Calendar year
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1878 .
June 13 : Congress of Berlin 1878 (MDCCCLXXVIII ) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar , the 1878th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini 2nd millennium , the 78th year of the 19th century , and the 9th year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1878, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January–September – Cleopatra's Needle erected in London. January 5 – Russo-Turkish War : Battle of Shipka Pass IV – Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire .January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy .January 17 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Philippopolis – Russian troops defeat the Ottoman Empire.January 23 – Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles .January 24 – Russian revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov , Governor of Saint Petersburg .January 28 – In the United States:
January 31 – Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople .February 2 – Greece declares war on the Ottoman Empire .[ 2] February 7 – Pope Pius IX dies, after a 31½ year pontificate (the longest definitely confirmed).February 8 – The British fleet enters Turkish waters, and anchors off Istanbul ; Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul, but does not carry out the threat.February 18 – The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, New Mexico .February 19 – The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison .February 20 – Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX , as the 256th pope .February 23 – Gajanan Maharaj appears at Shegaon , Maharashtra.February 24 – Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London .February 28 – Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature (under the name The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi).March 3 (February 19 O.S. ) – Treaty of San Stefano signed between the Russian and Ottoman Empires following Russian victory in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) provides for establishment of an autonomous Principality of Bulgaria (although not as large as originally envisaged). Russia however regards the treaty as a preliminary one only, refusing on March 25 a British proposal to lay it before a European congress, and matters are finally settled in July's Treaty of Berlin .March 17 – Emancipated U.S. slave and Baptist minister Rev. John Jasper first preaches his sermon "The Sun Do Move."[ 3] March 24 – The British Royal Navy frigate HMS Eurydice (1843) capsizes in the English Channel ; all but 2 of the 319 crew members are killed.March 27 – In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves, and calls up Indian troops to Malta .
Europe after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 and the territorial and political rearrangement of the Balkan Peninsula. July 4 – A match race between champion thoroughbred racehorses Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarty draws more than 30,000 fans to Louisville, and inspires the folk song, "Molly and Tenbrooks ".July 13 – The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia , Montenegro and Romania completely independent, confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria , makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet .August 9 – The Wallingford Tornado of 1878 , the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford , killing 34 people and injuring more than 70.August 26 – Uyedineniya Island is discovered in the Kara Sea , by Norwegian explorer Captain Edvard Holm Johannesen.September 3 – Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat Princess Alice Bywell Castle River Thames .September 12 – Cleopatra's Needle is erected beside the Thames in London, having arrived in England on January 21 .September 17 – 1878 Canadian federal election : Sir John A. Macdonald and his Conservative Party are returned to power, defeating the incumbent Liberal Party , led by Alexander Mackenzie .September 20 – The Hindu
October 31 – Eldkvarn burns in Stockholm .October 14 – The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane , in Sheffield , England.October 17 – John A. Macdonald returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada .October 27 – The Manhattan Savings Institution robbery occurs.[ 6] October 31 – A fire destroys the Eldkvarn Stockholm , Sweden .November 17 – The first assassination attempt is made against Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Giovanni Passannante , armed with a dagger. The King survives with a slight wound in one arm. Prime minister Benedetto Cairoli blocks the aggressor, receiving a leg injury.November 21 – The Second Anglo-Afghan War commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass .November 26 – American-born artist James McNeill Whistler 's libel case against English critic John Ruskin , over a review of the painting Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket [ 7] High Court of Justice in London. Whistler wins a farthing in nominal damages and only half of the costs, leading to his bankruptcy, and alienates patrons.[ 8] December 7 – The United States territory of New Mexico is linked to the rest of the nation by railroad for the first time, as the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway inaugurates a newly completed line through the Raton Pass .[ 9] December 18 – French passenger steamer Byzantin founders in the Dardanelles during a gale after collision with British SS Rinaldo , killing around 210 people, with only 14 crew of the Byzantin saved.[ 10] December 25 – Stella Maris Church, Sliema on Malta becomes a parish, seceding from the Parish of St. Helen's in Birkirkara .
