Orang Britania Raya

Orang Britania
Jumlah populasi
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
 Britania Raya57,678,000[A][2]
 Amerika Serikat
[3][4]
 Australia
[6]
 Kanada
[7]
 Selandia Baru
[8]
 Afrika Selatan
  • 1,603,575
  • 750,000[D]
[6][9]
 Chili700,000[B][10]
 Prancis400,000[D][11]
 Irlandia291,000[D][6]
 Argentina250,000[B][12]
Britania Raya Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya247,899[13]
 Uni Emirat Arab240,000[C][14]
 Spanyol236,669[D][15][16]
 Peru150,000[B][17]
 Jerman115,000[C][18]
 Pakistan79,447[D][19]
 Siprus59,000[C][18]
 Thailand51,000[C][20]
 Singapura45,000[C][20]
 Swiss45,000[C][21]
 Belanda44,000[C][21]
 Israel44,000[22]
 Portugal41,000[C][21]
 Swedia39,989[C]
 Italia
 Norwegia34,279[B][24]
 Turki34,000[C][21]
 India32,000[C][25]
 Kenya29,000[C][26]
 Belgia28,000[C][21]
 Barbados27,000[C][27]
 Arab Saudi26,000[C]
 Jamaika25,000[C][27]
Bahasa
Agama

Orang Britania (bahasa Inggris: British people) adalah warga Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara, Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania, dan Dependensi Kerajaan.[28][29][30] Hukum kewarganegaraan Britania Raya mengatur kewarganegaraan dan kewarganegaraan Britania modern, yang dapat diperoleh, misalnya, dengan keturunan dari warga negara Britania. Ketika digunakan dalam konteks sejarah, "orang Britania" atau "orang Briton" juga dapat merujuk pada orang Suku Briton, penduduk asli Britania Raya, dan Brittany yang anggotanya yang masih bertahan adalah Bangsa Wales modern, Kernowyon, dan Breton. Bangsa ini juga dapat merujuk pada warga bekas Imperium Britania.

Meskipun pernyataan awal menjadi orang Britania berasal dari Abad Pertengahan Akhir, penciptaan Kerajaan Britania Raya[31][32][33][34][35] pada tahun 1707 memicu rasa identitas nasional Britania.[36] Gagasan kebangsaan Britania (Britishness) ditempa selama Perang Napoleon antara Britania dan Kekaisaran Pertama Prancis,dan dikembangkan lebih lanjut selama era Victoria.[37] Sejarah kompleks pembentukan Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia menciptakan "rasa kebangsaan dan kepemilikan" di Inggris dan Irlandia; Gagasan kebangsaan Britania ditumpangkan pada identitas yang jauh lebih tua", dari budaya Inggris, Skotlandia, Welsh, dan Irlandia, yang kekhasannya masih menolak gagasan tentang identitas Britania yang homogen.[38] Karena perpecahan etnis-sektarian yang sudah lama, identitas Britania di Irlandia Utara sangat kontroversial, tetapi dipegang dengan keyakinan kuat oleh kaum Union.[39]

Orang Britania modern diturunkan terutama dari berbagai kelompok etnis yang menetap di Pulau Britania Raya pada dan sebelum abad ke-11: Prasejarah, Brittonik, Romawi, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, dan Normandia.[40] Penyatuan politik progresif Kepulauan Britania memfasilitasi migrasi, pertukaran budaya dan bahasa, dan perkawinan antara orang-orang Inggris, Skotlandia, Wales, dan Irlandia selama Abad Pertengahan, akhir periode modern awal dan seterusnya.[41][42] Sejak 1922 dan sebelumnya, telah ada imigrasi ke Britania Raya oleh orang-orang dari tempat yang sekarang menjadi Republik Irlandia, Negara-negara Persemakmuran, daratan utama Eropa dan tempat lain; mereka dan keturunan mereka sebagian besar adalah warga negara Britania, dengan beberapa orang mengasumsikan identitas Britania, kewarganegaraan ganda, atau ditulis dgn tanda penghubung.[43]

