Domain (biologi)

OrganismeDomainKerajaanFilumKelasOrdoFamiliGenusSpesies
Hierarki klasifikasi biologi makhluk hidup.

Domain atau ranah dalam klasifikasi biologis adalah tingkatan tertinggi dalam takson yang berada di atas kerajaan. Menurut sistem tiga domain yang diperkenalkan oleh Carl Woese (1928-2012), pohon kehidupan terdiri dari tiga domain[1] yaitu Archaea, Bacteria dan Eukarya.[2] Terdapat juga sistem dua domain yang terdiri dari Archaea dan Bacteria, dengan Eukarya dimasukkan kedalam Archaea.[3][4] Pada sistem tiga domain, Archaea dan Bacteria adalah mikroorganisme prokaryota unisel tanpa inti sel bermembran. Semua organisme yang memilik inti sel dan organel khusus inti membran dimasukkan kedalam Eukarya, dan disebut dengan nama eukaryota.

Sistem ini tidak mencakup bentuk kehidupan non-seluler, misal virus. Pendekatan lain untuk klasifikasi, yang berbeda dari sistem tiga domain, terdiri dari sistem dua kerajaan sebelumnya, yang menampilkan kerajaan Prokariota dan Eukariota, serta hipotesis eosit. Dalam hipotesis eosit, kehidupan dikategorikan ke dalam dua domain, Bakteri dan Arkea, dengan Eukarya dianggap sebagai cabang dalam Arkea.

Klasifikasi domain alternatif

Percabangan awal taksonomis Dua superdomain

(kontroversial)

Dua kerajaan Tiga domain Lima Dominium[5] Lima kerajaan Enam kerajaan Hipotesis eosit
Biota / Vitae / Kehidupan Acytota / Aphanobionta

Kehidupan non-seluler

Virusobiota (Virus, Viroid)
Prionobiota (Prion)
Cytota

Kehidupan seluler

Prokariota / Prokarya

(Monera)

Bacteria Monera Eubacteria Bacteria
Archaea Archaebacteria Archaea mencakup eukaryota
Eukariota / Eukarya Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia


Referensi

  1. ^ Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 2112744. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 Juni 2008. Diakses tanggal 11 Februari 2010. 
  2. ^ Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 54159alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 2112744. 
  3. ^ Nobs, Stephanie-Jane; MacLeod, Fraser I.; Wong, Hon Lun; Burns, Brendan P. (2022). "Eukarya the chimera: Eukaryotes, a secondary innovation of the two domains of life?". Trends in Microbiology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 30 (5): 421–431. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.003. PMID 34863611 Periksa nilai |pmid= (bantuan). 
  4. ^ Doolittle, W. Ford (2020). "Evolution: Two domains of life or three?". Current Biology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 30 (4): R177–R179. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.010alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 32097647. 
  5. ^ Luketa, Stefan (2012). "New views on the megaclassification of life" (PDF). Protistology. 7 (4): 218–237. 


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