Vosilasarm

Vosilasarm
Clinical data
Other names	RAD140; RAD-140; EP0062; Testolone; Testalone
Routes of; administration	By mouth
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life	45–60 hours
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 2-Chloro-4-{[(1R,2S)-1-[5-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-2-hydroxypropyl]amino}-3-methylbenzonitrile;
CAS Number	1182367-47-0;
PubChem CID	44200882;
DrugBank	DB13939;
ChemSpider	26387625;
UNII	4O87Q44KNC;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1672635;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID201032907 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C20H16ClN5O2
Molar mass	393.83 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES ClC1=C(C#N)C=CC(=C1C)N[C@H]([C@H](C)O)C2=NN=C(O2)C3=CC=C(C=C3)C#N;
	InChI InChI=1S/C20H16ClN5O2/c1-11-16(8-7-15(10-23)17(11)21)24-18(12(2)27)20-26-25-19(28-20)14-5-3-13(9-22)4-6-14/h3-8,12,18,24,27H,1-2H3/t12-,18+/m0/s1; Key:XMBUPPIEVAFYHO-KPZWWZAWSA-N;

Vosilasarm, also known by the development codes RAD140 and EP0062 and by the black-market name Testolone or Testalone, is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) which is under development for the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] It is specifically under development for the treatment of androgen receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer.^[4]^[5]^[8] Vosilasarm was also previously under development for the treatment of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy), osteoporosis, and weight loss due to cancer cachexia, but development for these indications was discontinued.^[4]^[9] The drug is taken by mouth.^[1]^[2]

Side effects of vosilasarm may include vomiting, dehydration, constipation, decreased appetite, weight loss, changes in sex hormone levels, elevated liver enzymes, and liver toxicity.^[2]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Vosilasarm is a nonsteroidal SARM, acting as an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens and anabolic steroids like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).^[15]^[7] However, it shows dissociation of effect between tissues in preclinical studies, with agonistic and anabolic effects in muscle, agonistic effects in breast, and partially agonistic or antagonistic effects in the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.^[6]^[7]^[9]^[15]^[16]

Vosilasarm was developed in 2010 and was first described in the literature in 2011.^[15]^[9] It was originally developed by Radius Health and is now under development by Ellipses Pharma.^[4]^[5] The first clinical study of vosilasarm, a small (n=22) phase 1 study in women with metastatic breast cancer, was started in 2017 and completed in 2020, with results published in 2019, 2020, and 2022.^[10]^[3]^[2]^[17]^[15] As of March 2023, vosilasarm is in phase 1/2 clinical trials for the treatment of breast cancer.^[4]^[18]

Aside from its development as a potential pharmaceutical drug, vosilasarm is on the World Anti-Doping Agency list of prohibited substances^[19] and is sold for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by black-market Internet suppliers.^[6]^[1] Vosilasarm is often used in these contexts at doses that have not been evaluated in clinical trials, with unknown effectiveness and safety.^[6]^[1] Many products sold online that are purported to be a specific SARM either contain none or contain other unrelated substances.^[6]^[20] Social media has played an important role in facilitating the widespread non-medical use of SARMs.^[21]

Medical uses

Vosilasarm is not approved for any medical use and is not available as a licensed pharmaceutical drug as of 2023.^[4]

Side effects

Side effects of vosilasarm in preliminary clinical studies in women with metastatic breast cancer have included vomiting (27%), dehydration (27%), constipation, decreased appetite and weight loss (27%), hypophosphatemia, decreased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels (100%), increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (80%), and abnormal liver function tests, including elevated aspartate aminotransferase (59%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (46%), and elevated total blood bilirubin (27%).^[2]^[10]

In gonadally intact male cynomolgus monkeys, vosilasarm suppressed testosterone levels by around 50% (from ~600–800 ng/dL to ~200–300 ng/dL) across three dose levels (0.01 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, and 1.0 mg/kg).^[6]^[9] Changes in serum lipids, including of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were also observed.^[6]^[7]^[9] Elevated liver enzymes were minimally observed in monkeys.^[6]^[7]^[9]

