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List of historical opera characters
 This is a list of historical figures who have been characters in opera or operetta. Historical accuracy in such works has often been subject to the imperatives of dramatic presentation. Consequently, in many cases:
For the purposes of this list, Biblical characters are generally taken to be fictional, unless there is clear evidence of their historicity. Operas appear in bold when the historical figure is also the title role. Where a character appears in more than opera, the entries are sorted by composer. List of historical figuresAAbdisho IV Maron, Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church
Peter Abelard, French priest, scholar, theologian
John Quincy Adams, American President
Adelaide of Aquitaine, queen consort of France by marriage to Hugh Capet Gabriele Adorno, fifth Doge of Genoa Flavius Aetius, Roman general Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist, writer
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Roman statesman and general Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman consul (32 BC)
Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt 3rd Duke of Alba, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
Albert of Mainz, Elector and Archbishop of Mainz
Buzz Aldrin, American astronaut Alexander the Great, King of Macedon
(He appears in about 70 other operas set to the same text by Metastasio as used by Pacini, including one by Leonardo Vinci.) Emperor Alexander Severus of Rome
Brigadier General Edward Porter Alexander, American military commander Tsarina Alexandra of Russia, consort of Tsar Nicholas II
Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, son of Peter the Great Saint Alexius of Rome
Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, husband of Lucrezia Borgia Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara King Alfred the Great, legendary Anglo-Saxon king
Dante Alighieri: see Dante Almanzor (Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir), de facto ruler of al-Andalus
Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador Amalasuntha, Queen of the Ostrogoths
Anacreon, Greek lyric poet
Jacob Johan Anckarström, Swedish military officer, assassin of Gustav III Tommaso Aniello: see Masaniello Anne of Bavaria, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Rome and Bavaria
Queen Anne (Boleyn), second consort of Henry VIII of England Queen Anne (Neville), consort of Richard III of England
Saint Anthony the Great Susan B. Anthony, American women's rights activist Antiochus I Soter, King of the Seleucid Empire Rodrigo Ponce de León, 4th Duke of Arcos, Spanish grandee, Viceroy of Naples Alice Arden, English murderer, and her husband/victim: Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, British socialite and sexual celebrity Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, Finnish-Swedish diplomat, possible lover of Gustav III of Sweden Arminius, Germanic chieftain Edwin H. Armstrong, American radio pioneer, inventor of FM radio transmission
Artabanus of Persia, political figure
(He appears in over 40 other operas set to the same text from Metastasio's libretto Artaserse) King Arthur, legendary king of Britain
Chester A. Arthur, American President Ulrica Arfvidsson, Swedish fortune-teller Emanuele d'Astorga, Italian composer
Atahualpa, Inca sovereign emperor
Atys, son of King Croesus of Lydia Caesar Augustus, Roman Emperor
Aurelian, Emperor of Rome Pharaoh Ay of Egypt BFrancis Bacon, Irish painter Cardinal Maffeo Barberini: see Pope Urban VIII Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, Russian prince and general Brigitte Bardot, French actress
Pyotr Fyodorovich Basmanov, Russian boyar Daisy Bates, Irish-Australian indigenous welfare worker and anthropologist Bayezid I "The Thunderbolt", Ottoman Sultan
Pierre Beaumarchais, French playwright Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury Belisarius, Byzantine general Augustin Daniel Belliard, French general Belshazzar, Prince of Babylon
Olga Benário Prestes, German-Brazilian communist militant Levin August, Count von Bennigsen, German general Queen Berenice III of Egypt Boris Berezovsky, Russian business oligarch Louis-Alexandre Berthier, Marshal of France Joe Biden, Vice President of the United States
Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany Harman Blennerhassett, Irish-American lawyer Blondel de Nesle, French troubador Boabdil: see Muhammad XII of Granada Francisco de Bobadilla, Spanish colonial administrator Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer, poet Simone Boccanegra, first Doge of Genoa George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, brother of Anne Boleyn
Simón Bolívar, South American revolutionary
Caroline Bonaparte, Queen Consort of Naples and Sicily, sister of Napoleon John Wilkes Booth, American presidential assassin Lizzie Borden, American celebrity and possible axe-murderer
Jorge Luis Borges, Argentinian writer
Saint Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía, Spanish Superior-General of the Jesuits
