In 1855, the Austrian-German physiologistJohann Nepomuk Czermak published an article about his Stereophoroskop and other experiments aimed at stereoscopicmoving images. He mentioned a method of sticking needles in a stroboscopic disc so that it looked like one needle was being pushed in and out of the cardboard when animated. He realized that this method provided basically endless possibilities to make different 3D animations. He then introduced two methods to animate stereoscopic pairs of images, one was basically a stereo viewer using two stroboscopic discs and the other was more or less similar to the later zoetrope. Czermak explained how suitable stereoscopic photographs could be made by recording a series of models, for instance to animate a growing pyramid.[4]
In 1855, the physicianJohn Snow used a dot map to visualise the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak.[5] It is an early two-dimensional example of scientific visualization, and it prefigured modern scientific visualization techniques that use computer graphics.[6] Snow collected data about the individual cases of the cholera outbreak, especially their location in Soho, using nascent methods of spatial analysis and contact tracing to conclude that contaminated water was the disease vector, and successfully had the source shut off.[7] The map that accompanied his 1855 report showed individual cases, stacked at each house location, clearly showing a concentration around the Broad Street Pump as well as gaps in locations that had other water sources.[8]
In 1855, Count Franz Graf von Pocci and Josef Leonhard Schmid established the Munich Marionette Theatre in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. Pocci hired the premises, drew stage curtains and designs, and wrote pieces for the hero of Schmid's shows, Kasperl Larifari, a descendant of Hans Wurst and all the classical comic figures in traditional European puppetry. This collaboration was highly influential and is credited with inspiring the formation of other theaters.[14] Pocci was a shadow puppeteer, and he wrote countless puppet plays and children's stories.[15]
December: R. E. O'Callaghan, English vegetarianism activist, lecturer and writer (O'Callaghan gained recognition for his effective lectures on vegetarianism, often enhanced with illustrations by using a magic lantern), (d. 1936).[17][18]
Henry Underhill, English artist, photographer, and amateur scientist, (co-founder and president of the Oxfordshire Natural History Society, gave lectures on a variety of scientific topics. All of his lectures were illustrated by his hand-painted and photographic magic lantern slides. He also illustrated folk tales from England, Russia, Japan and Ireland. The Folklore Society holds a collection of over 300 of Underhill's folk tale magic lantern slides), (d. 1920).[21][22][23]
References
^Moraes, Maria Adelaide Pereira de (December 2001). Velhas Casas de Guimarães [Old Houses of Guimarães] (in European Portuguese). Vol. II. Porto: Centro de Estudos de Geneologia, Heráldica e História da Família da Universidade Moderna do Porto. p. 815. ISBN972-8682-11-5.
^Sousa Bastos, Antonio (1908). Diccionario do theatro portuguez (in Portuguese). Robarts - University of Toronto. Lisboa Imprensa Libanio da Silva. p. 331.
^Caldas, Antonio José Ferreira (1881). Guimarães: apontamentos para a sua historia (in Portuguese). Typ. de A. J. da Silva Teixeira. pp. 153–156. Archived from the original on 2024-07-08. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
^Johnson, Steven (2007). The Ghost Map: The story of London's most terrifying epidemic-- and how it changed science, cities, and the modern world. Riverhead Books.
^Harlan, Debi; Price, Megan (2003). "Henry Underhill: Entomologist, Grocer, Antiquarian and Magic Lantern Artist". The New Magic Lantern Journal. 9 (4): 51–53.
^Wood, Juliette (2012). "Fairytales and the Magic Lantern: Henry Underhill's Lantern Slides in the Folklore Society Collection". Folklore. 123 (3): 254–263.
