國家代表食物(英語:National Dish),又稱國菜、國民美食。指代表一個國家或地區的特色食物或菜餚。
特定菜餚能被選為國菜的原因很多,包括以下:
- 一個國家的主食。
- 包含了外國引進但本地栽種的食材。
- 代表國家的文化遺產(如宗教因素只能吃特定食物)。
- 政府指定推廣的特定國家食品。
國家
以下列表不保證為官方認證的國菜,有些為民眾選舉的結果或舉例。部分中文譯名並非官方。
亞洲
歐洲
非洲
美洲
大洋洲
参考文献
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- ^ Elizabeth Taviloglu. Navy Bean Stew Is Turkey's National Dish. turkishfood.about.com. [12 March 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots. [15 August 2011]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Bahrum Ali. Fostering family ties with ambuyat feasts. The Brunei Times. 21 February 2009 [5 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-04).
- ^ Jessica Tiah. Ambuyat - Our iconic heritage. The Brunei Times. 8 January 2011 [5 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-04).
- ^ Rick Lundstrom. Classic duck dish now on Air China. 31 December 2013 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Mary Bai. Peking Roast Duck, China’s National Food. 27 September 2011 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-12).
- ^ Elaine Yao. The noodles that became a Chinese national dish during coronavirus lockdown – with a smell that takes getting used to. South China Morning Post. July 9, 2020 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-27).
- ^ Snail noodles museum offers taste of Guangxi's signature dish. Straits Times. January 12, 2018 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-20).
- ^ Elaine Yao. How American crayfish invaded Chinese hearts and stomachs, and how to cook and eat them safely. South China Morning Post. June 30, 2018 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-09).
- ^ Lia Yi. How Louisiana crayfish became China's national dish. Gold Thread. August 21, 2019 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-25).
- ^ Genevieve Roberts. Hong Kong warns citizens off 'unhealthy' dim sum. The Independent. April 19, 2005 [August 20, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-02).
- ^ Matthew Keegan. Macau's national dish is making its way into the city's restaurants. South China Morning Post. December 15, 2016 [August 21, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-14).
- ^ Matthew Keegan. African Chicken: The Best Places to Try Macau's National Dish. Culture Trip. March 23, 2018 [August 21, 2010]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-30).
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- ^ A Soto Crawl. Eating Asia. [5 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Sara Schonhardt and Melanie Wood. 40 of Indonesia's best dishes. CNN Travel. 15 August 2011 [6 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Chef Daeng. Satay Washington DC. satay.com. [6 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-09).
- ^ Nadya Natahadibrata. Celebratory rice cone dish to represent the archipelago. The Jakarta Post. 10 February 2014 [9 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-14).
- ^ Traditional Dishes of Japan. Japan National Tourism Organization. [24 June 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ 『カレーライス』に関するアンケート. ネットリサーチ ディムスドライブ. [16 October 2008]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-06) (日语).
- ^ McCurry, Justin. Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles. The Guardian (London). 18 June 2010 [5 June 2011]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-19).
- ^ Williamson, Lucy. Kimchi: South Korea's efforts to boost its national dish. BBC News. 4 February 2014 [20 May 2017]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-30).
- ^ Govender, Serusha. 10 National Dishes Around the World. The Daily Meal. 6 May 2014 [20 May 2017]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-30).
- ^ Jeffery, Nicole. Pyeongchang Winter Olympics: the next cool spot. The Australian. 20 May 2017 [20 May 2017].
- ^ Web Desk. National Dishes of the World. PKKH. 7 February 2017 [20 May 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-07).
- ^ Thailand. Encyclopedia Britannica. [17 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-27).
- ^ Stokes, Daniel. 2003. Low language in high places: social and political perspectives on grammar in the prose of 'Rong Wongsawan'. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2003. P.38
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- ^ About Thai food. tourismthailand.org. [17 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2014-06-09).
- ^ Clements, Miles. The Find: Tom Yum Koong. Los Angeles Times. 28 October 2010 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2010-11-01).
- ^ A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos’ National Dish | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonianmag.com. [3 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-12).
- ^ Dwayne A. Rules. Nasi lemak, our 'national dish'. The Star. 7 April 2011 [6 November 2013]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-02).
- ^ The quest for Singapore's next national dish. CNN. 26 January 2010 [7 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-14).
- ^ Kugiya, Hugo. Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice. Crosscut.com. 18 March 2010 [3 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2011-08-31).
- ^ DAL BHAT. [11 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ DeWitt, Dave. 1,001 Best Hot and Spicy Recipes. Agate Publishing. 2010: 428 [2019-05-30]. ISBN 9781572841130. (原始内容存档于2017-02-24).
- ^ Sifton, Sam. The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment. The New York Times. 5 January 2011 [5 June 2011]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-04).
- ^ Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits. Bangkok.com. [7 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ "Fish and Chips," in Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat (2011). Ed. Andrew F. Smith. ABC-CLIO p. 258 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) .
