漢朝行政區劃

  黃色為前195年西汉初期漢高祖的直屬領地,當時還是郡縣與(有實權的)封國並存

漢朝初年,漢高祖劉邦異姓王七人。但由於對功臣的猜忌,不久又相繼削除,同時大封同姓諸侯,這些王國「大者或五六郡,連城數十,置百官宮觀,僭于天子」。地方王國勢力的強大導致中央政府所實際控制的區域萎縮。吕后時期,增加外戚諸侯王。到文帝時期又紛紛剷除,增加劉氏諸侯王。但是地方王國勢力的膨脹已經對中央政府構成嚴重威脅。漢文帝接受賈誼的建議,用分地的方法削弱諸侯的勢力。漢景帝即位後採納晁錯的建議,直接縮減王國的封地,引發諸侯王的強烈反彈,導致吳楚七國之亂爆發,但未幾就宣告失敗。漢武帝後,採納主父偃的建議,推行推恩令,規定諸侯王位由嫡子即位,而餘子皆分一縣或一鄉的土地。因此王國不斷縮小,漢郡不斷擴大,加上邊郡的開擴,漢朝中央政府對地方的控制力日益加強。同時,政府將大量面積較大郡予以分割。到漢平帝元始二年(公元2年),共有郡國103個,轄縣、侯國、邑、道等縣級政區1587個。

」作為行政區劃,在西漢時期萌芽,到東漢宣告形成。武帝元封五年(前106年),始在郡之上又設十三行部,每部派一刺史,每個行部管轄若干郡(國)。但此時的行部是監察區,還不是真正意義上的行政區[1]。東漢末年,地方多事。靈帝中平五年(189年),朝廷選重臣出任刺史,稱州牧,掌一州軍民[1]。州從監察區變為行政區。至此,中國地方行政由原本的郡縣兩級制度變為州郡縣三級制[1]

十三個州部為:司隸校尉部(治雒陽)、徐州刺史部(治剡縣)、青州刺史部(治臨淄)、豫州刺史部(治譙縣)、冀州刺史部(治高邑)、并州刺史部(治晉陽)、幽州刺史部(治薊縣)、兗州刺史部(治昌邑)、涼州刺史部(治隴縣)、益州刺史部(治雒縣)、荊州刺史部(治漢壽)、揚州刺史部(治歷陽)和交州刺史部(治龍編)[1]獻帝興平元年(194年),又分涼州置雍州刺史部。則至漢亡,全國有十四州。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 胡嘏(35節)

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