Opinion polling for the next Scottish Parliament election

In the run-up to the next Scottish Parliament election, various organisations are conducting opinion polls to gauge voting intentions. Results of such polls are displayed in this list. The pollsters listed are members of the British Polling Council (BPC) and abided by its disclosure rules.

The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous Scottish Parliament election, held on 6 May 2021, to the next election, which can be held no later than 7 May 2026.

Constituency vote

Polling for the next Holyrood election - constituency vote
Dates
conducted
Pollster Client Sample
size
SNP Con Lab Lib Dems Green Reform Others Lead
7 Dec 2024 Norstat The Times 1,013 37% 14% 21% 10% 5% 12% 3% 16
1–15 Nov 2024 Survation Progress Scotland 3,016 32% 14% 27% 9% 6% 10% 5
30 Oct1 Nov 2024 Norstat The Times 1,013 33% 15% 23% 10% 6% 11% 10
12 Oct 2024 Alex Salmond, former First Minister and leader of the Alba Party, dies
27 Sep 2024 Russell Findlay is elected leader of the Scottish Conservatives
10–13 Sep 2024 Survation Progress Scotland 2,059 31% 13% 31% 8% 6% 9%
2%
Alba on 1% Other on 1%
Tie
5–11 Sep 2024 Opinium The Times 1,028 32% 12% 25% 8% 7% 12% 3% 7
27–29 Aug 2024 Survation Scotland in Union 1,021 31% 12% 30% 9% 6% 9%
1%
Alba on 1%
1
20–22 Aug 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,011 33% 12% 30% 8% 5% 9% 2% 3
4 Jul 2024 2024 United Kingdom general election
26–27 Jun 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,200 33% 14% 34% 8% 3% 6%
2%
Alba on 1%
Others on 1%
1
21–25 Jun 2024 Savanta The Scotsman 1,042 37% 14% 35% 8% 5% 2
21–25 Jun 2024 Survation Ballot Box Scotland 1,022 33% 14% 37% 8% 4%
4%
Alba on 1%
Others on 3%
4
14–18 Jun 2024 Savanta The Scotsman 1,069 36% 16% 35% 7% 6% 1
11–14 Jun 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,050 34% 16% 32% 8% 6% 5% 2
3–7 Jun 2024 YouGov N/A 1,068 34% 13% 35% 10% 5% 4% 1
1–2 Jun 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 33% 17% 32% 9% 2% 4%
2%
Alba on 2%
Others on 0%
1
8–9 May 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,078 33% 15% 35% 9% 3% 4% 2
6–8 May John Swinney is elected Leader of the Scottish National Party and First Minister of Scotland
3–8 May 2024 Savanta The Scotsman 1,080 35% 18% 35% 6% 5% Tie
30 Apr3 May 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,086 34% 14% 33% 9% 5% 5% 1
26–29 Apr 2024 YouGov N/A 1,043 36% 16% 32% 9% 3% 4% 4
9–12 Apr 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,086 35% 17% 30% 10% 5% 4% 5
6–7 Apr 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 34% 21% 32% 6% 2% 3%
2%
Alba on 2%
2
25 Mar2 Apr 2024 YouGov N/A 1,100 34% 15% 32% 9% 4% 5% 2
10–11 Mar 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 35% 18% 31% 5% 3% 4%
3%
Alba on 3%
4
3–4 Feb 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 35% 18% 33% 8% 3% 3%
1%