Lucrezia Borgia, daughter of Pope Alexander VI Saint Charles Borromeo, Italian cardinal Đurađ Branković, Serbian despot Prince Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia Ed Broadbent, Canadian politician Gian Francesco Brogni, Italian cardinal John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton, British memoirist and politician John Brown, Sergeant of the Second Battalion, Boston Light Infantry Volunteer Militia
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter
Antonín Brus of Mohelnice, Archbishop of Prague
Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, Roman politician, co-assassin of Julius Caesar William Jennings Bryan, American Secretary of State, presidential candidate Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham (1st creation)
George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham (2nd creation), English poet, statesman
Johannes Bureus, Swedish scholar
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman, adviser to Elizabeth I
Aaron Burr, third Vice President of the United States Anne Isabella Byron, Baroness Byron, wife of Lord Byron Lord Byron, English poet
CCacamatzin, Aztec king Alessandro Cagliostro (Giuseppe Balsamo), Italian adventurer and imposter Maria Callas, American-Greek opera singer Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet Kim Campbell, Prime Minister of Canada Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, British socialite Lorenzo Campeggio, Cardinal Protector of England Canek, Aztec High Priest Wolfgang Capito, German religious reformer Gerolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician and physician
Carlos, Prince of Asturias, son of Philip II of Spain Julian Carlton, American murderer of Mamah Cheney, mistress of Frank Lloyd Wright Enrico Caruso, Italian tenor
Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer and libertine
Servilius Casca, co-assassin of Julius Caesar Fidel Castro, Cuban leader Inês de Castro, lover and lawful wife of King Peter I of Portugal
Sir William Catesby
Empress Catherine I of Russia
Empress Catherine II "The Great" of Russia
Queen Catherine (of Aragon), first wife of Henry VIII of England Queen Catherine (Parr), sixth and last wife of Henry VIII
Pierre Cauchon, French bishop Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt, French general
Guido Cavalcanti, Florentine poet
Arthur Cecil, English actor, theatre manager Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
Benvenuto Cellini, Italian sculptor, goldsmith, artisan Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman, protagonist of a famous murder trial
Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer
Lindy Chamberlain and Michael Chamberlain, Australian parents wrongly convicted of the murder of their daughter Azaria Charles Chaplin, British actor
Charlemagne, King of the Franks
King Charles II of Spain Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
King Charles VI of France
King Charles XI of Sweden Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy Charles Martel, Duke and Prince of the Franks Charmian, servant to Cleopatra Thomas Chatterton, English poet and forger
Geoffrey Chaucer, English author, poet, philosopher, courtier and diplomat Danny Chen, American army private who committed suicide in Afghanistan Edwin Cheney, American electrical engineer André Chénier, French journalist Sir Richard Cholmondeley, Lieutenant of the Tower of London Frédéric Chopin, Polish-French composer
Chou En-lai: see Zhou Enlai Jean Chrétien, Canadian Prime Minister Saint Christopher, revered but legendary saint
Tillius Cimber, co-assassin of Julius Caesar
Helvius Cinna, Roman poet Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Roman consul Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, French royal favourite of Louis XIII George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence
Emperor Claudius of Rome Cleitus the Black, Macedonian soldier
Cleopatra VII, Pharaoh of Egypt
Henry Clifford, 10th Baron de Clifford, English military commander Bill Clinton, US President Hillary Clinton, American First Lady, Senator, Secretary of State
Olivier de Clisson, Breton soldier Cloelia, early Roman figure, possibly legendary
Robert Coates, Canadian politician Howell Cobb, American political figure Walter Cocking, dean at the University of Georgia, the focus of the "Cocking affair"
Horatius Cocles, Roman military officer
Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Roman consul, husband of Lucretia Stefano Colonna (1265–1348), Roman political figure Christopher Columbus, Genoese explorer of the New World
Anthony Comstock, American morals campaigner Emperor Constantine I "The Great" of Rome John Connally, Governor of Texas Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish scientist
Charlotte Corday, French Girondin revolutionary Saint Corentin of Quimper, Breton patron saint of seafood Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, legendary Roman leader
Catherine Cornaro, consort of James II of Cyprus
Giorgio Cornaro, Italian nobleman, father of Catherine Cornaro
Jeronimus Cornelisz, Dutch apothecary and merchant Hernán Cortés, Spanish conquistador