A number of case reports of liver toxicity with non-medical use of vosilasarm have been published.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] A case report of acute myocarditis with non-medical use of vosilasarm also exists.^[1]^[22]

Overdose

Vosilasarm has been assessed in clinical trials in women with breast cancer at doses ranging from 50 to 150 mg/day, with the maximum safe and tolerated dose being 100 mg/day.^[10]^[3]^[2] The drug sold via black-market Internet suppliers and used non-medically has been reported to be taken at doses of 5 to 30 mg/day, with unknown adverse effects and risks.^[1]^[23]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Vosilasarm is selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), or a tissue-selective mixed agonist or partial agonist of the androgen receptor (AR).^[6]^[7] This receptor is the biological target of endogenous androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and of synthetic anabolic steroids like nandrolone and oxandrolone.^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27] Vosilasarm shows high affinity for the AR, with a K_i value of 7 nM (relative to 29 nM for testosterone and 10 nM for DHT).^[6]^[7]^[9] It shows good selectivity for the AR over other steroid hormone receptors, with the closest off-target receptor being the progesterone receptor (IC₅₀ = 750 nM versus 0.2 nM for progesterone).^[9] Vosilasarm also shows potent efficacy in terms of AR activation, with an EC₅₀ value of 0.1 nM in the C2C12 osteoblast differentiation assay.^[7]^[9] The AR is widely expressed in tissues throughout the body, including in the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, genitals, gonads, skin, hair follicles, muscle, bone, heart, adrenal cortex, liver, kidneys, and brain, among others.^[26]^[27] Vosilasarm has been found to have varying full agonist and partial agonist AR-mediated effects in different tissues, including potent agonistic and anabolic activity in muscle and bone, potent agonistic effects in AR-expressing human breast cancer cell lines, and partial agonist or antagonist activity in the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.^[6]^[7]^[9]^[15]^[16]

In castrated immature male rats, vosilasarm (at 10 mg/kg/day orally, the highest assessed dose) maximally stimulated prostate weight to 67%, seminal vesicle weight to 59%, and levator ani muscle weight to 117% compared to that induced with testosterone propionate 1 mg/kg/day.^[7]^[6]^[9] Moreover, when combined with testosterone propionate, vosilasarm partially antagonized the weight increases of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, reducing them to 84% and 78% (both from 100%), respectively.^[7]^[9] Conversely however, the combination of testosterone propionate and vosilasarm was additive in terms of levator ani muscle weight stimulation, increasing it to 124%.^[7]^[9] Vosilasarm was found to stimulate muscle at a dose much lower than that required to stimulate the prostate.^[7] A dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day stimulated levator ani muscle weight to a similar extent relative to the levator ani weight in non-castrated controls.^[7]^[9] Conversely, a 33-fold higher dose of 10 mg/kg/day was required to stimulate prostate weight to a similar extent as that in non-castrated controls.^[9] Similarly, in gonadally intact immature rats, 0.3 mg/kg/day vosilasarm stimulated levator ani muscle weight to a similar extent as testosterone propionate 0.5 mg/kg/day, but a dose of 30 mg/kg/day (100-fold higher) was required to stimulate the prostate to a similar extent as testosterone propionate 0.5 mg/kg/day.^[7]^[6]^[9] Hence, in rats, vosilasarm is a potent full agonist of the levator ani muscle but a partial agonist and antagonist of the prostate and seminal vesicles, and is strongly selective for stimulating the levator ani muscle over the prostate gland.^[7]^[9] In young male cynomolgus monkeys, vosilasarm, at oral doses of 0.01 mg/kg/day, 0.1 mg/kg/day, and 1 mg/kg/day for 28 days, dose-dependently stimulated body weight (+10% at ≥0.1 mg/kg/day) and numerically increased lean body mass.^[7]^[6]^[15]^[9] The lack of statistical significance was likely due to the small sample sizes per dosing group (n=3 each).^[15]^[9] No data on vosilasarm and lean body mass in humans have been published as of 2022.^[2]^[15]