Alba on 1%
2
25–31 Jan 2024 Ipsos STV News 1,005 39% 14% 30% 7% 4% 1%
4%

Alba on 1%
9
23–25 Jan 2024 Survation True North 1,029 35% 16% 31% 8% 5%
5%
Alba on 2%
4
22–25 Jan 2024 Norstat The Sunday Times 1,007 36% 16% 31% 7% 5% 5% 5
9–11 Jan 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,040 37% 18% 32% 8% 3% 1% 1% 5
20–26 Nov 2023 Ipsos STV News 1,004 39% 15% 27% 8% 4% 1%
5%
Alba on 3%
12
29–30 Oct 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,092 34% 22% 30% 8% 2% 2%
2%
Alba on 2%
4
20–25 Oct 2023 YouGov Scottish Elections Study 1,200 34% 14% 32% 9% 7% 4% 2
6–11 Oct 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1,002 37% 18% 33% 6% 5% 4
2–6 Oct 2023 YouGov Fabians 1,028 37% 20% 29% 9% 3% 3% 9
2–5 Oct 2023 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,022 35% 16% 31% 7% 7% 3% 4
4–5 Oct 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,094 35% 20% 29% 10% 3% 1% 6
5–14 Sep 2023 Opinium Tony Blair Institute 1,004 42% 20% 26% 8% 5% 16
8–13 Sep 2023 YouGov The Times 1.103 41% 16% 28% 8% 3% 4% 13
2–4 Sep 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,100 39% 16% 30% 8% 3%
1%
Alba on 1%
9
15–18 Aug 2023 Survation True North 1,022 39% 16% 34% 8% 4% 5
3–8 Aug 2023 YouGov The Times 1,086 41% 14% 31% 7% 3% 4% 10
5–6 Aug 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,050 36% 19% 32% 8% 2% 1%
1%
Alba on 1%
4
1–2 Jul 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,030 33% 21% 30% 10% 2% 2%
1%
Alba on 1%
3
23–28 Jun 2023 Survation N/A 1,891 38% 17% 33% 10% 3% 5
12–15 Jun 2023 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,007 36% 13% 32% 9% 7% 3% 4
9–14 Jun 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1,018 40% 16% 33% 8% 3% 7
9–13 Jun 2023 YouGov Scottish Elections Study 1,200 27% 11% 21% 6% 5% 3% 6
3–5 Jun 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,395 36% 21% 29% 8% 2% 2%
2%
Alba on 1%
7
15–21 May 2023 Ipsos STV News 1,090 42% 17% 28% 7% 4%
2%
Alba on 1%
14
27 Apr3 May 2023 Survation True North 1,009 39% 19% 30% 9% 4% 9
30 Apr2 May 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,295 36% 18% 32% 8% 2% 2%
1%
Alba on 1%
4
17–20 Apr 2023 YouGov The Times 1,032 38% 16% 30% 10% 2% 4% 8
29 Mar3 Apr 2023 Survation N/A 1,001 38% 16% 27% 7% 3% 11
31 Mar1 Apr 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 38% 18% 28% 10% 3% 2% 4% 10
28–31 Mar 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1,009 39% 19% 32% 7% 3% 7
28–30 Mar 2023 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,089 37% 17% 30% 8% 5% 4% 7
27 Mar 2023 Humza Yousaf is elected as the leader of the SNP and then as First Minister of Scotland
9–13 Mar 2023 YouGov Sky News 1,002 43% 15% 26% 8% 4% 3% 17
7–10 Mar 2023 Panelbase Scot Goes Pop 1,013 39% 14% 31% 8% 6% 2% 8
2–5 Mar 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,050 40% 20% 29% 7% 2% 2% 1% 11
17–20 Feb 2023 YouGov The Times 1,017 42% 18% 28% 8% 2% 3% 14
15–17 Feb 2023 Survation N/A 1,034 43% 17% 29% 8% 1%