Bangsa Britania adalah masyarakat multikultural, multi-bangsa,[44] dan multibahasa, dengan "aksen, ekspresi, dan identitas daerah yang kuat".[45][46] Struktur sosial Britania Raya telah berubah secara drastis sejak abad ke-19, dengan penurunan ketaatan beragama, peningkatan kelas menengah, dan peningkatan keragaman etnis, khususnya sejak 1950-an. Penduduk Kerajaan Bersatu Britania Raya dan Irlandia Utara berjumlah sekitar 66 juta,[47] dengan diaspora Britania sekitar 140 juta jiwa terkonsentrasi di Australia, Kanada, dan Selandia Baru, dengan konsentrasi lebih kecil di Amerika Serikat, Republik Irlandia, Chili, Afrika Selatan dan bagian-bagiannya. dari Karibia.[48]

Lihat pula

Referensi

Sumber

  • Anderson, Monica (2006), Women and the Politics of Travel, 1870–1914, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN 978-0-8386-4091-3 
  • Allan, David (2008), Making British Culture: English Readers and the Scottish Enlightenment, 1740–1830, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-96286-5 
  • Barringer, T. J.; Quilley, Geoff; Fordham, Douglas (2007), Art and the British Empire, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-7392-2 
  • Bartsch-Parker, Elizabeth; O'Maolalaigh, Roibeard; Burger, Stephen (1999), British phrasebook, Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-0-86442-484-6 
  • Bennett, James C. (2004). The anglosphere challenge: why the English-speaking nations will lead the way in the twenty-first century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-3332-8. 
  • Birnie, Arthur (2006), An Economic History of the British Isles, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-37872-7 
  • Bradley, Ian C. (2007), Believing in Britain: The Spiritual Identity of 'Britishness', I.B.Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84511-326-1 
  • Bradshaw, Brendan; Roberts, Peter (2003), British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89361-5 
  • Broadie, Alexander (2003), The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00323-0 
  • Broich, Ulrich; Bassnett, Susan (2001), Britain at the turn of the Twenty-First Century, Rodopi, ISBN 978-90-420-1536-4 
  • Buckner, Phillip (2008), Canada and the British Empire, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1 
  • Burch, Martin; Moran, Michael (1987), British Politics: A Reader, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-2302-6 
  • Bush, Barbara (2006), Imperialism and Postcolonialism, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-0-582-50583-4 
  • Campbell, Roy Hutcheson; Skinner, Andrew S. (1985), Adam Smith, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7099-3473-8 
  • Caunce, Stephen; Mazierska, Ewa; Sydney-Smith, Susan (2004), Relocating Britishness, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-7026-6 
  • Christopher, David (1999), British Culture, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-14218-2 
  • Colley, Linda (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1701–1837, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-05737-9 
  • Commission for Racial Equality (November 2005), Citizenship and Belonging: What is Britishness? (PDF), Commission for Racial Equality, ISBN 1-85442-573-0, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 7 January 2009 
  • Cosman, Milein (1957), Musical Sketchbook, Cassirer 
  • Craith, Máiréad Nic (2002), Plural identities—singular narratives: the case of Northern Ireland, Berghahn Books, ISBN 978-1-57181-314-5 
  • Croft, Pauline (2003), King James, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-61395-3 
  • Crowest, Frederick James (1896), The Story of British Music, C. Scribner's sons 