Date unknown
Births
Carl Sandburg Theodoros Pangalos Gordon Coates Kōki Hirota Vicente Mejía Colindres Lionel Barrymore Roy Atwell Gustav Stresemann Princess Ingeborg of Denmark Alfred Döblin Lise Meitner Joseph Stalin
January 2 – Jaakko Mäki , Finnish politician (d. 1938 )[ 13] January 4
January 6 – Carl Sandburg , American poet and historian (d. 1967 )January 9 – John B. Watson , American psychologist (d. 1958 )January 11
January 12 – Ferenc Molnár , Hungarian-born author (d. 1952 )January 16 – Harry Carey , American actor (d. 1947 )January 20 – Finlay Currie , Scottish actor (d. 1968 )January 22 – Constance Collier , English stage, screen actress (d. 1955 )January 23 – Rutland Boughton , English composer (d. 1960 )January 25 – Ernst Alexanderson , Swedish-born American television pioneer (d. 1975 )January 26
February 1 – Milan Hodža , Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (d. 1944 )February 2
February 3 – Gordon Coates , 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1943 )February 4 – Grigory Petrovsky , Ukrainian Soviet politician and Old Bolshevik (d. 1958 )February 5 – André Citroën , French automobile manufacturer (d. 1935 )February 8 – Martin Buber , Austrian philosopher (d. 1965 )February 14 – Kōki Hirota , 21st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948 )February 16 – Big Jim Colosimo , Italian-born American gangster (d. 1920 )February 18 – Kate Gordon Moore , American psychologist (d. 1963 )February 21 – Mirra Alfassa , multi-origined spiritual leader and founder of Auroville , India (d. 1973 )February 26 – Emmy Destinn , Czech soprano (d. 1930 )February 28 – Pierre Fatou , French mathematician (d. 1929 )March 3 – Edward Thomas , British poet (d. 1917 )March 4
March 5 – P. D. Ouspensky , Russian mathematician and philosopher (d. 1947 )March 7 – Boris Kustodiev , Soviet painter and designer (d. 1927 )March 16
March 20 – Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (d. 1927 )March 22 – Michel Théato , Luxembourg athlete (d. 1923 )March 23 – Franz Schreker , Austrian composer (d. 1934 )March 25 – Frances Glessner Lee , American forensic scientist; known as "mother of forensic science" (d. 1962 )March 26 – Henry Gullett , Australian politician (d. 1940 )March 31 – Jack Johnson , American boxer (d. 1946 )
April 1 – C. Ganesha Iyer , Ceylon Tamil philologist (d. 1958 )April 4 – Stylianos Lykoudis , Greek admiral (d. 1958 )April 6
April 24 – Jean Crotti , Swiss artist (d. 1958 )April 28
April 30 – Władysław Witwicki , Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (d. 1948 )May 2 – Roy Atwell , American actor, comedian and composer (d. 1962 )May 10 – Gustav Stresemann , Chancellor of Germany , recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1929 )May 13 – Julia Dean , American actress (d. 1952 ),May 16 – Taylor Holmes , American actor (d. 1959 )May 21 – Glenn Curtiss , American aviation pioneer (d. 1930 )May 22 – The Great Gama , Punjabi wrestler (d. 1960 )May 25 – Bill Robinson , African-American tap dancer (d. 1949 )May 28 – Paul Pelliot , French sinologist (d. 1945 )June 1 – John Masefield , English poet, novelist (d. 1967 )June 3 – Barney Oldfield , American automobile racer, pioneer (d. 1946 )June 5 – Pancho Villa , Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923 )June 10 – William Skelly , American oil magnate (d. 1957 )June 12 – James Oliver Curwood , American writer, conservationist (d. 1927 )June 19 – Yakov Yurovsky , Russian Old Bolshevik , revolutionary, and Chekist (d.1938 )June 22 – John Burton Cleland , Australian naturalist, microbiologist, mycologist and ornithologist (d. 1971 )June 27 – He Xiangning , Chinese revolutionary, feminist, politician, painter and poet (d. 1972 )
July 3 – George M. Cohan , American singer, dancer, composer, actor and writer (d. 1942 )July 8 – Jimmy Quinn , Scottish footballer (d. 1945 )July 16 – Andreas Hermes , German agricultural scientist, politician (d. 1964 )July 24 – Lord Dunsany , Irish author (d. 1957 )August 1
August 2
