直到1350年,葡萄牙語-加利西亞語(Portuguese-Galician)仍然衹是葡萄牙和加利西亞的本地語言,但是到了14世紀,隨著大量文學的產生,葡萄牙語成為一門成熟的語言,並在伊比利亞半島的詩界流行起來,包括里昂、卡斯蒂利亞、阿拉貢和加泰羅尼亞的詩人。例如,《Cantigas de Santa Maria》就是由當時的卡斯蒂利亚國王阿方索十世所作。遲後,當西班牙語成為卡斯蒂利亞地區的書面語言後,加利西亞語開始受到卡斯蒂利亚語的影響,而其南方的變體,則成為葡萄牙的一種方言。
1516年,《Cancioneiro Geral de Garcia de Resende》的出版標誌著古葡萄牙語的終結。但是古葡萄牙語的變體作為一種方言仍然存在,特別是在聖多美及普林西比、巴西、葡萄牙和安哥拉。在現代葡萄牙語時期(16世紀至今),伴隨著文藝復興,大量古典拉丁語源和希臘語源的詞彙加大了葡萄牙語的複雜性。葡語歷史上重要的詩人賈梅士便是這個時代——十六世紀——的詩人,葡萄牙語也被稱做“賈梅士的語言”。
現在完成式在羅曼語族中有一獨特重覆的時態。他表示一個動作、或是一系列動作開始於過去且期望於將來繼續重覆。例如,Tenho tentado falar com ela應譯為"我已經不斷試著和她談",而不是翻譯為"我已經試著和她談"。另外一面來說,正確的翻譯這個問題"你聽過最近的消息嗎?"並不是翻為*Tem ouvido a última notícia?,而是翻為Ouviu a última notícia?,因為沒有重覆性隱含其中。[20]
人稱的动词不定式:不定詞依照她們的主詞人称及数的關係可以進行词形变化,經常顯示誰期望能完成一項特定的行為;比較句型:É melhor voltares "回去[對你們]比較好";É melhor voltarmos "回去[對我們]比較好"從句型中可以比較的看出來、或許是這樣的理由,不定式從句比起其她的羅曼語族反而經常在葡萄牙語中替代假設從句。
^Hagemeijer, Tjerk, As Línguas de S. Tomé e Príncipe(PDF), Revista de Crioulos de Base Lexical Portuguesa e Espanhola 1 (1), 2009, 1 (1): 1–27 [2020-07-10], (原始内容存档(PDF)于2020-12-24)
^Angola: Language Situation. Keith Brown , 编. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2. Elsevier. 2005. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
^Squartini, Mario (1998) Verbal Periphrases in Romance — Aspect, Actionality, and GrammaticalizationISBN3-11-016160-5
參考文獻
First and Second with first language speakers, respectively. Only counting figures from countries in the table "Portuguese language#Geographic distribution|Portuguese language countries and Territories". Considering second language speakers those people who are bilingual and use Portuguese as a second language.
Galicia is only included as a Portuguese language territory since many linguists understand both languages has being co-dialects. The government of Galicia regards Galician as a separate language.
A Fala is not recognized by the Spanish authorities to be a Portuguese dialect, although there have been attempts to consider it Galician, but the locals do not want to use the Galician orthography. A Fala differs very little from the neighbouring Portuguese dialect on the other side of the border, but it will probably be recognized (if it will be) as a separate language.
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