List of missions to the Moon

This article is about missions to the Moon. For a list of each individual lunar probe, see List of lunar probes.

"Moon rocket" redirects here. Not to be confused with Rocket to the Moon.

The Luna programme was the first successful lunar programme, its Luna 1 (1959) being the first partially successful lunar mission

The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3 (1959)

Missions to the Moon have been numerous and include some of the earliest space missions, conducting exploration of the Moon since 1959.

The first partially successful lunar mission was Luna 1 (January 1959), the first probe to leave Earth and fly past another astronomical body. Soon after that the first Moon landing and the first landing on any extraterrestrial body was performed by Luna 2,[1] which intentionally impacted the Moon on 14 September 1959. The far side of the Moon, which is always facing away from Earth due to tidal locking, was seen for the first time by Luna 3 in (7 October 1959). In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing,[2] while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit, and in 1968 Zond 5 became the first mission to carry terrestrial lifeforms (tortoises) to close proximity of the Moon through a circumlunar approach.[3]

The first crewed missions to the Moon were pursued by the Soviet Union and the United States, becoming the climax of the Space Race. While the Soviet Union shifted to robotic sample return missions, the American Apollo program proceeded successfully, with Apollo 8 becoming the first crewed mission to enter lunar orbit in December 1968. On 20 July 1969 Apollo 11 landed on the Moon, and Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. At the same time another mission, the robotic sample return mission Luna 15 by the Soviet Union, was in orbit around the Moon, becoming together with Apollo 11 the first ever case of two extraterrestrial missions being conducted at the same time. Until 1972 crewed Apollo missions and until 1976 Soviet uncrewed sample return missions, with the first ever successful extraterrestrial rovers (Lunokhod programme), continued. After that no dedicated lunar missions were conducted until 1990. Since then the following nations and organisations (in chronological order) have visited the Moon, after the Soviet Union and the United States: Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, Mexico, and Pakistan.

China's Chang'e 4 was the first mission to soft land on the far side of the Moon.

India's Chandrayaan-3 (2023) became the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole

In 2018 the far side of the Moon was for the first time landed on by the Chang'e 4 mission at the Aitken basin on 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover. Five years later, China followed with Chang'e 6 sample return mission to the far side whose lander successfully landed in Apollo crater on 1 June 2024 and collected lunar samples.

On August 23, 2023 12:34 UTC, India's Chandrayaan-3 became the first lunar mission to achieve a soft landing near the lunar south pole. The mission consisted of a lander and a rover for carrying out scientific experiments.

The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four of these spacecraft have flown past for the purpose of gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.

