ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීක රාජධානිය

ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීක රාජධානිය
ක්‍රි.පූ. 180–ක්‍රි.ව. 10
ක්‍රි.පූ. 100 දී පමණ ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීක භූමිය
අගනුවර	කොකේසස් හි ඇලෙක්සැන්ඩ්‍රියාව (කපිසි/බග්‍රාම්) තක්ෂිලා (සිර්කප්) චිනියොටිස් (චිනියොට්) සාගල (සියල්කොට්) පියුකෙලාඕටිස් (චාර්සද්දා, පුෂ්කාලවතී)
පොදු භාෂා(ව)	ග්‍රීක (ග්‍රීක අක්ෂර) පාලි (ඛරෝෂ්ඨී අක්ෂර) සංස්කෘත ප්‍රාකෘත (බ්‍රාහ්මී අක්ෂර)
ආගම	ග්‍රීක බහුදේවාගම බුද්ධාගම හින්දු ආගම ශරතුස්ත්‍ර ආගම
රජය	රාජාණ්ඩුව
රජ
• ක්‍රි.පූ. 180–160	ඇපලෝඩෝටස් I
• ක්‍රි.පූ. 25 – ක්‍රි.ව. 10	ස්ට්‍රේටෝ II සහ ස්ට්‍රේටෝ III
Historical era	පුරාතන
• Established	ක්‍රි.පූ. 180
• අහෝසි කළේ	ක්‍රි.ව. 10
වර්ග ප්‍රමාණය
ක්‍රි.පූ. 150[1]	1,100,000 km^2 (420,000 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by ග්‍රීක-බැක්ට්‍රියානු රාජධානිය මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍යය ඉන්දු-සිතියානුවෝ
වර්තමානයේ මෙය අයත් වන්නේ	ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානය ඉන්දියාව පාකිස්තානය තුර්ක්මෙනිස්තානය

ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීක රාජධානිය හෙවත් ග්‍රීක-ඉන්දියානු රාජධානිය,[2] නැතහොත් ඓතිහාසිකව යවනරාජ්‍යය[3] (යවනයන්ගේ රාජධානිය),[2] යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ වර්තමාන ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානය සහ ඉන්දියානු උපමහාද්වීපයෙහි පන්ජාබ් අවට (උතුරුදිග පාකිස්තානය සය වයඹදිග ඉන්දියාව) ප්‍රදේශයේ පැතිර තිබූ ඓතිහාසික හෙලනිස්තික රාජධානියකි.[4][5][6][7][8][9] ක්‍රිස්තු පූර්වයෙහි අවසන් ශතවර්ෂ ද්විත්වය තුළ පැවති මෙම රාජධානිය රජවරුන් තිහකට අධික සංඛ්‍යාවක විසින් පාලනය කොට තිබේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

පාදක සටහන්

1. Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 132. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
2. Wilson, John (1877). Indian Caste (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Times of India Office. p. 353.
3. Rhie Quintanilla, S. (2007-01-01), "Appendix I. Inscription Transcriptions, Translations, And Notes", History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura, ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, BRILL, pp. 254–267, ,  
4. Jackson J. Spielvogel (14 September 2016). Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500. Cengage Learning. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-305-95281-2. The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan).
5. Erik Zürcher (1962). Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures. St Martin's Press. p. 45. Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India'; i
6. Heidi Roupp (4 March 2015). Teaching World History: A Resource Book. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-45893-7. There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India. ...
7. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4. They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ...
8. Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pratapaditya Pal (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7. Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks.
9. Joan Aruz; Elisabetta Valtz Fino (2012). Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-58839-452-1. The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian texts.