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman general and politician Flavius Julius Crispus, Caesar of the Roman Empire Croesus, King of Lydia Oliver Cromwell, English Puritan leader
Cuauhtémoc, Aztec king Sir Henry Cuffe, English politician Cyrano de Bergerac, French dramatist and duellist
Cyrus the Great, King of Persia DSalvador Dalí, Spanish painter
Dalibor of Kozojed, Czech knight Dante Alighieri, Italian poet
Georges Danton, French revolutionary figure
Jacques d'Arc, French farmer, father of Joan of Arc
King Darius III of Persia Sir William Davenant, English poet and playwright Louis-Nicolas Davout, Marshal of France John Dee, British alchemist, astrologer, royal adviser
Gotse Delchev, Macedonian revolutionary figure Marion Delorme, French courtesan Camille Desmoulins, French revolutionary journalist, politician Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Spanish conquistador Jimena Díaz, wife of El Cid, ruler of Valencia
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, "El Cid"
Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian Communist leader Emperor Diocletian of Rome Tsar Dmitri Ioannovich of Russia, the so-called "False Dmitriy I" Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow, Grand Prince of Vladimir Dobrynya Nikitich, legendary Kievan bogatyr Publius Cornelius Dolabella, Roman general Saint Dominic, Domingo de Guzman, founder of the Dominicans Lord Alfred "Bosie" Douglas, English writer, lover of Oscar Wilde
James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, Scots soldier, known as the "Black Douglas"
Frederick Douglass, African-American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman György Dózsa, Hungarian leader of peasant revolt Sir Francis Drake, English adventurer, pirate, politician John Dryden, English poet King Duncan I of Scotland EAna de Mendoza, Princess of Éboli, Spanish aristocrat Nelson Eddy, American tenor, actor
King Edward II of England
King Edward IV of England
King Edward VI of England
Adolf Eichmann, German Nazi SS Head Albert Einstein, German-American scientist
Emperor Elagabalus of Rome (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus)
Eleanor of Austria, Queen Consort of Portugal and France
Eleanor of Guzman, mistress of King Alfonso XI of Castile and mother of Henry II
Elisabeth Farnese, Queen Consort to Philip V of Spain Elisabeth of Valois, daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, wife of Philip II of Spain Queen Elizabeth I of Castile: see Queen Isabella I of Castile Queen Elizabeth I of England (see also Category:Operas about Elizabeth I)
Queen Elizabeth (Woodville), consort of King Edward IV of England
Fanny Elssler, Austrian ballerina Ninon de l'Enclos, French courtesan Enzio of Sardinia, king of Sardinia
Louise d'Épinay, French diarist, memoirist
Erasistratus, Greek anatomist, physician King Eric V of Denmark
José de Espronceda, Spanish poet
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Elizabethan courtier and royal favourite Frances, Countess of Essex, English noblewoman Eufrosinia, daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Prince of Halych
FMarino Faliero, Doge of Venice Farinelli, Italian castrato singer
Philo Farnsworth, American television pioneer
Fausta Flavia Maxima, Empress of Rome, second wife of Constantine the Great Charles Simon Favart, French dramatist Marie Favart, French opera singer, actress Dianne Feinstein, American politician Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
King Ferdinand I of León and Castile Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor King Ferdinand II of Aragon (and Ferdinand V of Castile)
Roger de Flor, German-born soldier serving Aragon kings
Errol Flynn, Australian-American film actor
James Forrestal, US Secretary of Defense
Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice Joseph Fouché, Duke of Otranto Francesca da Rimini, contemporary and literary subject of Dante
Saint Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscans King Francis I of France
Anne Frank, Dutch diarist Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria John Allen Fraser, Canadian politician Fredegund, Merovingian Queen Consort
Frederick I "Barbarossa", Holy Roman Emperor King Frederick II "The Great" of Prussia
Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg Friedrich Friesen, German gymnast and soldier Jean Froissart, French chronicler
Fruela I of Asturias, Fruela(or Froila) the Cruel, King of Asturias from 757 until his assassination in 768 Georg von Frundsberg, South German knight
Tsar Fyodor II of Russia, son of Boris Godunov GGalileo Galilei, Italian scientist Vasily Vasilyevich Galitzine, Russian statesman Galla Placidia, Roman regent, daughter of Emperor Theodosius I
Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer Count Peter Gamba, associate of Lord Byron Mahatma Gandhi, Indian freedom advocate Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet and soldier
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian freedom fighter Margaret "Peggy" Garner, American slave who killed her own daughter rather than allow the child to be returned to slavery Antoni Gaudí, Catalan architect