20th century

Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission		Spacecraft	Launch date	Carrier rocket	Operator	Mission type	Outcome
1	Pioneer 0 (Able I)[4]	Pioneer 0	17 August 1958	Thor DM-18 Able I[4]	USAF	Orbiter	Launch failure
		First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[4] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (10 mi).[5]
2	Luna E-1 No.1	Luna E-1 No.1	23 September 1958	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[4][6]
3	Pioneer 1 (Able II)[4]	Pioneer 1	11 October 1958	Thor DM-18 Able I[4]	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[4] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[7]
4	Luna E-1 No.2	Luna E-1 No.2	11 October 1958	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[4][6]
5	Pioneer 2 (Able III)	Pioneer 2	8 November 1958	Thor DM-18 Able I	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[4] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[8]
6	Luna E-1 No.3	Luna E-1 No.3	4 December 1958	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[4][6]
7	Pioneer 3	Pioneer 3	6 December 1958	Juno II	NASA	Flyby	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[4] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[9]
8	Luna 1 (E-1 No.4)	Luna 1	2 January 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Partial failure
		Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[10] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[11] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
9	Pioneer 4	Pioneer 4	3 March 1959	Juno II	NASA	Flyby	Partial failure
		Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance.[10] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[12]
10	E-1A No.1	E-1A No.1	18 June 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[10]
11	Luna 2 (E-1A No.2)	Luna 2	12 September 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Success
		Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to impact the lunar surface.[13] This made the Soviet Union the 1st country to impact the surface of the Moon.
12	Luna 3 (E-2A No.1)	Luna 3	4 October 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Flyby	Success
		Returned the first images of the far side of the Moon.[14]
13	Pioneer P-3 Able IVB	Pioneer P-3	26 November 1959	Atlas-D Able	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit;[15] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[10]
14	Luna E-3 No.1	Luna E-3 No.1	15 April 1960	Luna	OKB-1	Flyby	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[16]
15	Luna E-3 No.2	Luna E-3 No.2	16 April 1960	Luna	OKB-1	Flyby	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[16]
16	Pioneer P-30 (Able VA)	Pioneer P-30	25 September 1960	Atlas-D Able	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[17][16]
17	Pioneer P-31 (Able VB)	Pioneer P-31	15 December 1960	Atlas-D Able	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[18][16]
18	Ranger 3 (P-34)	Ranger 3	26 January 1962	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
		Ranger 3 lander				Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).[19][20]
19	Ranger 4 (P-35)	Ranger 4	23 April 1962	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
		Ranger 4 lander				Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[19][21] The impact made the United States the 2nd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
20	Ranger 5 (P-36)	Ranger 5	18 October 1962	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
		Ranger 5 lander				Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8+3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[19] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[22]
21	Luna E-6 No.2	Luna E-6 No.2	4 January 1963	Molniya-L	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
		Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[23] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[24]
22	Luna E-6 No.3	Luna E-6 No.3	3 February 1963	Molniya-L	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[24]
23	Luna 4 (E-6 No.4)	Luna 4	2 April 1963	Molniya-L	OKB-1	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Failed to perform mid-course correction,[24] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[25]
24	Ranger 6 (P-54)	Ranger 6	30 January 1964	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
		Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[26][27]
25	Luna E-6 No.6	Luna E-6 No.6	21 March 1964	Molniya-M	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[26]
26	Luna E-6 No.5	Luna E-6 No.5	20 April 1964	Molniya-M	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[26]
27	Ranger 7	Ranger 7	28 July 1964	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Success
		Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[28]
28	Ranger 8	Ranger 8	17 February 1965	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Success
		Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[29][30]
29	Kosmos 60 (E-6 No.9)	Kosmos 60	12 March 1965	Molniya-L	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
		Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[29] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[31]
30	Ranger 9	Ranger 9	21 March 1965	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Success
		Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[29][32]
31	Luna E-6 No.8	Luna E-6 No.8	10 April 1965	Molniya-L	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[29]
32	Luna 5 (E-6 No.10)	Luna 5	9 May 1965	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[29] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[33]
33	Luna 6 (E-6 No.7)	Luna 6	8 June 1965	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[29] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[34]
34	Zond 3 (3MV-4 No.3)	Zond 3	18 July 1965	Molniya	Lavochkin	Flyby	Success
		Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[35] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[29]
35	Luna 7 (E-6 No.11)	Luna 7	4 October 1965	Molniya	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[29][36]
36	Luna 8 (E-6 No.12)	Luna 8	3 December 1965	Molniya	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[29] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[37]
37	Luna 9 (E-6 No.13)	Luna 9	31 January 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Success
		First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[38] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[39] With its soft landing, the Soviet Union became the first country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
38	Kosmos 111 (E-6S No.204)	Kosmos 111	1 March 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[39] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[40]