Pharmacokinetics

Vosilasarm shows good oral bioavailability in rats (27–63%) and monkeys (65–75%)^[9] and is orally active in humans.^[1]^[2] The elimination half-life of vosilasarm is 45 to 60 hours.^[2]^[3]

Chemistry

Vosilasarm is an oxadiazole aniline derivative.^[7] Other aniline SARMs include AC-262536 and ACP-105.^[7]

History

Vosilasarm was developed by Radius Health in 2010.^[15]^[9] It was first described in in the literature in 2011 in a paper detailing its design, synthesis, and preclinical characterization in vitro and in rats and monkeys.^[9] It was stated in this paper that phase 1 clinical studies of vosilasarm for treatment of severe weight loss due to cancer cachexia were being prepared.^[9]^[7] However, these studies were never completed or published and development for this indication was discontinued.^[4] Subsequently, vosilasarm was repurposed for the treatment of breast cancer.^[4]

Society and culture

Names

Vosilasarm is the generic name of the drug and its International Nonproprietary Name (INN).^[28] It is also known by its pharmaceutical developmental code names RAD140 (Radius Health) and EP0062 (Ellipses Pharma).^[4] Additionally, vosilasarm is known by the black-market name Testolone or Testalone.^[15]^[6]^[23]

Non-medical use

Vosilasarm and other SARMs are sold by black-market vendors on the Internet.^[6]^[20] Aside from vosilasarm, the other most commonly used SARMs include enobosarm (ostarine; GTx-024, S-22), LGD-4033 (VK5211; "ligandrol"), and andarine (GTx-007; S-4).^[21] Social media has played an important role in facilitating the widespread non-medical use of SARMs.^[21]