Paul Gauguin, French painter
Artemisia Gentileschi, Florentine painter
King George III of the United Kingdom Priscilla German Reed, English singer and actress Carlo Gesualdo, Italian composer and murderer
Allen Ginsberg, Americangn poet Ruth Bader Ginsburg, American jurist Lisa del Giocondo, Italian woman, subject of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa
Salvatore Giuliano, Sicilian peasant Godfrey of Bouillon, Frankish knight, leader of the First Crusade
Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia Xenia Borisovna Godunova, daughter of Boris Godunov Sir Eugene Goossens, English conductor and composer
Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, English harpsichordist St Maria Goretti, 20th century Catholic martyr
Francisco Goya, Spanish painter
Princess Grace of Monaco, American-born actress (as Grace Kelly) Antonio Gramsci, Italian political theorist Urbain Grandier, French priest Julia Dent Grant, American First Lady Ulysses S. Grant, American President Thomas Gray, English poet Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer
Gen Leslie Groves, American military officer Matthias Grünewald, German renaissance painter Teresa, Contessa Guiccioli, Italian mistress of Lord Byron Guinevere, wife of King Arthur of Britain
Francis, Duke of Guise, French nobleman Günther von Schwarzburg, German king Saint Guntram, King of Burgundy King Gustav I of Sweden
King Gustav III of Sweden Nell Gwyn, English actress, mistress of King Charles II HHadrian, Roman emperor
Emma, Lady Hamilton, English mistress of Horatio, Lord Nelson Hannibal, Carthaginian ruler
King Harald Hardrada (Harald III of Norway) Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, British sea captain, commander of HMS Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar Harold Godwinson (Harold II), Anglo-Saxon King of England Frank Harris, Irish-American journalist, publisher Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph Hasdrubal Gisco, Carthaginian general William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings
Richard Hauptmann, American convicted murderer
Harry Hawk, American actor Wiebbe Hayes, Dutch soldier Heloïse, French nun associated with Peter Abelard
Sally Hemings, American mixed-race slave owned by Thomas Jefferson Henri, Prince of Condé, French noble Henrietta Maria of France, queen consort of Charles I of England King Henry II of England
King Henry III of Castile
King Henry III of France also as Henri de Valois, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania King Henry IV of France King Henry V of England
King Henry VII of England (as Henry, Duke of Richmond)
Henry the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, King of the Germans Henry the Lion, German prince (Henry III of Saxony, Henry XII of Bavaria) Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles, French revolutionary politician Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia E. T. A. Hoffmann, German author Fanny Holland, English singer and actress Clasina Maria "Sien" Hoornik (1850–1904), Dutch alcoholic prostitute, sometime lover of Vincent van Gogh Pharaoh Horemheb of Egypt Count Claes Fredrik Horn, co-conspirator with Anckarström in the assassination of King Gustav III of Sweden
Harry Houdini, Hungarian-American escapologist
Hugh Capet, King of the Franks from 987 to 996, the founder and first king from the House of Capet Ladislaus Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman Stig Andersen Hvide, Danish marshal, later an outlaw
Queen Hypsicratea of Pontus, consort of Mithradates VI
IMuhammad al-Idrisi, Andalusian cartographer, traveller
Gwen Ifill, American television journalist
Saint Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish knight, founder of the Society of Jesus Igor Svyatoslavich, Prince of Putivl, Novgorod-Seversk and Chernigov Jaakko Ilkka, Finnish peasant leader Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden John Ireland, Dean of Westminster Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen Consort of Charles VI of France Isabel Moctezuma (Teutile), daughter of Moctezuma II Queen Isabella I of Castile
Isabella of France, Queen Consort of Edward II of England and mother of Edward III
Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress, Queen Consort of Aragon and Castile
Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, "Ivan the Terrible"
Izumi Shikibu, Japanese poet JJack the Ripper, unidentified murderer of English prostitutes King James II of Cyprus "James the Bastard of Lusignan"
King James V of Scotland
Lady Jane Grey, disputed Queen of England
Queen Jane (Seymour), third consort of Henry VIII of England Thomas Jefferson, American President Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia Jesus of Nazareth and his apostles
Jiang Qing Chinese figure, 4th wife of Mao Zedong
St Joan of Arc, French saint (see also Category:Operas about Joan of Arc)
Joan I of Naples, Queen of Naples
Joanna of Castile, Queen of Castile and Aragon
Juana I de Castilla, Queen of Castile and Aragon