39	Luna 10 (E-6S No.206)	Luna 10	31 March 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Success
		Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[41] Continued to return data until 30 May.[39]
40	Surveyor 1	Surveyor 1	30 May 1966	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Success
		Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[39] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[42] With its soft landing, the United States became the second country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
41	Explorer 33 (AIMP-D)	Explorer 33	1 July 1966	Delta E1	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[39] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[43]
42	Lunar Orbiter 1	Lunar Orbiter 1	10 August 1966	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Partial failure
		Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[44]
43	Luna 11 (E-6LF No.101)	Luna 11	21 August 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Partial failure
		Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[39] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operation on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[45]
44	Surveyor 2	Surveyor 2	20 September 1966	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre, resulting in loss of control.[39] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[46]
45	Luna 12 (E-6LF No.102)	Luna 12	22 October 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Success
		Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[47] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[39]
46	Lunar Orbiter 2	Lunar Orbiter 2	6 November 1966	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[48]
47	Luna 13 (E-6M No.205)	Luna 13	21 December 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Success
		Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[39] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[49] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[39]
48	Lunar Orbiter 3	Lunar Orbiter 3	5 February 1967	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[50]
49	Surveyor 3	Surveyor 3	17 April 1967	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Success
		Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[51][52] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[53]
50	Lunar Orbiter 4	Lunar Orbiter 4	4 May 1967	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[51][54]
51	Surveyor 4	Surveyor 4	14 July 1967	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[51] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[55]
52	Explorer 35 (AIMP-E)	Explorer 35 (AIMP-E)	19 July 1967	Delta E1	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[56] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[57]
53	Lunar Orbiter 5	Lunar Orbiter 5	1 August 1967	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[58]
54	Surveyor 5	Surveyor 5	8 September 1967	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Success
		Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[59]
55	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L	27 September 1967	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
		Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[51]
56	Surveyor 6	Surveyor 6	7 November 1967	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Success
		Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[51] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[60]
57	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L	22 November 1967	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Launch failure
		Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[51]
58	Surveyor 7	Surveyor 7	7 January 1968	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Success
		Final Surveyor mission.[61] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[62]
59	Luna E-6LS No.112	Luna E-6LS No.112	7 February 1968	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[62]
60	Luna 14 (E-6LS No.113)	Luna 14	7 April 1968	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Success
		Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[63]
61	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L	22 April 1968	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Launch failure
		Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[62]
62	Zond 5 (7K-L1 No.9L)	Zond 5	14 September 1968	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Success
		Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[64]
63	Zond 6 (7K-L1 No.12L)	Zond 6	10 November 1968	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
		Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carrying turtles, making this the second mission of Earthlings to travel in close proximity of the Moon, the flyby was on 14 November with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[65] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[62]
64	Apollo 8	Apollo 8	21 December 1968	Saturn V	NASA	Crewed orbiter	Success
		First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[66]
65	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L	20 January 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Launch failure
		Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[67]
66	Luna E-8 No.201	Luna E-8 No.201	19 February 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
		Lunokhod				Rover	Launch failure
		First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[68]
67	Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3	Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3	21 February 1969	N1	OKB-1	Orbiter	Launch failure
		First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[68]
68	Apollo 10	Apollo 10	18 May 1969	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Lunar Module Snoopy				Orbiter	Success
		Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326 kilometres (8.902 mi) above the lunar surface.[69]
69	Luna E-8-5 No.402	Luna E-8-5 No.402	14 June 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
		Luna E-8-5 No.402 return craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
		Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[67]
70	Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5	Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5	3 July 1969	N1	OKB-1	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[68]
71	Luna 15 (E-8-5 No.401)	Luna 15	13 July 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Luna 15 return craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
		Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[68]
