa

ParaHoxozoa; Rentang waktu: 605.2–0 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Ediakara-Sekarang
	Trichoplax adhaerens
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Subkerajaan:	Eumetazoa
Klad:	ParaHoxozoa
Klad
	Placozoa; Cnidaria; Triploblast/Bilateria;

ParaHoxozoa (atau Parahoxozoa) adalah klad hewan yang terdiri dari Bilateria, Placozoa, dan Cnidaria.^[1] Hubungan klad ini relatif terhadap dua garis keturunan hewan lainnya (Ctenophora dan Porifera) masih diperdebatkan. Beberapa studi Filogenomis telah menunjukkan bukti pendukung Ctenophora sebagai saudara Parahoxozoa dan Porifera sebagai kelompok saudara hewan lainnya (contoh ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]). Beberapa studi menunjukkan bukti pendukung Porifera sebagai saudara Parahoxozoa dan Ctenophora sebagai kelompok saudara hewan lainnya (contoh ^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]). Pohon di bawah ini, yang kongruen dengan sebagian besar studi filogenomis ini, menyampaikan ketidakpastian ini dengan politomi.

Choanozoa

Choanoflagellata

Parahoxozoa

	Cnidaria

	Bilateria

ParaHoxozoa atau Parahoxozoa

Meskipun gen "ParaHox" biasanya dirujuk dalam CamelCase dan makalah asli yang menamai klad tersebut menggunakan "ParaHoxozoa", format huruf awal tunggal "Parahoxozoa" telah menjadi lebih umum dalam literatur karena CamelCase tidak standar dalam tata nama zoologi.

Karakteristik

Parahoxozoa ditentukan oleh kemunculan (sub)kelas gen (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), serta Hox/ParaHox-ANTP yang merupakan asal-usul nama klade. Kemudian ini diusulkan^[24]^[25] dan diperdebatkan^[26] bahwa gen dari kelas yang sama (ANTP) sebagai Hox/ParaHox, gen NK dan gen Cdx Parahox, juga ada di Porifera, spons. Terlepas dari apakah gen ParaHox pernah diidentifikasi secara definitif, Parahoxozoa, seperti yang didefinisikan semula, adalah monofiletik dan oleh karena itu terus digunakan seperti itu.^[27]

Planula-acoel, triploblasty, dan kesamaan bilateria

Bilateria asli dihipotesiskan sebagai cacing yang tinggal di dasar dengan bukaan tubuh tunggal.^[28] Namun, sebuah saluran pencernaan mungkin sudah berkembang dengan Ctenophora.^[29] Saluran pencernaan mungkin telah berkembang dari sudut satu lubang dengan bibir yang menyatu. Contohnya Acoela mirip dengan larva planula dari beberapa Cnidaria, yang menunjukkan beberapa simetri bilateria. Mereka berbentuk seperti ulat, sama seperti Buddenbrockia dari filum Cnidaria.^[30]^[31]^[32] Placozoa telah dicatat menyerupai planula.^[33] Biasanya, "Planulozoa" tidak termasuk Placozoa, namun hal tersebut belum tentu. Pada kasus ini, Planulozoa bersifat sinonim dengan Parahoxozoa.^[34] Triploblasti berkembang sebelum radiasi Cnidara-Bilateria juga.^[35]

Referensi

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^ Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq089 . ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 2922619 . PMID 20378579.
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[Ryan-20102-1] Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo. 1 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 . PMID 20920347.

[PickPhilippe20102-2] Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A.; Morgenstern, B.; Manuel, M.; Worheide, G. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq089 . ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 2922619 . PMID 20378579.

[NosenkoSchreiber20132-3] Nosenko, Tetyana; Schreiber, Fabian; Adamska, Maja; Adamski, Marcin; Eitel, Michael; Hammel, Jörg; Maldonado, Manuel; Müller, Werner E.G.; Nickel, Michael; Schierwater, Bernd; Vacelet, Jean; Wiens, Matthias; Wörheide, Gert (2013). "Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 (1): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 23353073.

[Pisani-20152-4] Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (15 December 2015). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703.

[Feuda-20173-5] Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 . PMID 29199080.

[Simio-2017n2-6] Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 27 (7): 958–967. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031 . ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975.

[LeclèreHorin20192-7] Leclère, Lucas; Horin, Coralie; Chevalier, Sandra; Lapébie, Pascal; Dru, Philippe; Peron, Sophie; Jager, Muriel; Condamine, Thomas; Pottin, Karen; Romano, Séverine; Steger, Julia; Sinigaglia, Chiara; Barreau, Carine; Quiroga Artigas, Gonzalo; Ruggiero, Antonella; Fourrage, Cécile; Kraus, Johanna E. M.; Poulain, Julie; Aury, Jean-Marc; Wincker, Patrick; Quéinnec, Eric; Technau, Ulrich; Manuel, Michaël; Momose, Tsuyoshi; Houliston, Evelyn; Copley, Richard R. (2019). "The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (5): 801–810. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0833-2 . ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30858591.

[DunnHejnol20082-8] Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Matus, David Q.; Pang, Kevin; Browne, William E.; Smith, Stephen A.; Seaver, Elaine; Rouse, Greg W.; Obst, Matthias; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Haddock, Steven H. D.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Okusu, Akiko; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Wheeler, Ward C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..745D. doi:10.1038/nature06614. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18322464.

[HejnolObst20092-9] Hejnol, Andreas; Obst, Matthias; Stamatakis, Alexandros; Ott, Michael; Rouse, Greg W.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Martinez, Pedro; Baguñà, Jaume; Bailly, Xavier; Jondelius, Ulf; Wiens, Matthias; Müller, Werner E. G.; Seaver, Elaine; Wheeler, Ward C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W. (2009). "Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1677): 4261–4270. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0896. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2817096 . PMID 19759036.

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ParaHoxozoa

ParaHoxozoa atau Parahoxozoa

Karakteristik

Planula-acoel, triploblasty, dan kesamaan bilateria

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