උද්ධෘත කෘති

• Avari, Burjor (2007). India: The ancient past. A history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9.
• Banerjee, Gauranga Nath (1961). Hellenism in ancient India. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. ISBN 978-0-8364-2910-7. OCLC 1837954.
• Bernard, Paul (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia." In: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250, pp. 99–129. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 92-3-102846-4.
• Boardman, John (1994). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03680-9.
• Bopearachchi, Osmund (1991). Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné (ප්‍රංශ බසින්). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. ISBN 978-2-7177-1825-6.
• Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). SNG 9. New York: American Numismatic Society. ISBN 978-0-89722-273-0.
• Bopearachchi, Osmund (2003). De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale (ප්‍රංශ බසින්). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. ISBN 978-2-9516679-2-1.
• Bopearachchi, Osmund (1993). Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian Institution. Washington: National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution. OCLC 36240864.
• Bussagli, Mario; Francine Tissot; Béatrice Arnal (1996). L'art du Gandhara (ප්‍රංශ බසින්). Paris: Librairie générale française. ISBN 978-2-253-13055-0.
• Cambon, Pierre (2007). Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés (ප්‍රංශ බසින්). Musée Guimet. ISBN 978-2-7118-5218-5.
• Errington, Elizabeth; Joe Cribb; Maggie Claringbull; Ancient India and Iran Trust; Fitzwilliam Museum (1992). The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan. Cambridge: Ancient India and Iran Trust. ISBN 978-0-9518399-1-1.
• Faccenna, Domenico (1980). Butkara I (Swāt, Pakistan) 1956–1962, Volume III 1. Rome: IsMEO (Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente).
• Foltz, Richard (2010). Religions of the Silk Road: premodern patterns of globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-62125-1.
• Keown, Damien (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860560-7.
• Lowenstein, Tom (2002). The vision of the Buddha: Buddhism, the path to spiritual enlightenment. London: Duncan Baird. ISBN 978-1-903296-91-2.
• Marshall, Sir John Hubert (2000). The Buddhist art of Gandhara: the story of the early school, its birth, growth, and decline. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0967-1.
• Marshall, John (1956). Taxila. An illustrated account of archaeological excavations carried out at Taxila (3 volumes). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
• McEvilley, Thomas (2002). The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies. Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts. ISBN 978-1-58115-203-6.
• Mitchiner, John E.; Garga (1986). The Yuga Purana: critically edited, with an English translation and a detailed introduction. Calcutta, India: Asiatic Society. ISBN 978-81-7236-124-2. OCLC 15211914.
• Narain, A.K. (1957). The Indo-Greeks. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • reprinted by Oxford, 1962, 1967, 1980; reissued (2003), "revised and supplemented", by B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
• Narain, A.K. (1976). The coin types of the Indo-Greeks kings. Chicago, USA: Ares Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89005-109-2.
• Puri, Baij Nath (2000). Buddhism in Central Asia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5.
• Rosenfield, John M. (1967). The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-81-215-0579-6.
• Salomon, Richard. "The "Avaca" Inscription and the Origin of the Vikrama Era". 102. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Seldeslachts, E. (2003). The end of the road for the Indo-Greeks?. (Also available online): Iranica Antica, Vol XXXIX, 2004. {{cite book}}: External link in |location= (help)
• Senior, R. C. (2006). Indo-Scythian coins and history. Volume IV. Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9709268-6-9.
• Tarn, W. W. (1938). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press.
  • Second edition, with addenda and corrigenda, (1951). Reissued, with updating preface by Frank Lee Holt (1985), Ares Press, Chicago ISBN 0-89005-524-6
• Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest (ප්‍රංශ and ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). Belgium: Brepols. 2005. ISBN 978-2-503-51681-3.
• 東京国立博物館 (Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan); 兵庫県立美術館 (Hyogo Kenritsu Bijutsukan) (2003). Alexander the Great: East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan. Tokyo: 東京国立博物館 (Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan). OCLC 53886263.
• Vassiliades, Demetrios (2000). The Greeks in India – A Survey in Philosophical Understanding. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Limited. ISBN 978-81-215-0921-3.
• Vassiliades, Demetrios (2016). Greeks and Buddhism: An Intercultural Encounter. Athens: Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Development. ISBN 978-618-82624-0-9.

බාහිර සබැඳි

• Indo-Greek history and coins
• Ancient coinage of the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms
• Text of Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams (University of London) mentioning the arrival of the Kushans and the replacement of Greek Language.
• Wargame reconstitution of Indo-Greek armies
• Files dealing with Indo-Greeks & a genealogy of the Bactrian kings
• The impact of Greco-Indian Culture on Western Civilisation
• Some new hypotheses on the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms by Antoine Simonin
• Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms in Ancient Texts