Patriarch Job of Moscow, Russian Orthodox prelate John, Prince of Asturias, Spanish prince, son of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile King John of England
Don John of Austria, Bavarian soldier in Spanish service, son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
John of Leiden, Dutch Anabaptist leader
Andrew Johnson, American President Lyndon B. Johnson, American President
Ben Jonson, English poet
Joséphine de Beauharnais, Consort of Napoleon I Julia Caesaris, daughter of Julius Caesar, 4th wife of Pompey the Great Julius Caesar, Consul and Dictator of Rome KFrida Kahlo, Mexican painter Christoph Kaufmann (or Kauffman), associate of Jakob Lenz Sir Edward Kelley, English occultist
Grace Kelly: see Princess Grace of Monaco Ned Kelly, Australian outlaw and folk hero
John F. Kennedy, American President Rosemary Kennedy, member of the Kennedy family Johannes Kepler, German astronomer, mathematician Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky, "Tararui" (chatterbox), Russian boyar Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet leader Edgar Ray Killen, KKK leader, murderer Larry King, American talk-show host Henry Kissinger, American Secretary of State Aleksis Kivi, Finnish writer Leon Klinghoffer, American ship passenger murdered by terrorists Vasily Kochubey, Cossack hetman, associate of Ivan Mazepa Konchak, Polovtsian khan Theodor Körner, German poet and soldier Maria Korp, Australian murder victim Tadeusz Kościuszko, Polish revolutionary hero
Anne Kronenberg, American political administrator Kublai Khan, Grand Khan of the Mongol Empire Mikhail Kutuzov, Russian field marshal LLadislaus I of Poland: see Władysław I the Elbow-high Ladislaus the Posthumous, Duke of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia
Lady Caroline Lamb, lover of Lord Byron Anne Françoise Elisabeth Lange, French actress, known as "Mademoiselle Lange" Adrienne Lecouvreur, French actress Eleanor Agnes Lee, daughter of Robert E. Lee General Robert E. Lee
François Joseph Lefebvre, Marshal of France, Duke of Danzig
Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English courtier, favourite of Elizabeth I
Augusta Leigh, half-sister and incestuous lover of Lord Byron Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz, German writer
Brother Leo, friend and confidant of Francis of Assisi (i) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman triumvir (ii) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, heir to Roman emperor Caligula Leszek I the White, High Duke of Poland 1194-1227
Ada Leverson, British novelist Li Bai or Li Po, Chinese poet Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii
Abraham Lincoln, American President
Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American writer and aviator
Charles Lindbergh, American pioneer aviator
Alexander Litvinenko, murdered Russian-British security operative Judah Loew ben Bezalel, Bohemian Talmudic scholar
King Louis V of France King Louis VI of France King Louis XII of France King Louis XIII of France King Louis XIV of France
King Louis XV of France
King Louis XVI of France Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell
Lucan, Roman poet Lucretia, Roman noblewoman raped by Sextus Tarquinius (legendary) Andrey Lugovoy, Russian businessman, politician Martin Luther, initiator of the Protestant Reformation
Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow, Prussian general MDouglas MacArthur, American general Jeanette MacDonald, American soprano, actress
Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada Ralph McGill, American anti-segregationist journalist
Wilmer McLean, American Civil War figure Colin McPhee, Canadian composer and musicologist
King Macbeth of Scotland
Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Roman general, natural father of Scipio Aemilianus Gaius Maecenas, political adviser to Octavian (Caesar Augustus) Saint Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer Marion Mahony, American architect and artist, wife of Walter Burley Griffin Giovanni Malatesta, husband and murderer of Francesca da Rimini
Malatestino Malatesta, Lord of Rimini
Paolo Malatesta, brother-in-law and lover of Francesca da Rimini
La Malinche, Aztec mistress of Hernán Cortés Mao Zedong, Chinese leader
Madame Mao: see Jiang Qing Jean-Paul Marat, Jacobin leader Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer
Alexey Maresyev, Russian fighter pilot Margaret of Anjou, Queen consort to Henry VI of England Marguérite de Valois, consort of Henry IV of France/Henry III of Navarre Sister Maria Celeste, Italian nun, illegitimate daughter of Galileo Galilei Maria Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier, Infanta of Spain Marie Antoinette, Queen Consort of Louis XVI of France Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, wife of Napoleon I Marie Louise Gonzaga, French Queen consort to 2 Polish kings Empress Maria Theresa of Austria Guadalupe Marín, Mexican model and novelist, second wife of Diego Rivera
Mark Antony, Roman politician and general
Martyrs of Compiègne, a group of French Carmelite nuns Saint Mary of Egypt, patron saint of penitents