- ^ Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince, Frommer's England 2011: With Wales (2010). John Wiley & Sons: p. 163.
- ^ Heston Blumenthal, In Search of Total Perfection (2010). Bloomsbury: p. 205 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- ^ Fish and Chips (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Historic UK.
- ^ Heston Blumenthal, Further Adventures in Search of Perfectionp. 100 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Roy, Parama. Alimentary Tracts: Appetites, Aversions, and the Postcolonial. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press. 2010 [2019-05-30]. ISBN 9780822347880. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06). p. 3 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Spencer, Colin. British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History.. Columbia University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-231-13110-0.
- ^ Robert Appelbaum, Aguecheek's Beef, Belch's Hiccup, and Other Gastronomic Interjections: Literature, Culture, and Food Among the Early Moderns (2006). University of Chicago Press, p. 214
- ^ Yee Chiang, The Silent Traveller in London (1939). Interlink: p. 157.
- ^ Peter Earle. The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660-1730 (1989). University of California Press: p. 279.
- ^ Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery (1883), p. 137.
- ^ About Plum Pudding, Everyday Housekeeping: A Magazine for Practical Housekeepers and Mothers (Vol. 13-14), p. 97.
- ^ Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008). European Cuisines. 10 March 2008 [3 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Sari Edelstein. Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals (2010). Jones & Bartlett : p. 118.
- ^ Lesley Anne Rose, Michael Macaroon, and Vivienne Crow. Frommer's Scotland (2012). John Wiley & Sons: p. 28.
- ^ Welsh national dish. Foodmuseum.com. [4 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-15).
- ^ Tom Masters. Europe on a Shoestring. Lonely planet. 1 October 2009 [15 July 2010]. ISBN 978-1-74104-855-1. (原始内容存档于2020-09-19).
- ^ [1]
- ^ National dish of Finland. National-food.info. [17 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-21).
- ^ Four Nations Where Forks Do Knives' Work. New York Times. 18 February 2004 [6 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ 63.0 63.1 Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes. Away.com. [3 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Famous French Food. Classic French Food. [7 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-30).
- ^ What's On The Menu?: Germany's Favorite Dishes. German Foods. [8 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-07).
- ^ Eleanor B. Pierce. Menu Translator: Pan Am's Guide to Food and Drink Specialties Abroad and at Home. 1968: 76.
- ^ Fodor's 89 Germany. 1989: 70.
- ^ Charles Sinclair. Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z. A & C Black. 2008: 324.
- ^ Moussaka: The National Dish of Greece. Greecelogue. [8 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Top 10 National Dishes. Terrific Top 10. [17 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-30).
- ^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής, 1998
- ^ Italy urged to go on pasta strike. BBC. 13 September 2007 [8 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-07).
- ^ Polenta. [5 June 2011]. (原始内容存档于2010-02-06).
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. The New Encyclopedia Britannica 1. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2002 [2019-05-31]. ISBN 978-0-85229-787-2. (原始内容存档于2020-06-14).
- ^ Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe. : 68 [2019-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
- ^ Serbian cuisine. TravelSerbia. [9 August 2010]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-09).
- ^ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Laurence Mitchell. Serbia. Bradt Travel Guides. 2010: 79 [2019-05-31]. ISBN 978-1-84162-326-9. (原始内容存档于2019-11-20).
- ^ Pamela Goyan Kittler; Kathryn P. Sucher; Marcia Nahikian-Nelms. Food and Culture, 6th ed.. Cengage Learning. August 2011: 410 [2019-05-31]. ISBN 978-0-538-73497-4. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
Large, thin meat patties made from lamb and beef, known as pljeskavica, are considered a national dish of Serbia but are also a favorite with Bosnians and Croatians
- ^ Gibanica, a pie like no other. serbia.com. [21 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-31).
- ^ Fall Brings Red Peppers and Ajvar, 'Serbian Salsa'. NPR. 8 November 2006 [2019-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-30).
- ^ Peta Lyn Farwagi. Full of beans. Harper & Row. August 1978: 160 [2019-05-31]. ISBN 978-0-06-090601-6. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
- ^ Kronenthal, Melissa. Spain's tortilla de patatas is simply satisfying. The Seattle Times. 1 May 2010 [18 May 2011]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-04).
- ^ "Kapusta kiszona (sauerkraut) is the basis for Poland's national dish bigos (sauerkraut with a variety of meats), kapuśniak (sauerkraut soup)" [in:] Polish Holiday Cookery by Robert Strybel, 2003, p. 14; "Bigos, the national dish of Poland — a hunter's stew of mixed meats and vegetables" [in:] The food lover's companion to Portland by Lisa Shara Hall, Roger J. Porter, 1996
- ^ "Two national specialities you'll find everywhere are bigos (cabbage stewed with meat and spices) and pierogi" [in:] Poland: the rough guide, 1991 and kotlet schabowy is a close cousin of the Teutonic Wiener Schnitzel" [in:] Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong . The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006
- ^ Food in Motion: The Migration of Foodstuffs and Cookery Techniques : Proceedings : Oxford Symposium 1983. Oxford Symposium. 1983: 62 [2019-05-30]. ISBN 978-0-907325-16-1. (原始内容存档于2016-06-17).