Research

The first-in-human study, a phase 1 trial, was initiated in October 2017 and completed in September 2020 in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.^[10]^[3]^[2]^[17]^[15] The study investigated oral doses of vosilasarm of 50 mg/day to 150 mg/day, with the maximum tolerated dose found to be 100 mg/day.^[10]^[3]^[2] A phase 1/2 study proposal of vosilasarm for treatment of breast cancer was published in 2023.^[18] It will recruit up to 128 patients.^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hall E, Vrolijk MF (July 2023). "Androgen Receptor and Cardiovascular Disease: A Potential Risk for the Abuse of Supplements Containing Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators". Nutrients. 15 (15): 3330. doi:10.3390/nu15153330. PMC 10420890. PMID 37571268.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, et al. (January 2022). "A First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of a Novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM), RAD140, in ER+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer". Clinical Breast Cancer. 22 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003. PMID 34565686. S2CID 237943992.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hamilton E, LoRusso P, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, et al. (2020-02-15). "Abstract P5-11-01 : Phase 1 dose escalation study of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), RAD140, in estrogen receptor positive (ER ), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-), metastatic breast cancer". Cancer Research. 80 (4 Supplement): P5–11–01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs19-p5-11-01. S2CID 216326672.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Vosilasarm - Ellipses Pharma". AdisInsight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Our Portfolio | Ellipses Pharma". Ellipses Life. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Machek SB, Cardaci TD, Wilburn DT, Willoughby DS (December 2020). "Considerations, possible contraindications, and potential mechanisms for deleterious effect in recreational and athletic use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in lieu of anabolic androgenic steroids: A narrative review". Steroids. 164: 108753. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108753. PMID 33148520. S2CID 225049089.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Zhang X, Sui Z (February 2013). "Deciphering the selective androgen receptor modulators paradigm". Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 8 (2): 191–218. doi:10.1517/17460441.2013.741582. PMID 23231475. S2CID 2584722.
^ Clinical trial number NCT05573126 for "Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate EP0062 in Patients With Relapsed Locally Advanced or Metastatic Androgen Receptor Positive (AR+)/HER2-/ER+ Breast Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Miller CP, Shomali M, Lyttle CR, O'Dea LS, Herendeen H, Gallacher K, et al. (February 2011). "Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD140". ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2 (2): 124–129. doi:10.1021/ml1002508. PMC 4018048. PMID 24900290.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hamilton E, Vidula N, Ma C, LoRusso P, Bagley RG, Yu Z, et al. (2019). "Phase I dose escalation study of a selective androgen receptor modulator RAD140 in estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer (BC)". Annals of Oncology. 30: v123. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz242.038.
^ ^a ^b Vignali JD, Pak KC, Beverley HR, DeLuca JP, Downs JW, Kress AT, et al. (May 2023). "Systematic Review of Safety of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators in Healthy Adults: Implications for Recreational Users". Journal of Xenobiotics. 13 (2): 218–236. doi:10.3390/jox13020017. PMC 10204391. PMID 37218811.
^ ^a ^b Flores JE, Chitturi S, Walker S (March 2020). "Drug-Induced Liver Injury by Selective Androgenic Receptor Modulators". Hepatology Communications. 4 (3): 450–452. doi:10.1002/hep4.1456. PMC 7049679. PMID 32140660.
^ ^a ^b Mohideen H, Hussain H, Dahiya DS, Wehbe H (February 2023). "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: An Emerging Liver Toxin". Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. 11 (1): 188–196. PMC 9647117. PMID 36479151.
^ ^a ^b Leciejewska N, Jędrejko K, Gómez-Renaud VM, Manríquez-Núñez J, Muszyńska B, Pokrywka A (December 2023). "Selective androgen receptor modulator use and related adverse events including drug-induced liver injury: Analysis of suspected cases". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 80 (2): 185–202. doi:10.1007/s00228-023-03592-3. PMC 10847181. PMID 38059982.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Fonseca GW, Dworatzek E, Ebner N, Von Haehling S (August 2020). "Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting in ongoing clinical trials". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 29 (8): 881–891. doi:10.1080/13543784.2020.1777275. PMID 32476495. S2CID 219174372.
^ ^a ^b Yu Z, He S, Wang D, Patel HK, Miller CP, Brown JL, et al. (December 2017). "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator RAD140 Inhibits the Growth of Androgen/Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Models with a Distinct Mechanism of Action". Clinical Cancer Research. 23 (24): 7608–7620. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0670. PMID 28974548.
^ ^a ^b Clinical trial number NCT03088527 for "Phase 1, First-in-Human Study of RAD140 in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov
^ ^a ^b ^c Lim E, Hamilton E, Palmieri C, Arkenau HT, Brook S, Fisher G, et al. (1 March 2023). "Abstract OT1-02-02: A phase 1/2 study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EP0062, an oral Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM), for the treatment of AR+/HER2-/ER+ advanced breast cancer". Cancer Research. 83 (5_Supplement): OT1–02–02-OT1-02-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS22-OT1-02-02. ISSN 1538-7445. S2CID 257320030.
^ "The Prohibited List".
^ ^a ^b Van Wagoner RM, Eichner A, Bhasin S, Deuster PA, Eichner D (November 2017). "Chemical Composition and Labeling of Substances Marketed as Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators and Sold via the Internet". JAMA. 318 (20): 2004–2010. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.17069. PMC 5820696. PMID 29183075.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hahamyan HA, Vasireddi N, Voos JE, Calcei JG (August 2023). "Social media's impact on widespread SARMs abuse". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 51 (4): 291–293. doi:10.1080/00913847.2022.2078679. PMID 35574698.
^ Padappayil RP, Chandini Arjun A, Vivar Acosta J, Ghali W, Mughal MS (January 2022). "Acute Myocarditis From the Use of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD-140 (Testolone)". Cureus. 14 (1): e21663. doi:10.7759/cureus.21663. PMC 8881971. PMID 35233331.
^ ^a ^b Burmeister MA, Fincher TK, Graham WH (2020). "Recreational use of selective androgen receptor modulators". US Pharm. 45 (60): 15–18.
^ Handelsman DJ (5 October 2020). "Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology, Use and Misuse". In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al. (eds.). Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905231.
^ Wu C, Kovac JR (October 2016). "Novel Uses for the Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Nandrolone and Oxandrolone in the Management of Male Health". Current Urology Reports. 17 (10): 72. doi:10.1007/s11934-016-0629-8. PMID 27535042. S2CID 43199715.
^ ^a ^b Mohler ML, Nair VA, Hwang DJ, Rakov IM, Patil R, Miller DD (2005-10-28). "Nonsteroidal tissue selective androgen receptor modulators: a promising class of clinical candidates". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 15 (11). Informa Healthcare: 1565–1585. doi:10.1517/13543776.15.11.1565. ISSN 1354-3776. S2CID 96279138.
^ ^a ^b Kicman AT (June 2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.
^ "Recommended INN: List 84 International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN)" (PDF). WHO Drug Information. 34 (3). 2020.