Queen Mary I of England "Bloody Mary" Mary Tudor, Queen of France, sister of Henry VIII, husband of Louis XII Masaniello (Tommaso Aniello), Neapolitan fisherman, revolutionary leader
Masinissa, first King of Numidia Mata Hari, Dutch spy King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius, aka Maximian, Roman ruler Maximinian, co-Emperor of Rome Ivan Mazepa, Cossack hetman, military leader Joseph McCarthy, American politician, demagogue Col. Robert R. McCormick, American newspaper publisher Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence Giuliano de' Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent Lorenzino de' Medici, Italian writer and assassin
Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II
Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov, Russian statesman Bartolomeo Merelli, Italian impresario and librettist Valeria Messalina, Roman Empress Caecilia Metella Dalmatica, fourth wife of Lucius Cornelius Sulla Cornelia Metella, Pompey's second wife
Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich Harvey Milk, American politician and gay activist Christina Miller, Scottish chemist
John Milton, English poet Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto, Scottish diplomat, Governor-General of India
Marina Mniszech, Polish noble and Russian political adventurer Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler
King Mojmír II of Great Moravia Marilyn Monroe, American actress
Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola, Anglo-Italian condottiero Thomas Moore, Irish poet, songwriter Mordred, legendary Arthurian character Thomas Morton, American colonist of New England George Moscone, Mayor of San Francisco Moses, biblical character Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, Elizabethan figure Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
Gaius Mucius Scaevola, Roman figure Muhammad XII of Granada, aka Boabdil, last Nasrid ruler of Granada
Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada Ottoman Sultan Murad II
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Spanish Baroque painter
John Murray II, British publisher Eadweard Muybridge, English pioneer photographer NEmperor Napoleon I of France (Napoleon Bonaparte)
Emperor Napoleon II of France
Carrie Nation, American temperance advocate and vandal
Nebuchadnezzar II, ruler of Babylon Nefertiti, wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt Adam Albert von Neipperg, Austrian general Frances Nelson, Lady Nelson, wife of Lord Nelson Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, British admiral, naval hero Emperor Nero of Rome
Nitocris, Queen of Egypt, maybe legendary
Pat Nixon, American First Lady Richard Nixon, American President Rikard Nordraak, Norwegian composer
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, English politician, uncle to two of Henry VIII's wives Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, English nobleman Rosaleen Norton, so-called "Witch of Kings Cross", Sydney occultist
Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English admiral and statesman OJ. F. Oberlin, Alsatian pastor, philanthropist Empress Claudia Octavia of Rome, consort of Nero Octavia the Younger, fourth wife of Mark Antony King Olaf I Tryggvason of Norway
King Olaf II of Norway (St. Olaf) Frank Olson, American biochemist
Aristotle Onassis, Greek shipping magnate Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American First Lady, wife of John F. Kennedy, then of Aristotle Onassis J. Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist Sallustia Orbiana, wife of Emperor Alexander Severus of Rome Pylyp Orlyk, associate of Ivan Mazepa Pier Francesco Orsini, Italian condottiero Emperor Marcus Salvius Otho of Rome P-QMaría de Padilla, mistress and secret wife of Peter of Castile Niccolò Paganini, Italian violinist and composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer
Sarah Palin, American politician, Governor of Alaska, vice-presidential candidate
Papantzin, Aztec princess, sister of Moctezuma II Johan Papegoja, Governor of New Sweden Ely S. Parker, American Seneca native, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Boris Pasternak, Russian novelist
Francisco Pelsaert, Dutch merchant, naval commander Samuel Pepys, English diarist
Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Castilian nobleman, known as Guzmán el Bueno
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer
Pericles, Athenian statesman Saint Peter, Christian apostle King Peter III of Aragon, "Peter the Great"
King Peter of Castile, "Peter the Cruel"
Tsar Peter I "The Great" of Russia
Peter the Hermit, priest and leader of the First Crusade Gaius Petronius Arbiter, Roman courtier, writer Michele Pezza, Neapolitan guerilla leader, known as "Fra Diavolo"
Phidias, Greek sculptor King Philip II of Spain
King Philip V of Spain Mariana de Pineda, Spanish liberalist heroine. Gaspare Pisciotta, Sicilian peasant Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Roman senator
Edgar Allan Poe, American writer
Anna Politkovskaya, Russian journalist, human rights activist Poliziano (Angelo Ambrogini), Italian renaissance poet, scholar Marco Polo, Italian adventurer Saint Polyeuctus Lorenz Truchsess von Pommersfelden Madame de Pompadour, French courtier, mistress of Louis XV