  • Cunliffe, Barry (2002). The extraordinary voyage of Pytheas the Greek (edisi ke-revised). New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 0-14-029784-7. OCLC 49692050. 
  • Darian-Smith, Kate; Grimshaw, Patricia; Macintyre, Stuart (2007), Britishness Abroad: Transnational Movements and Imperial Cultures, ISBN 978-0-522-85392-6 
  • Dearlove, John; Saunders, Peter (2000), Introduction to British Politics (edisi ke-3rd), Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-7456-2096-1 
  • Else, David; Attwooll, Jolyon; Beech, Charlotte; Clapton, Laetitia; Berry, Oliver; Davenport, Fionn (2007), Great Britain (edisi ke-7th), Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-1-74104-565-9 
  • Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian A. (2004), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Springer, ISBN 978-0-306-48321-9 
  • Finnegan, Richard B.; McCarron, Edward (2000), Ireland: Historical Echoes, Contemporary Politics (edisi ke-2nd), Westview Press, ISBN 978-0-8133-3247-5 
  • Gallagher, Michael (2006), The United Kingdom Today, London: Franklin Watts, ISBN 978-0-7496-6488-6 
  • Galligan, Brian; Roberts, Winsome; Trifiletti, Gabriella (2001), Australians and Globalisation: the Experience of two Centuries, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01089-4 
  • Gay, O/; Rees, A/ (2005), "The Privy Council" (PDF), House of Commons Library Standard Note, SN/PC/2708, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 December 2011, diakses tanggal 2 August 2008 
  • Goldman, Dodi (1993), In Search of the Real: the Origins and Originality of D.W. Winnicott, Jason Aronson, ISBN 978-0-87668-006-3 
  • Gottlieb, Evan (2007), Feeling British: sympathy and national identity in Scottish and English writing, 1707–1832, Bucknell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8387-5678-2 
  • Hall, Catherine; Rose, Sonya (2006), At Home with the Empire: Metropolitan Culture and the Imperial World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-85406-1 
  • Hardill, Irene; Graham, David T.; Kofman, Eleonore (2001), Human Geography of the UK: An Introduction, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-21425-4 
  • Harewood, George H. H. L. (1962), Opera, Rolls House 
  • Harrison, Brian Howard (1996), The Transformation of British politics, 1860–1995, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873121-4 
  • Hilton, Boyd (2006), A mad, bad, and dangerous people?: England, 1783–1846, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822830-1 
  • Howe, Stephen (2002), Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924990-9 
  • Ichijo, Atsuko; Spohn, Willfried (2005), Entangled Identities: Nations and Europe, ISBN 978-0-7546-4372-2 
  • James, Robert Rhodes (1978), The British Revolution: British Politics, 1880–1939, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-416-71140-0 
  • Clifton, Lewis (1999), The Falkland Islands: Self-government with an emerging national identity?, London: News and Journal 2004, The 21st century Trust 
  • Lincoln, Margarette (2002). Representing the Royal Navy: British Sea Power, 1750–1815. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-0830-1. 
  • Lynch, Michael (1992), Scotland: A New History, Pimlico, ISBN 0-7126-9893-0 
  • Macdonald, A. M. (1969), Chambers Compact Dictionary, Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, ISBN 0-550-10605-7 
  • MacKenzie, John M. (1989), Imperialism and Popular Culture, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-1868-8 
  • Marshall, Peter James (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7 
  • Mein Smith, Philippa (2005), A Concise History of New Zealand, Australia: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-54228-6 
  • Mulgan, R. G.; Aimer, Peter (2004), Politics in New Zealand (edisi ke-3rd), Auckland University Press, ISBN 978-1-86940-318-8 