External links

Vosilasarm (EP-0062; RAD-140; Testolone) - AdisInsight

[pmid37571268-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Hall E, Vrolijk MF (July 2023). "Androgen Receptor and Cardiovascular Disease: A Potential Risk for the Abuse of Supplements Containing Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators". Nutrients. 15 (15): 3330. doi:10.3390/nu15153330. PMC 10420890. PMID 37571268.

[pmid34565686-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, et al. (January 2022). "A First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of a Novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM), RAD140, in ER+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer". Clinical Breast Cancer. 22 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2021.08.003. PMID 34565686. S2CID 237943992.

[HamiltonLoRussoMa2020-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hamilton E, LoRusso P, Ma C, Vidula N, Bagley RG, Troy S, et al. (2020-02-15). "Abstract P5-11-01 : Phase 1 dose escalation study of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), RAD140, in estrogen receptor positive (ER ), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-), metastatic breast cancer". Cancer Research. 80 (4 Supplement): P5–11–01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs19-p5-11-01. S2CID 216326672.

[AdisInsight-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Vosilasarm - Ellipses Pharma". AdisInsight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

[EllipsesPharmaPortfolio-5] "Our Portfolio | Ellipses Pharma". Ellipses Life. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[pmid33148520-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Machek SB, Cardaci TD, Wilburn DT, Willoughby DS (December 2020). "Considerations, possible contraindications, and potential mechanisms for deleterious effect in recreational and athletic use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in lieu of anabolic androgenic steroids: A narrative review". Steroids. 164: 108753. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108753. PMID 33148520. S2CID 225049089.

[pmid23231475-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Zhang X, Sui Z (February 2013). "Deciphering the selective androgen receptor modulators paradigm". Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. 8 (2): 191–218. doi:10.1517/17460441.2013.741582. PMID 23231475. S2CID 2584722.

[CT.gov-NCT05573126-8] Clinical trial number NCT05573126 for "Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate EP0062 in Patients With Relapsed Locally Advanced or Metastatic Androgen Receptor Positive (AR+)/HER2-/ER+ Breast Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov

[pmid24900290-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w Miller CP, Shomali M, Lyttle CR, O'Dea LS, Herendeen H, Gallacher K, et al. (February 2011). "Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of the Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD140". ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2 (2): 124–129. doi:10.1021/ml1002508. PMC 4018048. PMID 24900290.

[HamiltonVidulaMa2019-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hamilton E, Vidula N, Ma C, LoRusso P, Bagley RG, Yu Z, et al. (2019). "Phase I dose escalation study of a selective androgen receptor modulator RAD140 in estrogen receptor positive (ER+), HER2 negative (HER2-) breast cancer (BC)". Annals of Oncology. 30: v123. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz242.038.