Pompey the Great, Roman military and political leader Empress Poppaea Augusta Sabina, consort of Roman Emperors Nero and Otho Lars Porsena, King of Etruria
Porus, King of Paurava Charles E. Potter, American politician Sister Helen Prejean, American nun, death penalty abolitionist Přemysl, the Ploughman, first ruler of Bohemia
John of Procida, Italian medieval physician and diplomat John Proctor, a tavern keeper in 17th century Massachusetts who was hanged for witchcraft during the Salem witch trials Chevalier de Prokesch-Osten Marcel Proust, French novelist Pharaoh Ptolemy IX Lathyros of Egypt Pharaoh Ptolemy XI Alexander II of Egypt Publius Valerius Publicola, Roman consul Yemelyan Pugachev, Russian pretender to the throne Qin Shi Huang, first Emperor of unified China Vasco de Quiroga, member of the second Audiencia in Mexico and first bishop of Michoacán RNikolay Raevsky, Russian general Gilles de Rais, French soldier and serial killer of children Elizabeth Raleigh, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Walter Raleigh, English explorer and courtier Raphael, Italian painter
Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic, confidant of Tsarina Alexandra
Rastislav of Moravia, second ruler of Moravia
John Aaron Rawlins, American general, Secretary of War Stenka Razin, cossack leader
Nancy Reagan, US First Lady Ronald Reagan, President of the United States Wilhelm Reich, Austrian-American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst Count Adolf Ludvig Ribbing, co-conspirator with Anckarström in the assassination of King Gustav III of Sweden Penelope Rich, Lady Rich, English noblewoman King Richard I "Coeur de Lion" of England
Prince Richard (Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York)
Rafael del Riego, Spanish general
Louis Riel, executed Canadian rebel Cola di Rienzo, Roman tribune Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet Arthur Rimbaud, French poet
Diego Rivera, Mexican painter King Robert I of Scotland, "Robert the Bruce"
Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary figure
Robin Hood (legendary)
John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English writer, libertine Roderic, Visigothic King of Hispania King Roger II of Sicily Rogneda of Polotsk, consort of Vladimir I of Kiev Theodore Roosevelt, American President Salvator Rosa, Italian painter and poet
Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great Rudolf II, Count Palatine of the Rhine Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher Lillian Russell, American actress and singer Rustichello da Pisa, Italian writer SHans Sachs, German meistersinger
Oliver Sacks, British neurologist, writer
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French revolutionary figure Ōtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume, Japanese poet Antonio Salieri, Italian-Austrian composer
Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Elizabethan minister Sappho, ancient Greek poet Sardanapalus, king of Assyria
William Sargant, British psychiatrist
David Sarnoff, American television pioneer
Girolamo Savonarola, Florentine heretic and book-burner
Diane Sawyer, American television journalist
Antonin Scalia, American jurist Sylvester von Schaumberg Hans and Sophie Scholl, sibling co-founders of non-violent resistance movement The White Rose Kurt Schwitters, German painter Scipio Aemilianus, aka Scipio Africanus the Younger, Roman general, nephew and adopted son of Scipio Africanus the Elder Scipio Africanus, aka Scipio Africanus the Elder, Roman general
Seleucus I Nicator, King of Syria, founder of the Seleucid Empire Seneca the Younger, Roman philosopher, dramatist
Sesostris, legendary king of Egypt
Sextus Pompey, Roman general, son of Pompey the Great William Shakespeare, English playwright
Fyodor Shaklovity, Russian diplomat Andrey Shchelkalov, Russian administrator, official Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, English soldier
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman
George Kastrioti Skanderbeg, Albanian national hero Bengt Skytte, Swedish official Mark Smeaton, English courtier Anna Nicole Smith, American actress and model Scott Smith, American gay activist Dame Ethel Smyth, English composer Socrates, Greek philosopher
Solon, Greek philosopher Sophonisba, Carthaginian noblewoman, daughter of Hasdrubal Gisco
Agnès Sorel, mistress of King Charles VII of France Sidney Souers, American admiral and intelligence expert
Edmund Spenser, English poet Arthur Stace, Australian citizen who over 35 years chalked the word "Eternity" over 500,000 times on the footpaths of Sydney
Stanisław I Leszczyński, King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Stateira, consort of Darius III of Persia Gertrude Stein, American writer King Stephen I of Hungary (St. Stephen) Thaddeus Stevens, American politician Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury Alessandro Stradella, Italian composer
Stratonice, wife of Seleucus I Nicator, King of Syria Johann Strauss I, Viennese waltz composer (father)