- ^ Леонид Беловинский. Энциклопедический словарь российской жизни и истории: XVIII-начало XX в., стр. 557, Пирог (Leonid Belovinskiy. The encyclopedic dictionary of Russian life and history: from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th centurym p. 557, "Pirog"; in Russian)
- ^ Вильям Похлебкин. Большая энциклопедия кулинарного искусства, Пироги русские (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Москва: Центрполиграф, 2010, ISBN 978-5-9524-4620-5 (William Pokhlyobkin. The Great Encyclopedia of Culinary Art, "Russian pirogi". Moscow: Centrpoligraph, 2010; in Russian)
- ^ Л. М. Безусенко (ред.), Борщ, Українська нацiональна кухня, Сталкер: 31, 2002 (L. M. Bezussenko (编), Borscht, Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine, Stalker Publishers: 31, 2002 (乌克兰语) )
- ^ В. В. Похлёбкин, Борщ, Кулинарный словарь от А до Я, Центрполиграф, 2000 [2019-06-09], (原始内容存档于2021-05-21) (William Pokhlyobkin, Borscht, The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z, Centrpoligraf, 2000 (俄语) )
- ^ Л. М. Безусенко (ред.), Вареники, Українська нацiональна кухня, Сталкер, 2002 (L. M. Bezussenko (编), Varenyky, Ukrainian Ethnic Cuisine, Stalker Publishers: 181, 2002 (乌克兰语) )
- ^ В. В. Похлёбкин, Вареники, Кулинарный словарь от А до Я, Центрполиграф: 181, 2000 [2019-06-09], (原始内容存档于2021-02-25) (William Pokhlyobkin, Varenyky, The Culinary Dictionary from A to Z, Centrpoligraf, 2000 (俄语) )
- ^ 92.0 92.1 Food and Drink in Sweden: Sweden Travel Guide. Swedentravelnet.com. [3 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-16).
- ^ The crayfish party. Sweden.Se. [3 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4867024.stm (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Cederling: Surströmming (Rotten or more like sour herring). [2019-06-01]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-14).
- ^ Motion 2004/05:K378 Ostkaka som Sveriges nationalrätt. riksdagen.se. [3 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26) (北方萨米语).
- ^ John Tagliabue. Swiss Sausage Fans Fret Over How to Save Their Skin. The New York Times. 3 February 2008 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-16).
- ^ Food in Egypt. [15 August 2011]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Food in Morocco - Moroccan Food, Moroccan Cuisine - popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, common, meals, staple, rice, famous, main, people, favorite, make, customs, fruits, country, bread, vegetables, bread. foodbycountry.com. [17 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-25).
- ^ Crais, C.; McClendon, T.V. The South Africa Reader: History, Culture, Politics. The World Readers. Duke University Press. 2013: 64 [2018-10-15]. ISBN 978-0-8223-7745-0. (原始内容存档于2020-02-09).
- ^ How to make Egusi soup. [18 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-03).
- ^ El asado. [25 February 2012]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03).
- ^ Argentina: Gastronomia. [25 February 2012]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-22). (西班牙文)
- ^ Feijoada recipe, Eat brazilian!. Copacabana Info. [8 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2012-06-16).
- ^ Trillin, Calvin. Canadian Journal, "Funny Food,". The New Yorker. 23 November 2009: 68–70.
- ^ Wong, Grace. Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite?. CNN. 2 October 2010 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2011-01-30).
- ^ Sufrin, Jon. Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against. Toronto Life. 22 April 2010 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2011-03-22).
- ^ O'Neil, Lauren. The CBC Community chooses Canada's most iconic food. CBC. 28 June 2012 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18).
- ^ Baird, Elizabeth. Does Canada Have a National Dish?. Canadian Living. 30 June 2009 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-10).
- ^ DeMONTIS, RITA. Canadians butter up to this tart. Toronto Sun. 21 June 2010 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-08). , Nanaimo Bar、Tourtiere
- ^ Chapman, Sasha. Manufacturing Taste. The Walrus. September 2012 [September 1, 2012]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-05).
- ^ Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes. Away.com. 9 October 2010 [3 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish. Mexonline. [11 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Nina Terrero. How to make: Traditional Mexican favorites. NBC Latino. 11 September 2012 [2019-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish. Peru Travel Guide. [11 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-07).
- ^ Cautious change to Australia's 'national dish'. [23 September 2018]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-30).
- ^ Our greatest Aussie recipes. [5 June 2011]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-26).
- ^ News Limited http://www.news.com.au/national/roast-lamb-rules-as-australias-national-dish/story-e6frfkvr-1225825752497 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Bacon & Egg Pie. [5 June 2011]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-23).
- ^ Tender、loving care for lamb. [5 June 2011]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-01).
參考書目
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