Pakistan merupakan sebuah negara multilingual dengan lebih dari 70 bahasa dituturkan sebagai bahasa pertama .[ 3] [ 4] kelompok Indo-Iran dari rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa .[ 5] [ 6]
Urdu merupakan bahasa nasional dan lingua franca [ 3] [ 4] Punjabi , Pashto , Sindhi , Saraiki , Urdu , Balochi , Hindko , Pahari-Pothwari [ b] Brahui .[ 7] [ 9]
Daftar bahasa
Edisi Ethnologue established di Pakistan. Di antaranya, 68 adalah bahasa pribumi dan 9 adalah non-pribumi. Dalam hal daya hidup, 4 tergolong sebagai 'institusional', 24 'berkembang', 30 'kuat', 15 'dalam masalah', dan 4 'hampir mati'.
Bahasa established
Bahasa
Provinsi[ c]
Kelompok bahasa
Aer Sindh
Indo-Arya
Badeshi Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Bagri Punjab, Sindh
Indo-Arya
Balochi, Timur Balochistan, Punjab, Sindh
Iran
Balochi, Selatan Balochistan, Sindh
Iran
Balochi, Barat Balochistan, Sindh
Iran
Balti Gilgit Baltistan
Sino-Tibet
Bateri Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Bhaya Sindh
Indo-Arya
Brahui Balochistan, Sindh
Dravida
Burushaski Gilgit Baltistan
Isolat
Chilisso Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Dameli Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Dari Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Dehwari Balochistan
Iran
Dhatki Sindh
Indo-Arya
Domaaki Gilgit Baltistan
Indo-Arya
Inggris
Ko-resmi federal
Jermanik
Gawar-Bati Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Gawri Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Ghera Sindh
Indo-Arya
Goaria Sindh
Indo-Arya
Gowro Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Gujarati Sindh
Indo-Arya
Gujari Azad Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan,
Indo-Arya
Gurgula Sindh
Indo-Arya
Hazaragi Balochistan
Iran
Hindko, Utara Azad Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Hindko, Selatan Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Punjab
Indo-Arya
Jadgali Balochistan, Sindh
Indo-Arya
Jandavra Sindh
Indo-Arya
Jogi Sindh
Indo-Arya
Kabutra Sindh
Indo-Arya
Kacchi Sindh
Indo-Arya
Kalasha Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Kalkoti Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Kamviri Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Kashmiri Azad Kashmir
Indo-Arya
Kati Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Khetrani Balochistan
Indo-Arya
Khowar Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Kohistani, Indus Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Koli, Kachi Sindh
Indo-Arya
Koli, Parkari Sindh
Indo-Arya
Koli, Wadiyari Sindh
Indo-Arya
Kundal Shahi Azad Kashmir
Indo-Arya
Lasi Balochistan
Indo-Arya
Loarki Sindh
Indo-Arya
Mankiyali Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Marwari Punjab, Sindh
Indo-Arya
Mewati Punjab, Sindh
Indo-Arya
Memoni Sindh
Indo-Arya
Oadki Punjab, Sindh
Indo-Arya
Ormuri Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Pahari-Pothwari Azad Kashmir, Punjab
Indo-Arya
Bahasa Isyarat Pakistan Di seluruh
Bahasa Isyarat Indo-Pakistan
Palula Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Pashto, Tengah Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Punjab
Iran
Pashto, Utara Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Punjab
Iran
Pashto, Selatan Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Punjab
Iran
Punjabi, Timur Punjab
Indo-Arya
Punjabi, Barat Punjab
Indo-Arya
Saraiki Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Punjab, Sindh
Indo-Arya
Sarikoli Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Savi Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Shina Azad Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Shina, Kohistani Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Sindhi Balochistan, Sindh
Indo-Arya
Sindhi Bhil Sindh
Indo-Arya
Tamil Sindh
Dravida
Torwali Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Urdu Di seluruh
Indo-Arya
Ushojo Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Indo-Arya
Vaghri Sindh
Indo-Arya
Wakhi Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Waneci Balochistan
Iran
Yadgha Khyber Pakhtunkwa
Iran
Lihat pula
Catatan
^ Juga dikenal sebagai Lashkari (لشکری )[ 2]
^ Lack of exact numbers of speakers of the language due to not being represented in the previous censuses. Upcoming 2022 Census of Pakistan will include Pahari-Pothwari as an option. (Baart 2003 , hlm. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. (Lothers & Lothers 2010 , hlm. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in (Ethnologue 2017 ) to be about 1 million as of 2000.
^ Tidak termasuk pusat urban besar
Rujukan
^ "Article: 251 National language" . Diakses tanggal 23 July 2018 . ^ Singh, Shashank, and Shailendra Singh. "Systematic review of spell-checkers for highly inflectional languages." Artificial Intelligence Review 53.6 (2020): 4051-4092.
^ a b Ashraf, Hina (2022-03-22). "The ambivalent role of Urdu and English in multilingual Pakistan: a Bourdieusian study" . Language Policy (dalam bahasa Inggris). 22 (1): 25–48. doi :10.1007/s10993-022-09623-6 . ISSN 1573-1863 . PMC 8939399 PMID 35340722 . ^ a b Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem; Turner, David A.; Laar, Rizwan Ahmed (January 2021). "Multilingual Language Practices in Education in Pakistan: The Conflict Between Policy and Practice" . SAGE Open (dalam bahasa Inggris). 11 (1): 215824402110041. doi :10.1177/21582440211004140 ISSN 2158-2440 . ^ Rengel, Marian (2003-12-15). Pakistan: A Primary Source Cultural Guide ISBN 978-0-8239-4001-1 . ^ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (2008-03-27). Language in South Asia ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2 . ^ "POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF) . www.pbs.gov.pk . Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. ^ "Endangered Languages Project - Torwali - Challenges to the linguistic diversity of North Pakistan" . www.endangeredlanguages.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-06-11 .
Pranala luar
Templat:Bahasa di Pakistan
Templat:Topik Pakistan
Templat:Bahasa di Asia Selatan