72	Apollo 11	Apollo 11	16 July 1969	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Lunar Module Eagle				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Success
		First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
73	Zond 7 (7K-L1 No.11L)	Zond 7	7 August 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Success
		Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carried four turtles in a lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[68]
74	Kosmos 300 (E-8-5 No.403)	Kosmos 300	23 September 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
		Kosmos 300 return craft				Sample return	Launch failure
		Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[68]
75	Kosmos 305 (E-8-5 No.404)	Kosmos 305	22 October 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
		Kosmos 305 return craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
		Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[68]
76	Apollo 12	Apollo 12	14 November 1969	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Lunar Module Intrepid				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Success
		Second crewed lunar landing.
77	Luna E-8-5 No.405	Luna E-8-5 No.405	6 February 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
		Luna E-8-5 No.405 return craft				Sample return	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit
78	Apollo 13	Apollo 13	11 April 1970	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
		Lunar Module Aquarius	11 April 1970	Saturn V	NASA	Rescue mission	Success
		Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
79	Luna 16 (E-8-5 No.406)	Luna 16	12 September 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Success
		Luna 16 return craft				Sample return	Success
		First robotic sampling mission.
80	Zond 8 (7K-L1 No.14L)	Zond 8	20 October 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Success
		Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
81	Luna 17 (E-8 No.203)	Luna 17	10 November 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Success
		Lunokhod 1				Rover	Success
		Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
82	Apollo 14	Apollo 14	31 January 1971	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Lunar Module Antares				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Success
		Third crewed lunar landing.
83	Apollo 15	Apollo 15	26 July 1971	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Lunar Module Falcon				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Success
		Lunar Roving Vehicle				Rover	Success
		Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
84	PFS-1	PFS-1	26 July 1971	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
85	Luna 18 (E-8-5 No.407)	Luna 18	2 September 1971	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Luna 18 return craft				Sample return	Spacecraft failure
		Failed during descent to lunar surface.
86	Luna 19 (E-8LS No.202)	Luna 19	28 September 1971	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Success
		Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
87	Luna 20 (E-8-5 No.408)	Luna 20	14 February 1972	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Success
		Luna 20 return craft				Sample return	Success
		Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
88	Apollo 16	Apollo 16	16 April 1972	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Lunar Module Orion				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Success
		Lunar Roving Vehicle				Rover	Success
		5th crewed lunar landing.
89	PFS-2	PFS-2	16 April 1972	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
90	Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1	Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1	23 November 1972	N1	OKB-1	Orbiter	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
91	Apollo 17	Apollo 17	7 December 1972	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Lunar Module Challenger				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Success
		Lunar Roving Vehicle				Rover	Success
		Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
92	Luna 21 (E-8 No.204)	Luna 21	8 January 1973	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Success
		Lunokhod 2				Rover	Success
		Deployed Lunokhod 2.
93	Explorer 49 (RAE-B)	Explorer 49	10 June 1973	Delta 1913	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
94	Mariner 10	Mariner 10	3 November 1973	Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A	NASA	Flyby	Success
		Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
95	Luna 22 (E-8LS No.206)	Luna 22	29 May 1974	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Success
		Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
96	Luna 23 (E-8-5M No.410)	Luna 23	16 October 1975	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Partial failure
		Luna 23 return craft				Sample Return	Precluded
		Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
97	Luna E-8-5M No.412	Luna E-8-5M No.412	16 October 1975	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
		Luna E-8-5M No.412 return craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
		Failed to orbit.
98	Luna 24 (E-8-5M No.413)	Luna 24	9 August 1976	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Success
		Luna 24 return craft				Sample Return	Success
		Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96+1⁄2 hours later.[70] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[71] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
99	ISEE-3 (ICE/Explorer 59)	ISEE-3	12 August 1978	Delta 2914	NASA	Flyby	Success
		Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
100	Hiten (MUSES-A)	Hiten	24 January 1990	Mu-3S-II	ISAS	Orbiter	Success
		Hagoromo	24 January 1990	Mu-3S-II	ISAS	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
		Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[72] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to impact the surface of the Moon.
101	Geotail	Geotail	24 July 1992	Delta II 6925	ISAS/NASA	Flyby	Success
		Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
102	WIND	WIND	1 November 1994	Delta II 7925-10	NASA	Flyby	Success
		Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
103	Clementine (DSPSE)	Clementine	25 January 1994	Titan II (23)G Star-37FM	USAF/NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
104	HGS-1	HGS-1	24 December 1997	Proton-K/DM3	Hughes	Flyby	Success
		Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
105	Lunar Prospector (Discovery 3)	Lunar Prospector	7 January 1998	Athena II	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		The mission ended on July 31, 1999
106	Nozomi (PLANET-B)	Nozomi	3 July 1998	M-V	ISAS	Flyby	Success
		Two flybys en route to Mars.

