Yoke language

Yoke
Pauwi
Native toIndonesia
RegionYoke village, Mamberamo Hilir District, Mamberamo Raya Regency, Papua
Native speakers
(200 cited 1998)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3yki
Glottologyoke1239
ELPYoke
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Yoke is a poorly documented language spoken by about 200 people in the north of Papua, Indonesia. The name is also spelled Yoki, Yauke, and it is also known as Bitovondo. It was spoken in a single village in the interior until the government relocated a third of the population to a new village, Mantarbori, on the coast. In the late 19th century, a word list of "Pauwi" was collected by Robidé van der Aa at Lake Rombebai, where the Yoke say they migrated from; this is transparently Yoke, apart from some words which do not appear in the modern language but are found in related Warembori.[2]

Classification

About one third of the vocabulary of Yoke is cognate with Warembori, a language which has either been strongly influenced by Austronesian languages, or is an Austronesian language strongly influenced by Papuan languages. The two languages are grammatically very similar, with shared morphological irregularities, demonstrating a genealogical relationship. However, Yoke does not share the Austronesian features of Warembori, and it is unclear how this relates to Ross's 2005 classification, based on pronouns, of Warembori as an Austronesian language.

Grammar

On the surface, at least, Yoke has the following sounds:


Consonants
Labial Coronal Dorsal
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative β s ɣ
Approximant w ɾ j
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Unusually for a Papuan language, but like Warembori, Yoke has prepositions and a subject–verb–object (SVO) constituent order. Verbs have subject prefixes and may have one or more object suffixes. The verbal affixes are:

Subject Object
1sg e- -e
2sg a- -a
3sg i-, ja-, ∅- -i
1pl ki- -oɣo
2pl mi-, im- -amo
3pl si- -esi

The independent pronouns are the first subject marker listed in the table prefixed to -βu. The plural forms may derive from Austronesian; see Warembori for details.

Like many Papuan languages of northern New Guinea, Yoke has suppletive singular/plural forms for nouns.[3]

Yoke is polysynthetic, with noun incorporation in its verbs. For example,

eβu eɾaβupiaβiɾanakumambao

eβu

I

e-

1SG-

ɾaβ-

chop.down-

upia

sago.tree

-βi

-for

-ɾ

-THEME

-a

-you

-na

-with

-kumamba

-axe

-o

-IND

eβu e- ɾaβ- upia -βi -ɾ -a -na -kumamba -o

I 1SG- chop.down- sago.tree -for -THEME -you -with -axe -IND

'I have already chopped down a sago tree for you with an axe.'

(The purpose of the 'thematic' consonant is unclear, but it appears to divide verbs into different classes.)

References

  1. ^ Yoke at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ A word list of "Pauwi" collected by Stroeve and Moszkowski was not Yoke, though it's not clear what it was.[1]
  3. ^ Reesink, Ger; Dunn, Michael (2018). "Contact phenomena in Austronesian and Papuan languages". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 939–985. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  • Clouse, Duane, Mark Donohue and Felix Ma. 2002. "Survey report of the north coast of Irian Jaya."[2]