Savu languages

Savu
Geographic
distribution		Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
Linguistic classificationUnclear, perhaps Austronesian
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologhawu1234

The Savu languages, Hawu and Dhao, are spoken on Savu and Ndao Islands in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Classification

Cappell (1975) noted a large amount of non-Austronesian vocabulary and grammatical features in the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages of East Nusa Tenggara and Maluku, notably in Hawu. While he generally spoke of a non-Austronesian substratum, Hawu is so divergent from Austronesian norms that he classified it (and Dhao) as a non-Austronesian language. He says,

Hawu also has a large AN [Austronesian] vocabulary, including the pronouns, and a couple of grammatical features, principally the stative prefix ma- and the causative pa- ... However, it contains no other AN grammatical features at all, and while being quite NAN [non-Austronesian], its grammar does not fall into line with the AT [Alor-Timor] languages, but is of an independent type. The right evaluation is therefore that Hawu is NAN, with a very heavy overlay of Indonesian AN vocabulary. (p. 683)

However, it is now generally accepted that Savu is no more divergent than the other Central Malayo-Polynesian languages, all of which display a non-Austronesian component that defines Melanesian languages.

Phonology

The Savu languages have the same vowels and stress rules. They share implosive (or perhaps pre-glottalized) consonants with the Bima–Sumba languages and with languages of Flores and Sulawesi further north, such Wolio, and languages of Flores such as Ngad'a have rather similar lengthening of consonants after schwa. Dhao has the larger inventory, but even where the languages have the same consonants, there is often not a one-to-one correspondence. Apart from Hawu /v/, Dhao is more conservative. Hawu *s, *c shifted to /h/ in historical times. Non-obvious correlations are:

Dhao Hawu example gloss
tʃ h tʃaʔe ~ haʔe climb
s h risi ~ rihi more
h h həba ~ həɓa mouth
h v hahi ~ vavi pig
ɖʐ d maɖʐe ~ made dead
d ɗ məda ~ məɗa niɡht
ɗ ɗ loɗo sun, day
bβ b bβəni ~ bəni woman
b ɓ həba ~ həɓa mouth
ɓ ɓ saɓa ~ haɓa (?) effort
#dʒ #ʄ, #j dʒaʔa ~ ʄaa/jaa I, me
.dʒ .dʒ padʒuu ~ pedʒuu (?) command
ʄ ʄ aʄu tree

For initial /dʒ/ in Dhao, there is dialectical variation between /ʄ/ and /j/ in Hawu. Most other consonants have a one-to-one correspondence, but a few (such as /ɓ/, /ɡ/, and non-initial /dʒ/) are not well-enough attested to be certain.

Pronouns

Independent personal pronouns are similar.

Dhao Hawu
I dʒaʔa ʄaa (jaa, dʒoo)
thou əu əu (au, ou)
s/he nəŋu noo
we (incl) əɖʐi dii
we (excl) dʒiʔi ʄii
y'all miu muu
they rəŋu raa (naa)

Parenthetical forms in Hawu are dialectical.

Footnotes

References