1875 in animation

Years in animation:	1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878
Centuries:	18th century · 19th century · 20th century
Decades:	1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s
Years:	1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878

Events in 1875 in animation.

Events

• Specific date unknown:
  • In 1875, the physiologist Sigmund Exner showed that, under the right conditions, people will see two quick, spatially separated but stationary electrical sparks as a single light moving from place to place, while quicker flashes were interpreted as motion between two stationary lights. Exner argued that the impression of the moving light was a perception (from a mental process) of the motion between the stationary lights as pure sense.[1] This is an explanation of the optical illusion of illusory motion known as the beta movement. The illusion of motion caused by animation and film is sometimes believed to rely on beta movement, as an alternative to the older explanation known as persistence of vision.[2]
  • The French astronomer Pierre Janssen introduces the chronophotography instrument Janssen revolver to the Société Francaise de Photographie. [3][4] Etienne-Jules Marey would later use Janssen's invention as the primary inspiration for his chronophotographic gun (1882), a precursor to the camcorder.The functioning of the chronophotographic gun is very similar to a normal rifle, with grip, canon and rotating drum, except that it does not carry bullets but photographic plates with which it caught the light at high speed.[5][6]

Births

January

• January 5: J. Stuart Blackton, British-American silent film producer and director (co-founder of the film studio Vitagraph Studios, one of the first filmmakers to use the techniques of stop-motion and drawn animation, considered a father of American animation, directed the animated films The Enchanted Drawing, Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, The Haunted Hotel, and The Humpty Dumpty Circus), (d. 1941).[7][8][9][10][11]
• January 21: Paul E. Kahle, German orientalist, (discovered leather puppets near Damietta, Egypt which were used in medieval shadow plays, one of the precursors of silhouette animation), (d. 1964).[12][13][14][15]

June

• June 4: Albert E. Smith, English-American film director, film producer, and stage magician, (co-founder of the film studio Vitagraph Studios, producer of the animated short film The Humpty Dumpty Circus), (d. 1958).[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

References

1. Exner, Sigmund (1875). "Über das Sehen von Bewegungen und die Theorie des zusammengesetzten Auges in". Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. V.71-72: 363. Retrieved 2020-12-12 – via HathiTrust.
2. Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (1993). "The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited". Journal of Film and Video. 45 (1): 3–12. JSTOR 20687993.
3. "Revolver fotográfico | IDIS". proyectoidis.org. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
4. Herbert, Stephen (1996). Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. British Film Institute.
5. "Étienne Jules Marey" (PDF). Retrieved 28 June 2024.
6. "Rifle fotográfico". 9 September 2008.
7. "Commodore Blackton, Who Went from Riches to Relief, Dies at 66". Variety. August 20, 1941. p. 4.
8. "Blackton, Pioneer In Movies, Dies, 66. Ex-Commodore of Atlantic Yacht Club Here. Is Victim of Auto Accident. A Founder Of Vitagraph. Producer of 'Black Diamond Express' Thriller. Began as Marine Artist". New York Times. August 14, 1941. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
9. "J. Stuart Blackton's Condition Is Critical". Motion Picture Daily. 13 August 1941. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
10. "Blackton Services Tomorrow in L.A." Motion Picture Daily. 15 August 1941. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
11. Newsday
12. Kahle, Paul. “The Arabic Shadow Play in Egypt.” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1, 1940, pp. 21–34. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25221591. Accessed 10 Mar. 2023.
13. Milwright, Marcus. “ON THE DATE OF PAUL KAHLE’S EGYPTIAN SHADOW PUPPETS.” Muqarnas, vol. 28, 2011, pp. 43–68. JSTOR website Retrieved 10 Mar. 2023.
14. Black, Matthew (1966). "Paul Ernst Kahle, 1875–1965" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 51: 485–495.
15. Jouvanceau, Pierre (2004). The Silhouette Film. Pagine di Chiavari. trans. Kitson. Genoa: Le Mani. ISBN 88-8012-299-1.
16. "Albert Smith, 83, Film Pioneer, Dies. Inventor of Vitagraph Was Co-Founder of Firm That Achieved Early Success". The New York Times. 3 August 1958. Retrieved 2014-12-06. Albert E. Smith, a pioneer of the film industry, died last night in his home. ...
17. Plaque #2068 on Open Plaques
18. McKernan, Luke. "Albert Edward Smith". Who's Who of Victorian Cinema. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
19. Ken A. Priebe, The Art of Stop-Motion Animation, Boston, Massachusetts: Thomson Course Technology PTR, 2007, ISBN 9781598632453, p. 9
20. Nichola Dobson, The A to Z of Animation and Cartoons, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 2009, ISBN 9780810876231, p. xxiv
21. Crafton, Donald (2014-07-14). Emile Cohl, Caricature, and Film. ISBN 9781400860715.
22. Giesen, Rolf (2018-09-27). Puppetry, Puppet Animation and the Digital Age. ISBN 9781351209298.