August 9 – Eileen Gray , Irish architect, furniture designer (d. 1976 )August 10 – Alfred Döblin , German writer (d. 1957 )August 15 – Paa Grant , Ghanian politician (d. 1956 )August 19 – Manuel L. Quezon , 2nd President of the Philippines (d. 1944 )August 20 – Maria Assunta Pallotta , Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. 1905 )August 26 – Lina Stern , Soviet biochemist, physiologist and humanist (d. 1968 )August 27 – Pyotr Wrangel , Russian general, anti-Bolshevik leader (d. 1928 )August 28 – George Whipple , American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976 )August 31 – Frank Jarvis , American athlete (d. 1933 )September 2 – Werner von Blomberg , German field marshal (d. 1946 )September 5 – Robert von Lieben , Austrian physicist (d. 1913 )September 9
September 13 – Matilde Moisant , American pilot (d. 1964 )September 16 – Karl Albiker , German sculptor, lithographer and teacher (d. 1961 )September 20 – Upton Sinclair , American writer (d. 1968 )September 22 – Shigeru Yoshida , Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1967 )September 24 – Charles-Ferdinand Ramuz , Swiss writer (d. 1947 )September 26 – Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord , German general and Commander-in-Chief of the Reichswehr (d. 1943 )September 28 – Jirō Tamon , Japanese general (d. 1934 )
October 1 – Othmar Spann , Austrian philosopher, economist (d. 1950 )October 5 – Louise Dresser , American actress (d. 1965 )October 9 – Robert Warwick , American actor (d. 1964 )October 11 – Nicole Girard-Mangin , French physician in the French Army (d. 1919 )October 12 – Karl Buresch , 9th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1936 )October 15 – Paul Reynaud , 77th Prime Minister of France (d. 1966 )October 16 – Maxie Long , American athlete (d. 1959 )October 18 – Miguel Llobet , Spanish guitarist (d. 1938 )October 26 – William Kissam Vanderbilt II , American motor racing driver and yachtsman (d. 1944 )October 29 – Alexander von Falkenhausen , German general (d. 1966 )October 30 – Arthur Scherbius , German electrical engineer, mathematician, cryptanalyst and inventor (d. 1929 )November 1 – Carlos Saavedra Lamas , Argentine politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959 )November 7
November 8 – Dorothea Bate , British archaeologist and pioneer of archaeozoology (d. 1951 )November 14
November 17 – Grace Abbott , American social worker, activist (d. 1939 )November 23
Ernest Joseph King , Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations (COMINCH-CNO) during World War II (d. 1956 )Frank Pick , British transport administrator, designer (d. 1941 )November 27 – William Orpen , Irish artist (d. 1931 )December 1 – Jeni Bojilova-Pateva , Bulgarian women's rights activist and suffragist (d. 1955 )December 3 – Edith Vane-Tempest-Stewart , English noble (d. 1959 )December 10 – C. Rajagopalachari , Indian politician, freedom fighter (d. 1972 )December 18 – Joseph Stalin , leader of the Soviet Union (d. 1953 )December 22 – Myer Prinstein , Polish-American athlete (d. 1925 )[ 14] December 25
December 28 – Nikolai Bryukhanov , Soviet statesman, political figure who served as People's Commissar of Finances (d. 1938 )December 31
Deaths
Victor Emmanuel II Pope Pius IX Anna Sewell William Cullen Bryant Saint Mariam Baouardy
January 5 – Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora , 6th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1804 )January 8 – Nikolay Nekrasov , Russian poet (b. 1821 )[ 15] January 9 – King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (b. 1820 )January 18 – Antoine César Becquerel , French scientist (b. 1788 )February 7 – Pope Pius IX (b. 1792 )[ 16] February 11 – Gideon Welles , American politician (b. 1802 )February 19 – Charles-François Daubigny , French painter (b. 1817 )February 26 – Angelo Secchi , Italian astronomer (b. 1818 )March 8 – Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (b. 1802 )March 20 – Julius von Mayer , German physician and physicist, a founder of thermodynamics (b. 1814 )March 27 – Sir George Gilbert Scott , English architect (b. 1811 )April 8 – Henrietta