Giuseppina Strepponi, operatic soprano Nikola Šubić Zrinski, Croatian general Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent
Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Roman general and dictator Louis Sullivan, American architect Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary leader Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English aristocrat, poet Ivan Susanin, Russian folk hero and martyr King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia King Svatopluk II of Great Moravia Syphax, king of the Libyan tribe of Masaesyli
Erzsébet Szilágyi, Hungarian noblewoman, wife of János Hunyadi TAugusta Tabor, American philanthropist and first wife of Horace Tabor Horace Tabor, American businessman, politician Alexandre-Antonin Taché, Canadian Catholic prelate Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer Eugene Talmadge, Governor of Georgia
Tamerlane: see Timur Tancred, Prince of Galilee, Norman Crusade leader Tannhäuser, Medieval German poet Lucius Tarquinius, one of 3 kings of Rome
Sextus Tarquinius, son of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome Torquato Tasso, Italian poet John Taverner, 16th century English composer Dame Elizabeth Taylor, British-US actress William Tell, Swiss national hero (disputed historical authenticity)
Edward Teller, Hungarian-American physicist Beatrice di Tenda, Italian noblewoman Saint Teresa of Ávila, Spanish mystic and theologian Nikola Tesla, Serbian American inventor Themistocles, Athenian general and politician
James Thomson, Scottish poet Virgil Thomson, American composer and critic François Auguste de Thou, French magistrate Tigranes the Great, Emperor of Armenia
Timur, aka Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid dynasty
Emperor Titus of Rome
Tiye, mother of Pharaoh Akhenaten of Egypt Leo Tolstoy, Russian novelist Tomyris, Queen of the Massagetae
Titus Manlius Torquatus, Roman dictator François Leclerc du Tremblay, "Père Joseph", the original eminence grise Georges de la Trémoille, French soldier, favourite of Charles VII Olegas Truchanas, Lithuanian-Australian wilderness photographer Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada Harry S. Truman, American President
Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist and former slave John Turner, Prime Minister of Canada Wat Tyler, English leader of peasant revolution
U-V
Valdemar IV of Denmark, King of Denmark from 1340 to 1375
Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Californio general, statesman Martin van Buren, American President
Theo van Gogh, Dutch art dealer, brother of Vincent van Gogh
Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter
Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general Tsar Vasily IV (Shuisky) of Russia Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer
Johannes Vermeer, Dutch painter Lucius Verus: see Vologases IV of Parthia Micaela Villegas, "La Perricholi", Peruvian actress and singer
François Villon, French poet and vagabond
Francesc de Vinatea, Valencian nobleman, opposed to Alfonso IV of Aragon
Gaius Iulius Vindex, Roman general
Filippo Maria Visconti, ruler of Milan, husband of Beatrice di Tenda Vladimir I, Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir III Igorevich, Prince of Putivl and Halych Vologases IV of Parthia, king
Voltaire, French writer WJacob Wallenberg, Swedish banker Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian military commander
Francis Walsingham, English royal adviser, spymaster
Walther von der Vogelweide, Medieval German poet Princess Wanda, legendary Polish queen
Andy Warhol, American artist Booker T. Washington, American educator & civil rights leader Daniel Webster, American statesman
Dan White, American politician, assassin of George Moscone and Harvey Milk George Hunter White, American CIA operative
Patrick White, Australian novelist
Brett Whiteley, Australian painter
Oscar Wilde, Irish writer Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands William the Conqueror (King William I of England)
William the Silent (William I, Prince of Orange) Sir Alfred Wills, English judge Robert R. Wilson, American physicist Władysław I the Elbow-high (aka Ladislaus I), King of Poland 1320-33
Wolfram von Eschenbach, Medieval German poet Thomas Wolsey, English cardinal
Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect Samuel Joseph Wurzelbacher, aka "Joe the Plumber", American plumber, television celebrity
X-YMalcolm X, African-American human rights activist
King Xerxes I "The Great" of Persia
Xiphares, son of Mithridates VI of Pontus Yaghi-Siyan, Governor of Antioch
Ōtomo no Yakamochi, Japanese poet, diplomat Ralph Yarborough, American politician Yaroslav I the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov, Russian general Yuri II, Grand Prince of Vladimir ZEmiliano Zapata, Mexican leader Zeno, Byzantine emperor
Zenobia, Queen of the Palmyrene Empire
Zhou Enlai, Chinese political leader
Venerable Zosimas of Palestine
Nikola Šubić Zrinski: see Šubić Zrinski References
Further reading
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