2%
Alba on 1%
14
15–17 Feb 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1008 43% 17% 30% 8% 2% 13
10–15 Feb 2023 YouGov Scottish Election Study 1239 39% 17% 28% 8% 5% 3% 11
1–7 Feb 2023 Survation N/A 1070 43% 17% 29% 7% 4% 14
23–26 Jan 2023 YouGov The Sunday Times 1,088 44% 17% 26% 7% 2% 3% 18
10–12 Jan 2023 Survation True North 1,002 46% 17% 27% 8% 2% 19
22 Dec1 Jan 2023 Survation Scotland in Union 1,025 44% 16% 29% 8% 1% 1%
1%
Alba on 1%
15
16–21 Dec 2022 Savanta The Scotsman 1,048 44% 18% 28% 8% 3% 16
6–9 Dec 2022 YouGov The Times 1,090 50% 13% 25% 7% 2% 2% 25
28 Nov5 Dec 2022 Ipsos MORI STV News 1,045 50% 14% 24% 7% 3% 3% 26
22–25 Nov 2022 YouGov Scottish Elections Study 1,239 34% 11% 17% 6% 4%
2%
Others on 2%
'Would not vote' on 10%
'Don't know' on 15%
'Refused' on 1%
17
7–11 Oct 2022 Panelbase Alba Party 1,018 45% 15% 28% 6% 3%
3%
Alba on 3%
17
30 Sep4 Oct 2022 YouGov The Times 1,067 49% 13% 26% 8% 4% 23
30 Sep4 Oct 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,029 47% 17% 25% 8% 2% 22
28–29 Sep 2022 Survation Scotland in Union 1,011 45% 14% 30% 6% 4% 15
17–19 Aug 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,133 45% 19% 22% 8% 6% 23
29 Jun1 Jul 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,010 47% 17% 22% 9% 3% 2% 25
23–28 Jun 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,029 46% 18% 25% 8% 4% 21
18–23 May 2022 YouGov The Times 1,115 47% 18% 23% 7% 2% 3% 24
5 May 2022 Scottish local elections
26 Apr3 May 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,010 46% 18% 25% 7% 4% 21
26–29 Apr 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,009 42% 19% 24% 7% 4% 4% 18
25–31 Mar 2022 BMG The Herald 1,012 44% 21% 22% 8% 4% 22
24–28 Mar 2022 Survation Ballot Box Scotland 1,002 46% 20% 25% 7% 2% 21
10–16 Mar 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,008 46% 20% 24% 7% 3% 22
24–28 Feb 2022 Savanta ComRes The Economist 1,866 47% 21% 22% 8% 2% 25
1–4 Feb 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,014 44% 19% 22% 8% 3% 3% 22
14–18 Jan 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,004 47% 19% 22% 8% 4% 25
22–29 Nov 2021 Ipsos MORI STV News 1,107 52% 19% 17% 5% 3% 4% 33
18–22 Nov 2021 YouGov The Times 1,060 48% 21% 19% 7% 2% 3% 27
9–12 Nov 2021 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,781 47% 20% 19% 8% 4% 2% 27
22–28 Oct 2021 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,005 48% 20% 22% 7% 3% 26
6–10 Sep 2021 Panelbase The Sunday Times 2,003 46% 22% 18% 7% 4% 3% 24
3–9 Sep 2021 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,016 48% 22% 20% 7% 3% 26
2–8 Sep 2021 Opinium Sky News 1,014 51% 21% 18% 6% 4% 30
20 Aug 2021 Alex Cole-Hamilton becomes leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats
16–24 Jun 2021 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,287 46% 24% 19% 6% 3% 2% 22
6 May 2021 2021 Scottish Parliament election[1] 47.7% 21.9% 21.6% 6.9% 1.3% N/A 0.6% 25.8