  • O'Meara, Tom (2007), A Miscellany of Britain, Toronto, ISBN 978-1-84193-664-2 
  • O'Neill, Michael (2004), Devolution and British Politics, Pearson/Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-47274-7 
  • O'Rahilly, T. F. (1946). Early Irish History and Mythology (edisi ke-reprinted 1964, 1971, 1984). Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-29-4. 
  • Office for National Statistics (2000), Britain 2001: The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom, London: Stationery Office Books, ISBN 978-0-11-621278-8 
  • Park, Alison (2005), British Social Attitudes: The 21st Report, SAGE, ISBN 978-0-7619-4278-8 
  • Powell, David (2002), Nationhood and Identity: the British State since 1800, I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-86064-517-4 
  • Power, Timothy Joseph; Rae, Nicol C. (2006), Exporting Congress?: the influence of the U.S. Congress on world legislatures, University of Pittsburgh Press, ISBN 978-0-8229-5921-2 
  • Richards, Eric (2004), Britannia's Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600, ISBN 1-85285-441-3 
  • Richardson, Lewis Fry; Ashford, Oliver M. (1993), Collected Papers of Lewis Fry Richardson, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-38298-4 
  • Robbins, Keith (1998), Great Britain: identities, institutions, and the idea of Britishness, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-03138-8 
  • Rojek, Chris (2008), Brit-Myth: Who Do the British Think They Are?, Reaktion Books, ISBN 978-1-86189-336-9 
  • Rose, Arnold Marshall (1958), The Institutions of Advanced Societies, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8166-0168-4 
  • Rosen, Andrew (2003), The Transformation of British Life, 1950–2000: A Social History, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-6612-2 
  • Ross, David (2002), Chronology of Scottish History, Geddes & Grosset, ISBN 1-85534-380-0 
  • Ryrie, Alec (2006), The origins of the Scottish Reformation, Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-7105-8 
  • Scholes, Percy A. (1970), The Oxford Companion to Music (edisi ke-10th), Oxford University Press 
  • Singh, Sarina; Butler, Stuart; Jealous, Virginia; Karafin, Amy; Richmond, Simon; Wlodarski, Rafael (2007), South India (edisi ke-4th), Lonely Planet, ISBN 978-1-74104-704-2 
  • Smyth, Alfred P. (1998), Medieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in Medieval Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-312-21301-5 
  • Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. ISBN 0-631-22260-X. OCLC 237823808. 
  • Spencer, Colin (2003), British Food: An Extraordinary Thousand Years of History, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-13110-0 
  • Trudgill, Peter (1984), Language in the British Isles, CUP Archive, ISBN 978-0-521-28409-7 
  • Walton, John K. (2000), Fish and chips and the British working class, 1870–1940, Continuum International, ISBN 978-0-7185-2120-2 
  • Ward, Paul (2004), Britishness Since 1870, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-49472-1 
  • Whale, John C.; Copley, Stephen (1992), Beyond romanticism: new approaches to texts and contexts, 1780–1832, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-05201-6 
  • Whatley, C. (2006). The Scots and the Union. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 91. ISBN 0-7486-1685-3. 
  • Whittle, Stephen; Jenkins, Adrian (2005), Creative Tension: British Art 1900–1950, ISBN 978-1-903470-28-2 
  • Williams, Daniel G. (2006), Ethnicity and cultural authority: from Arnold to Du Bois, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2205-4 
  • Willson, David Harris (1963), King James VI & I, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-60572-0 