Treffz , Austrian soprano, first wife of Johann Strauss II (b. 1818 )April 11 – Robert Wentworth Little , English occultist (b. 1840 )April 12 – William M. Tweed , American politician (b. 1823 )April 25 – Anna Sewell , English author (b. 1820 )May 11 – Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau , French military officer and politician (b. 1823 )May 12 – Anselme Payen , French chemist (b. 1795 )May 13 – Joseph Henry , American scientist (b. 1797 )May 14 – Ōkubo Toshimichi , Japanese samurai, later leader of the Meiji restoration (b. 1830 )May 28 – John Russell, 1st Earl Russell , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1792 )June 5 – Ernst von Bibra , German scientist (b. 1806 )June 6
June 12
June 15 – Shiv Dayal Singh , founder and first SatGuru of Radha Soami faith (b. 1818 )June 27 – Sidney Breese , U.S. senator from Illinois, 'father of the Illinois Central Railroad ' (b. 1800 )
July 21 – Sam Bass (outlaw) , American outlaw (b. 1851 )July 23 – Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky , Bohemian pathologist, philosopher and politician (b. 1804 )August 13 – Henry James Montague , English-born actor (b. 1844 )August 16 – Richard Upjohn , English-American architect (b. 1802 )August 26 – Mariam Baouardy , Syrian Discalced Carmelite and Melkite Greek Catholic nun and saint, canonized (b. 1846 )August 30 – James Geiss , English businessman (b. 1820 )September 7 – Mehmed Ali Pasha , Prussian-born Ottoman military leader (b. 1827 )October 4 – Dora Hand , dance hall singer, actress (b.1844 )October 11 – Satanta, Kiowa war chief (b. 1820)December 10 – Henry Wells , American businessman (b. 1805 )December 14 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (b. 1843 )December 18 – W H Payne , actor and mime artist (b. 1804 )December 23 – Frederick Aiken , American lawyer, journalist, and soldier (b. 1832 )December 25 – Henry K. Hoff , American admiral (b. 1809 )
References
^ NRHP. "Site of the First Telephone Exchange" . nps.gov . National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2023 . public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government .^ Tucker, Spencer C. (December 23, 2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5 ^ New York Daily Herald , 24 Mar 1878, p.8.
^ Kotkan synty ja kasvu Archived May 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)^ "The Loch Ard Lost" . The Argus . Retrieved March 9, 2017 – via National Library of Australia.^ Roth, Cheyna (December 28, 2023). "My Favorite Victorian Criminal Was a Bank Robber With a Secret Weapon" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Retrieved January 6, 2024 . ^ Ruskin, John (1877-07-02). Fors Clavigera
^ Whistler, J. McNeill (1890). The Gentle Art of Making Enemies
^ Borneman, Walter R. (2010). Rival Rails: The Race to Build America's Greatest Transcontinental Railroad . Random House Digital. p. 168. ^ "The Collision in the Dardanelles". The Cornishman . No. 25. January 2, 1878. p. 7. ^ "History | Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd" . global.kawasaki.com . Retrieved May 3, 2021 .^ "V muzeu Emila Holuba se ukrýval kapský lev" . Novinky.cz (in Czech). May 22, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2011 .^ "Kansanedustajat: Jaakko Mäki" (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Parliament of Finland . Archived from the original on May 1, 2019. Retrieved January 4, 2024 .^ Cox, Jay (January 1, 2000). "The Original Orange Olympic Champ" . Syracuse University Magazine 16 (4): 44–45. Retrieved December 22, 2022 . ^ Lebedev, Yu, V. (1990). "Nekrasov, Nikolai Alekseyevich" . Russian Writers. Biobibliographical Dictionary. Vol. 2. Ed. P.A.Nikolayev. Moscow. Prosveshchenye Publishers. Retrieved May 1, 2014 . {{cite web }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )^ Patriarca, Silvana (2012). The Risorgimento revisited : nationalism and culture in nineteenth-century Italy . Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 188. ISBN 9780230362758
Further reading
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