Regional vote

Polling for the next Holyrood election - regional vote
Dates
conducted
Pollster Client Sample
size
SNP Con Lab Green Lib Dems Alba Reform Others Lead
7 Dec 2024 Norstat The Times 1,013 32% 16% 18% 8% 10% 5% 12% 1% 14
1–15 Nov 2024 Survation Progress Scotland 3,016 27% 15% 25% 10% 9% 3% 11% 2
30 Oct1 Nov 2024 Norstat The Times 1,013 29% 14% 22% 9% 9% 3% 11% 7
12 Oct 2024 Alex Salmond, former First Minister and leader of the Alba Party, dies
27 Sep 2024 Russell Findlay is elected leader of the Scottish Conservatives
10–13 Sep 2024 Survation Progress Scotland 2,059 28% 14% 26% 10% 10% 3% 10% 1% 2
5–11 Sep 2024 Opinium The Times 1,028 30% 12% 25% 8% 8% 12% 4% 5
27–29 Aug 2024 Survation Scotland in Union 1,021 27% 12% 28% 10% 10% 2% 9% 0% 1
20–22 Aug 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,011 28% 14% 28% 8% 7% 5% 9% 0% Tie
4 Jul 2024 2024 United Kingdom general election
26–27 Jun 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,200 27% 14% 34% 8% 9% 1% 6% 1% 7
21–25 Jun 2024 Savanta The Scotsman 1,042 31% 17% 29% 9% 9% 4% 2
21–25 Jun 2024 Survation Ballot Box Scotland 1,022 30% 16% 34% 7% 8% 2% 1% 4
14–18 Jun 2024 Savanta The Scotsman 1,069 29% 16% 29% 12% 10% 5% Tie
11–14 Jun 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,050 28% 16% 27% 9% 8% 5% 7% 1% 1
3–7 Jun 2024 YouGov N/A 1,068 29% 14% 29% 11% 9% 2% 5% 2% Tie
1–2 Jun 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 31% 15% 28% 7% 9% 4% 6%
0%
3
8–9 May 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,078 27% 14% 33% 9% 9% 3% 5% 1% 6
6–8 May John Swinney is elected Leader of the Scottish National Party and First Minister of Scotland
3–8 May 2024 Savanta The Scotsman 1,080 26% 18% 32% 11% 10% 4% 6
30 Apr3 May 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,086 27% 17% 28% 9% 8% 4% 6% 1% 1
26–29 Apr 2024 YouGov N/A 1,043 31% 17% 28% 8% 8% 3% 3% 1% 3
9–12 Apr 2024 Norstat Sunday Times 1,086 28% 19% 25% 9% 10% 3% 4% 1% 3
6–7 Apr 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 26% 17% 29% 9% 9% 3% 5% 2% 3
25 Mar2 Apr 2024 YouGov N/A 1,100 29% 16% 29% 9% 8% 3% 5% 2% Tie
10–11 Mar 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 28% 16% 29% 9% 9% 3% 5% 0% 1
3–4 Feb 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 27% 16% 29% 9% 9% 3% 5% 1% 2
25–31 Jan 2024 Ipsos STV News 1,005 33% 13% 31% 11% 7% 1% 2% 2% 2
23–25 Jan 2024 Survation True North 1,029 31% 16% 29% 9% 8% 3% 0% 2
22–25 Jan 2024 Norstat The Sunday Times 1,007 30% 19% 29% 9% 7% 3% 2% 1% 1
9–11 Jan 2024 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,040 25% 17% 30% 11% 10% 3% 4% 1% 5
20–26 Nov 2023 Ipsos STV News 1,004 33% 15% 26% 10% 8% 4% 1% 2% 7
29–30 Oct 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,092 28% 21% 27% 9% 8% 3% 4% 1% 1
20–25 Oct 2023 YouGov Scottish Elections Study 1,200 30% 14% 30% 11% 8% 4% 3% 2% Tie
6–11 Oct 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1,002 28% 20% 29% 13% 8% 2% 1
2–6 Oct 2023 YouGov Fabians 1,028 28% 19% 28% 11% 7% 3% 2% 1% Tie
2–5 Oct 2023 Panelbase Sunday Times 1,022 29% 18% 30% 12% 8% 0%*
3%*
Alba on 0% Other on 2%
1
4–5 Oct 2023 Redfield & Wilton 1,094 26% 19% 25% 12% 12% 3% 2% 1% 1
5–14 Sep 2023 Opinium Tony Blair Institution 1,004 35% 18% 25% 8% 8% 2% 3% 10
8–13 Sep 2023 YouGov The Times 1,103 33% 16% 25% 11% 8% 2% 3% 2% 8
2–4 Sep 2023 Redfield & Wilton 1,100 25% 15% 30% 14% 9% 4% 3% 1% 5
15–18 Aug 2023 Survation True North 1,022 30% 15% 30% 9% 9% 5% 2% Tie
3–8 Aug 2023 YouGov The Times 1,086 32% 14% 28% 11% 8% 2% 3% 2% 4
5–6 Aug 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,050 29% 18% 30% 9% 9% 2% 3% 1% 1
1–2 Jul 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,030 29% 19% 26% 8% 12% 2% 4% 1% 3
23–28 Jun 2023 Survation N/A 1,891 30% 18% 29% 10% 9% 2% 2% 1
12–15 Jun 2023 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,007 30% 17% 28% 12% 8% 4% 1% 2
9–14 Jun 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1,018 28% 18% 28% 13% 11% 3% Tie
9–13 Jun 2023 YouGov Scottish Elections Study 1,200 22% 12% 20% 6% 8% 2% 1% 3% 2
3–5 Jun 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,395 25% 18% 25% 13% 10% 3% 3% 0% Tie
15–21 May 2023 Ipsos STV News 1,090 35% 17% 27% 12% 5% 2% 1% 1% 8
27 Apr3 May 2023 Survation True North 1,009 32% 19% 26% 10% 7% 3% 2% 1% 6