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Pranala luar

  1. ^ Richards 2004, hlm. 255.
  2. ^ Population By Country of Birth and Nationality tables January 2013 to December 2013. Retrieved 04_11_2014
  3. ^ "Selected social characteristics in the United States: 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-02-13. Diakses tanggal 26 August 2019. 
  4. ^ a b Brits Abroad: Country-by-country, BBC News, 11 December 2006, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  5. ^ Numerical estimate based on the total percentage of population identifying their principal ancestry as Scottish, English or Welsh. "CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN AUSTRALIA, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 August 2017. Diakses tanggal 2 December 2018. 
  6. ^ a b c Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama BritsAbroad
  7. ^ Canadians of British Isles origin with the exception of those identifying their ancestry as Irish only. "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. Diakses tanggal 2 December 2018. 
  8. ^ Statistics New Zealand (4 February 2009), QuickStats About Culture and Identity, stats.govt.nz, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 19 February 2008, diakses tanggal 18 May 2009 
  9. ^ Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. hlm. 26. ISBN 9780621413885. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 13 May 2015.  The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409 and the total population was 51,770,560.
  10. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama british
  11. ^ Erwin Dopf. "Présentation du Royaume-Uni". diplomatie.gouv.fr. Diakses tanggal 8 April 2014. 
  12. ^ Chavez, Lydia (23 June 1985), "Fare of the country: A bit of Britain in Argentina", The New York Times, diakses tanggal 21 May 2009 
  13. ^ See the article entitled British overseas territories.
  14. ^ "The other special relationship: the UAE and the UK". The National. Abu Dhabi. 21 November 2010. Diakses tanggal 26 February 2014. 
  15. ^ "TablaPx". www.ine.es. 
  16. ^ Govan, Fiona (22 April 2014). "End to Mediterranean dream for 90,000 Britons who left Spain last year". Telegraph.co.uk. 
  17. ^ Erwin Dopf. "Inmigración británica al Perú". Espejodelperu.com.pe. Diakses tanggal 8 April 2014. 
  18. ^ a b The most popular British emigration destinations, local.live.com, 13 April 2007, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  19. ^ Gishkori, Zahid (30 July 2015). "Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar". The Express Tribune. Diakses tanggal 3 August 2017. As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country," Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added. 
  20. ^ a b Brits Abroad: Asia-Pacific, BBC News, 11 December 2006, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  21. ^ a b c d e Brits Abroad: Europe, BBC News, 11 December 2006, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  22. ^ Brits Abroad: Middle East, BBC News, 11 December 2006, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  23. ^ "Britannici in Italia - statistiche e distribuzione per regione". 
  24. ^ "Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex". Statistics Norway. ssb.no. 1 January 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 November 2011. Diakses tanggal 16 December 2011. 
  25. ^ Brits Abroad: Asia, BBC News, 11 December 2006, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  26. ^ Brits Abroad: Africa, BBC News, 11 December 2006, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  27. ^ a b Brits Abroad: Caribbean, BBC News, 11 December 2006, diakses tanggal 24 May 2009 
  28. ^ Cfr. Interpretation Act 1978, Sched. 1. By the British Nationality Act 1981, s. 50 (1), the United Kingdom includes the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man for the purposes of nationality law.
  29. ^ Macdonald 1969:
  30. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2004), British (edisi ke-Fourth), dictionary.reference.com, diakses tanggal 19 February 2009 : "Brit·ish (brĭt'ĭsh) adj.
  31. ^ Uniting the kingdom?, nationalarchives.gov.uk, diakses tanggal 4 January 2011 
  32. ^ Acts of Union 1707, Parliament of the United Kingdom, diakses tanggal 4 January 2011 
  33. ^ Making the Act of Union 1707 (PDF), Parliament of the United Kingdom, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 11 May 2011, diakses tanggal 4 January 2011 
  34. ^ The Union of the Parliaments 1707, Learning and Teaching Scotland, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 January 2012, diakses tanggal 28 January 2011 
  35. ^ "THE TREATY or Act of the Union". scotshistoryonline.co.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-27. Diakses tanggal 12 December 2009. 
  36. ^ Colley 1992.
  37. ^ Colley 1992.
  38. ^ Colley 1992.
  39. ^ CAIN Web Service, British? Irish? Or what?, cain.ulst.ac.uk, diakses tanggal 19 February 2009 
  40. ^ United States Department of State (July 2008), United Kingdom - People, state.gov, diakses tanggal 19 February 2009 
  41. ^ Trudgill 1984.
  42. ^ Richardson & Ashford 1993.
  43. ^ Ward 2004.
  44. ^ Gordon Brown: We must defend the Union The Daily Telegraph, 25 March 2008
  45. ^ UK dialects 'strong and varied', BBC, 15 August 2005, diakses tanggal 19 February 2009 
  46. ^ Rosen 2003.
  47. ^ "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2017". www.ons.gov.uk. 
  48. ^ Ember et al. 2004.


Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "upper-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="upper-alpha"/> yang berkaitan

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Notice

Message: Trying to get property of non-object

Filename: wikipedia/wikipediareadmore.php

Line Number: 5

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Notice

Message: Trying to get property of non-object

Filename: wikipedia/wikipediareadmore.php

Line Number: 70

 

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Notice

Message: Undefined index: HTTP_REFERER

Filename: controllers/ensiklopedia.php

Line Number: 41