21st century

Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission		Spacecraft	Launch date	Carrier rocket	Operator	Mission type	Outcome
107	WMAP	WMAP	30 June 2001	Delta II 7425-10	NASA	Flyby	Success
		Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
108	SMART-1	SMART-1	27 September 2003	Ariane 5G	ESA	Orbiter	Success
		Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made the ESA member states collectively the 4th to impact the surface of the Moon.
109	STEREO	STEREO A	25 October 2006	Delta II 7925-10L	NASA	Flyby	Success
		STEREO B					Success
		Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
110	ARTEMIS	ARTEMIS P1	17 February 2007	Delta II 7925	NASA	Orbiter	Operational
		ARTEMIS P2				Orbiter	Operational
		Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
111	SELENE	Kaguya	14 September 2007	H-IIA 2022	JAXA	Orbiter	Success
		Okina				Orbiter	Success
		Ouna				Orbiter	Success
		Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[73] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[3] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
112	Chang'e 1	Chang'e 1	24 October 2007	Long March 3A	CNSA	Orbiter	Success
		Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 6th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
113	Chandrayaan-1	Chandrayaan-1	22 October 2008	PSLV-XL C11	ISRO	Orbiter	Success
		Moon Impact Probe				Impactor	Success
		Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[74] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analyzed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the 4th nation to impact the lunar surface and 5th as an agency.
114	LRO & LCROSS	Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter	18 June 2009	Atlas V 401	NASA	Orbiter	Operational
		LCROSS	18 June 2009	Atlas V 401	NASA	Impactor	Success
		LCROSS observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30. LRO entered orbit on June 23, 2009.
115	Chang'e 2	Chang'e 2	1 October 2010	Long March 3C	CNSA	Orbiter	Success
		Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point[75] and subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis for a close encounter with the asteroid at a distance of 3.2 kilometers and a relative velocity of 10.73 km/s.[76][77]
116	GRAIL	Ebb (GRAIL-A)	10 September 2011[78][79]	Delta II 7920H	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Flow (GRAIL-B)				Orbiter	Success
		Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[80]
117	LADEE	LADEE	7 September 2013	Minotaur V	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
118	Chang'e 3	Chang'e 3	1 December 2013	Long March 3B	CNSA	Lander	Operational
		Yutu	1 December 2013	Long March 3B	CNSA	Rover	Success
		Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3. With its soft landing, China became the third country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
119	Chang'e 5-T1	Chang'e 5-T1	23 October 2014	Long March 3C	CNSA	Orbiter	Operational
		Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule	23 October 2014	Long March 3C	CNSA	Orbiter	Success
		Manfred Memorial Moon Mission	23 October 2014	Long March 3C	LuxSpace	Flyby / Impactor (post mission)	Success
		Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity. Orbiter may still be in lunar orbit. Manfred Memorial Moon Mission attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
120	TESS	TESS	18 April 2018	Falcon 9 Full Thrust	NASA	Flyby	Success
		Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[81]
121	Queqiao	Queqiao relay satellite	21 May 2018	Long March 4C	CNSA	Relay Satellite	Operational
		Longjiang-1	21 May 2018	Long March 4C	CNSA	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
		Longjiang-2	21 May 2018	Long March 4C	CNSA	Orbiter	Success
		Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[82] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[83] Queqiao entered designated Earth–Moon L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
122	Chang'e 4	Chang'e 4	7 December 2018	Long March 3B	CNSA	Lander	Operational
		Yutu-2				Rover	Operational
		First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[84][85] Cottonseeds sprouted in the lander in a biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon.[86]
123	Beresheet	Beresheet	22 February 2019	Falcon 9	SpaceIL	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[87][88] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[89] The impact made Israel the 7th country to impact the surface of the Moon.
124	Chandrayaan-2	Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter	22 July 2019	LVM3	ISRO	Orbiter	Operational
		Vikram	22 July 2019	LVM3	ISRO	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Pragyan				Rover	Precluded
		Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[90]
125	Chang'e 5	Chang'e 5 Orbiter	23 November 2020	Long March 5	CNSA	Orbiter	Operational
		Chang'e 5 Lander	23 November 2020	Long March 5	CNSA	Lander	Success
		Chang'e 5 Ascender				Launch Vehicle	Success
		Chang'e 5 Returner				Sample Return	Success
		First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1.731 kg (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[91]
126	CAPSTONE	⚀ CAPSTONE	28 June 2022[92]	Electron	NASA	Orbiter	Operational
		Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
127	Danuri	Danuri	4 August 2022[92]	Falcon 9	KARI	Orbiter[93][94]	Operational
		Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
128	Artemis I	Artemis I Orion MPCV CM-002	16 November 2022[95]	SLS Block 1	NASA	Orbiter	Success
		⚀ LunaH-Map	16 November 2022[95]	SLS Block 1	NASA	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
		⚀ Lunar IceCube				Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
		⚀ CubeSat for Solar Particles				Flyby	Spacecraft failure
