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Pengepungan Legasi Internasional
Pengepungan Legasi Internasional terjadi pada musim panas 1900 di Peking (sekarang Beijing), ibu kota Kekaisaran Qing, selama Pemberontakan Boxer. Orang-orang asing yang sebagian besar berasal dari Eropa, Amerika Serikat dan Jepang termasuk 900 tentara dan marinirnya ditambah sekitar 2.800 orang Tiongkok yang beragama Kristen mengungsi ke markas legasi (kedutaan kecil) yang ada di Beijing, setelah mereka diancam oleh para Pemberontak Boxer dan Gerakan Petani anti-asing dan anti-Kristen.
Mereka berhasil diselamatkan dari pengepungan yang berlangsung selama 55 hari itu setelah pasukan Aliansi Delapan Negara yang tiba dengan berjalan kaki dari pantai Tiongkok, berhasil mengalahkan tentara Qing, dan kemudian menguasai Beijing. Surat kabar The Sun, New York menyebut Pengepungan itu sebagai "Episode paling menarik yang pernah terjadi dalam suatu peradaban."[1]
Referensi
Kutipan
- ^ Thompson, Larry Clinton. William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009, pp. 1, 83–5
Sumber
- Allen, Rev. Roland The Siege of the Peking Legations. London: Smith, Elder, 1901
- Annual Reports of the War Department, 1901 Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901
- Bickers, Robert and Tiedemann, R.G., The Boxers, China, and the World. Lanham, MD; Rowman and Littlefield, 2007
- Chester M. Biggs (2003). The United States marines in North China, 1894–1942. McFarland. hlm. 25. ISBN 0-7864-1488-X. Diakses tanggal June 28, 2010.
- Boot, Max (2003). The savage wars of peace: small wars and the rise of American power. Da Capo Press. hlm. 428. ISBN 0-465-00721-X. Diakses tanggal June 28, 2010. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia U Press, 1997
- Conger, Sarah Pike, Letters from China. Chicago: A.C McClurg, 1910
- Davids, Jules, ed. American Diplomatic and State Papers: The United States and China: Boxer Uprising. Series 3, Vol. 5, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1981
- Der Ling, Princess. Two Years in the Forbidden City. New York: Moffat, Yard, 1911
- Fenn, Rev. Courtnay Hughes, "The American Marines in the Siege of Peking". The Independent. Dec 6, 2000
- Fleming, Peter. The Siege at Peking. New York: Harper, 1959
- Foreign Relations of the United States, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900
- Ingram, James H., M.D. "The Defense of the Legations in Peking". The Independent. Dec 3 and 10, 1900
- Lynch, George. "Vae Victis! The Allies in Peking after the Siege". The Independent. Nov 8, 1900
- Martin, W.A.P. The Siege in Peking. New York:Fleming H. Revell, 1900
- Mateer, Ada Haven. Siege Days: Personal Experiences of American Women and Children during the Peking Siege. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1903
- Miner, Luella, "A Prison in Peking: The Diary of an American Woman during the Siege". The Outlook, Nov. 10, 17, 24, 1900
- Morrison, Dr. George E. "The Siege of the Peking Legations" The Living Age, Nov 17, 24 and Dec 1, 8, and 15, 1900*
- Myers, Capt. John T. "Military Operations and Defenses of the Siege of Peking". Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute September, 1902
- O'Connor, Richard. The Spirit Soldiers: A Historical Narrative of the Boxer Rebellion. New York: Putnams, 1973
- Oliphant, Nigel, A Diary of the Siege of the Legations in Peking. London: Longman, Greens, 1901
- Porter, Henry D. William Scott Ament: Missionary of the American Board to China. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1911
- Preston, Diana. The Boxer Rebellion. New York: Berkley Books, 1999
- Ransome, Jessie. The Story of the Siege Hospital. London: SPCK, 1901
- Seagrave, Sterling. Dragon Lady: the Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China. New York: Vantage, 1992
- Smith, Arthur H. China in Convulsion. 2 Vols. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1901
- "The Fortification of Peking during the Siege". The Gospel in all Lands. Feb 1902
- Thompson, Larry Clinton. William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009.
- Thompson, Peter and Macklin, Robert The Man who Died Twice: The Life and Adventures of Morrison of Peking. Crow’s Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2005
- Weale, B. L. (Bertram Lenox Simpson), Indiscreet Letters from Peking. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1907
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