[pmid37218811-11] Vignali JD, Pak KC, Beverley HR, DeLuca JP, Downs JW, Kress AT, et al. (May 2023). "Systematic Review of Safety of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators in Healthy Adults: Implications for Recreational Users". Journal of Xenobiotics. 13 (2): 218–236. doi:10.3390/jox13020017. PMC 10204391. PMID 37218811.

[FloresChitturi2020-12] Flores JE, Chitturi S, Walker S (March 2020). "Drug-Induced Liver Injury by Selective Androgenic Receptor Modulators". Hepatology Communications. 4 (3): 450–452. doi:10.1002/hep4.1456. PMC 7049679. PMID 32140660.

[pmid36479151-13] Mohideen H, Hussain H, Dahiya DS, Wehbe H (February 2023). "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: An Emerging Liver Toxin". Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. 11 (1): 188–196. PMC 9647117. PMID 36479151.

[pmid38059982-14] Leciejewska N, Jędrejko K, Gómez-Renaud VM, Manríquez-Núñez J, Muszyńska B, Pokrywka A (December 2023). "Selective androgen receptor modulator use and related adverse events including drug-induced liver injury: Analysis of suspected cases". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 80 (2): 185–202. doi:10.1007/s00228-023-03592-3. PMC 10847181. PMID 38059982.

[pmid32476495-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Fonseca GW, Dworatzek E, Ebner N, Von Haehling S (August 2020). "Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting in ongoing clinical trials". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 29 (8): 881–891. doi:10.1080/13543784.2020.1777275. PMID 32476495. S2CID 219174372.

[pmid28974548-16] Yu Z, He S, Wang D, Patel HK, Miller CP, Brown JL, et al. (December 2017). "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator RAD140 Inhibits the Growth of Androgen/Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Models with a Distinct Mechanism of Action". Clinical Cancer Research. 23 (24): 7608–7620. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-0670. PMID 28974548.

[NCT03088527-17] Clinical trial number NCT03088527 for "Phase 1, First-in-Human Study of RAD140 in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov

[LimHamiltonPalmieri2023-18] Lim E, Hamilton E, Palmieri C, Arkenau HT, Brook S, Fisher G, et al. (1 March 2023). "Abstract OT1-02-02: A phase 1/2 study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EP0062, an oral Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM), for the treatment of AR+/HER2-/ER+ advanced breast cancer". Cancer Research. 83 (5_Supplement): OT1–02–02-OT1-02-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS22-OT1-02-02. ISSN 1538-7445. S2CID 257320030.

[WADA-19] "The Prohibited List".

[pmid29183075-20] Van Wagoner RM, Eichner A, Bhasin S, Deuster PA, Eichner D (November 2017). "Chemical Composition and Labeling of Substances Marketed as Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators and Sold via the Internet". JAMA. 318 (20): 2004–2010. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.17069. PMC 5820696. PMID 29183075.

[pmid35574698-21] Hahamyan HA, Vasireddi N, Voos JE, Calcei JG (August 2023). "Social media's impact on widespread SARMs abuse". The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 51 (4): 291–293. doi:10.1080/00913847.2022.2078679. PMID 35574698.

[pmid35233331-22] Padappayil RP, Chandini Arjun A, Vivar Acosta J, Ghali W, Mughal MS (January 2022). "Acute Myocarditis From the Use of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM) RAD-140 (Testolone)". Cureus. 14 (1): e21663. doi:10.7759/cureus.21663. PMC 8881971. PMID 35233331.

[BurmeisterFincherGraham2020-23] Burmeister MA, Fincher TK, Graham WH (2020). "Recreational use of selective androgen receptor modulators". US Pharm. 45 (60): 15–18.

[pmid25905231-24] Handelsman DJ (5 October 2020). "Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology, Use and Misuse". In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al. (eds.). Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. PMID 25905231.

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Vosilasarm

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Side effects

Overdose

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