30 Apr2 May 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,295 25% 19% 27% 13% 10% 2% 2% 2% 2
17–20 Apr 2023 YouGov The Times 1,032 30% 17% 26% 12% 9% 2% 2% 3% 4
29 Mar3 Apr 2023 Survation N/A 1,001 32% 17% 23% 8% 7% 2% 2% 9
31 Mar1 Apr 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,000 30% 19% 24% 11% 13% 2% 2% 6
28–31 Mar 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1,009 33% 18% 30% 10% 7% 2% 3
28–30 Mar 2023 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,089 31% 20% 27% 10% 6% 5% 2% 4
27 Mar 2023 Humza Yousaf is elected as the leader of the SNP and First Minister of Scotland
9–13 Mar 2023 YouGov Sky News 1,002 35% 16% 25% 11% 8% 2% 3% 1% 10
7–10 Mar 2023 Panelbase Scot Goes Pop 1,013 32% 17% 27% 12% 8% 3% 5
2–5 Mar 2023 Redfield & Wilton N/A 1,050 29% 20% 26% 10% 11% 1% 3% 3
17–20 Feb 2023 YouGov The Times 1,017 35% 18% 27% 9% 7% 2% 2% 0% 8
15–17 Feb 2023 Survation N/A 1,034 35% 18% 27% 8% 8% 2% 1% 0% 8
15–17 Feb 2023 Savanta The Scotsman 1008 32% 16% 27% 14% 9% 2% 5
15 Feb 2023 Nicola Sturgeon announces her intention to resign as First Minister and leader of the Scottish National Party.
10–15 Feb 2023 YouGov Scottish Election Study 1239 33% 17% 28% 11% 7% 1% 3% 2% 5
1–7 Feb 2023 Survation N/A 1,007 33% 17% 25% 12% 7% 2% 3% 8
23–26 Jan 2023 YouGov The Sunday Times 1,088 36% 17% 26% 9% 6% 4% 3% 1% 10
10–12 Jan 2023 Survation True North 1,002 33% 18% 25% 12% 8% 2% 2% 8
22 Dec1 Jan 2023 Survation Scotland in Union 1,025 33% 15% 26% 12% 9% 2% 2% 1% 7
16–21 Dec 2022 Savanta The Scotsman 1,048 32% 18% 24% 13% 10% 2% 8
6–9 Dec 2022 YouGov The Times 1,090 40% 13% 24% 11% 6% 3% 2% 1% 16
28 Nov5 Dec 2022 Ipsos MORI STV News 1,045 43% 14% 21% 13% 6% 1% 2% 18
22–25 Nov 2022 YouGov Scottish Elections Study 1,239 29% 11% 18% 6% 9% 1% 2% 0% 11
7–11 Oct 2022 Panelbase Alba Party 1,018 37% 17% 26% 9% 7% 4% 0% 11
30 Sep4 Oct 2022 YouGov The Times 1,067 38% 14% 24% 12% 8% 1% 1% 1% 14
30 Sep4 Oct 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,029 32% 19% 26% 13% 8% 2% 1% 6
28–29 Sep 2022 Survation Scotland in Union 1,011 31% 14% 27% 14% 9% 1% 2% 1% 4
17–19 Aug 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,133 38% 20% 20% 9% 9% 4% 18
29 Jun1 Jul 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,010 41% 19% 22% 7% 8% 3% 19
23–28 Jun 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,029 33% 20% 24% 13% 8% 2% 1% 9
18–23 May 2022 YouGov The Times 1,115 39% 18% 21% 10% 8% 2% 1% 1% 18
5 May 2022 Scottish local elections
26 Apr3 May 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,010 31% 18% 23% 14% 10% 1%*
4%*
Alba on 1% Other on 1%
8
26–29 Apr 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,009 36% 20% 22% 10% 7% 5% 14
25–31 Mar 2022 BMG The Herald 1,012 33% 20% 22% 10% 8% 3% 4% 11
24–28 Mar 2022 Survation Ballot Box Scotland 1,002 34% 19% 23% 11% 8% 2% 3% 11
10–16 Mar 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,008 34% 20% 22% 13% 8% 2% 1% 12
24–28 Feb 2022 Savanta ComRes The Economist 1,866 34% 21% 20% 14% 8% 2% 1% 13
1–4 Feb 2022 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,014 38% 21% 20% 9% 8% 5% 17
14–18 Jan 2022 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,004 38% 18% 20% 12% 9% 2% 1% 18
22–29 Nov 2021 Ipsos MORI STV News 1,107 43% 20% 15% 12% 6% 1% 3% 23
18–22 Nov 2021 YouGov The Times 1,060 38% 19% 19% 11% 7% 1% 5% 19
9–12 Nov 2021 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,781 41% 21% 18% 10% 8% 2% 20
22–28 Oct 2021 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,005 38% 22% 20% 11% 7% 1% 1% 16
6–10 Sep 2021 Panelbase The Sunday Times 2,003 38% 23% 18% 9% 8% 4% 15
3–9 Sep 2021 Savanta ComRes The Scotsman 1,016 36% 23% 18% 13% 7% 2% 1% 13
2–8 Sep 2021 Opinium Sky News 1,014 40% 21% 16% 8% 5% 10% 19
20 Aug 2021 Alex Cole-Hamilton becomes leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats
16–24 Jun 2021 Panelbase The Sunday Times 1,287 38% 23% 17% 9% 6% 6% 15
6 May 2021 2021 Scottish Parliament election[1] 40.3% 23.5% 17.9% 8.1% 5.1% 1.7% 0.2% 3.2% 16.8

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b "Full votes and seats by party etc - SPE21". Electoral Management Board for Scotland. 9 May 2021. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.