		⚀ Near-Earth Asteroid Scout				Flyby	Spacecraft failure
		⚀ OMOTENASHI			JAXA	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		⚀ ArgoMoon	16 November 2022[95]	SLS Block 1	ASI	Flybys	Operational
		⚀ EQUULEUS			JAXA	Flybys	Operational
		⚀ LunIR	16 November 2022[95]	SLS Block 1	Lockheed Martin	Flyby	Partial failure
		⚀ BioSentinel	16 November 2022[95]	SLS Block 1	NASA	Flyby	Success
		⚀ Team Miles	16 November 2022[95]	SLS Block 1	Fluid & Reason	Flyby	Success
		Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
129	Hakuto-R Mission 1	Hakuto-R	11 December 2022	Falcon 9 Block 5	ispace	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		SORA-Q			Tomy/JAXA/Dodai	Rover	Precluded
		Rashid			UAESA/MBRSC	Rover	Precluded
		⚀ Lunar Flashlight			NASA	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
		Lunar lander technology demonstration.[96] Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system.,[97] Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid was a small rover demonstration. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to impact the surface of the Moon. Lunar Flashlight initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis I mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[98][99]
130	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer	14 April 2023	Ariane 5 ECA	ESA	Flyby	En route
		Will fly by the Moon in August 2024 en route to Ganymede.
131	Chandrayaan-3	Chandrayaan-3	14 July 2023	LVM3	ISRO	Orbiter	Success
		Vikram lander				Lander	Success
		Pragyan rover				Rover	Success
		Launched on 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion on 5 August 2023, Lander separated from propulsion module on 17 August 2023, landed on 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC and deployed the Pragyan rover. With its soft landing, India became the fourth country to successfully land on the lunar surface. Later during extended operations, the Propulsion Module returned to Earth's orbit.
132	Luna 25	Luna 25	10 August 2023	Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat	Roscosmos	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Launched on 10 August 2023, Orbital insertion on 16 August 2023, failed orbital maneuver on 19 August 2023 set the spacecraft on the crash course with the Moon's surface. Loss of communication was confirmed by Roscosmos on 20 August 2023. The impact made Russia the 10th country to impact the lunar surface.
133	SLIM	SLIM	6 September 2023	H-IIA	JAXA	Lander	Success
		LEV-1				Hopper	Success
		LEV-2 (Sora-Q)			Tomy / JAXA / Doshisha University	Rover	Success
		Launched alongside XRISM as a co-passenger on 7 September 2023. Performed lunar swing-by, followed by lunar orbital insertion on 25 December 2023. SLIM landed intact and within 100 m of its target on 19 January 2024, 15:20 UTC, which met JAXA's criteria for a successful landing.[100] However, it had landed with incorrect attitude to orient solar panels towards the Sun, which led to temporary power loss until the Sun was in the right position. LEV-1 and LEV-2 were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing. LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface. With its soft landing, Japan became the fifth country to successfully land on the lunar surface.
134	Peregrine Mission One	Peregrine	8 January 2024	Vulcan Centaur VC2	Astrobotic Technology	Lander	Spacecraft failure
		Colmena × 5			UNAM	Rovers	Precluded
		⚀ Iris			CMU	Rover	Precluded
		Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander's reaction thrusters' leak deemed the spacecraft uncontrollable for landing and it decayed in the Earth's atmosphere 10 days later.
135	IM-1	Nova-C Odysseus	14 February 2024	Falcon 9 B5	Intuitive Machines	Lander	Success
		⚀ EagleCam	14 February 2024	Falcon 9 B5	ERAU	Deployable camera	Spacecraft failure
		First Nova-C mission. First private spacecraft to soft land on the Moon. Payloads successfully delivered for NASA CLPS and for private customers. Though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on other side, 18° due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected.[101] EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on the 28th of February but minimal data was obtained.[102][103]
136	DRO A/B	DRO-A	13 March 2024	Long March 2C	CAS	Relay Satellite	Operational
		DRO-B				Relay Satellite	Operational
		Yuanzheng 1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to test Distant retrograde orbit.[104] Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.[105][106]
137	Queqiao-2	Queqiao-2	20 March 2024	Long March 8	CNSA	Relay Satellite	Operational
		Tiandu-1			Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL, Tiandu Lab)[107]	Orbiter	Operational
		Tiandu-2				Orbiter	Operational
		Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[108] Tiandu satellites are launched with them to test communications for future lunar satellite constellation technologies.[109]
138	Chang'e 6	Chang'e 6 Orbiter	3 May 2024[110]	Long March 5	CNSA	Orbiter	Success
		Chang'e 6 Lander	3 May 2024[110]	Long March 5	CNSA	Lander	Success
		Chang'e 6 Ascender				Launch Vehicle	Success
		Chang'e 6 Returner				Sample Return	Success
		Jinchan[111]				Rover	Success
		⚀ ICUBE-Q[112]	3 May 2024[110]	Long March 5	SUPARCO[a][114]	Orbiter	Operational
		First spacecraft to have collected lunar samples from the far side of the Moon (Apollo crater, South Pole–Aitken basin).[115] ICUBE-Q is Pakistan's first lunar mission. Lander carries international payloads from ESA, France, Italy, and Sweden. It also carried a mini rover to conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface.[116] The orbiter went to Sun Earth L2 under mission extension.
139	Blue Ghost M1	Blue Ghost Lander	15 January 2025[117][118]	Falcon 9 B5	Firefly Aerospace	Lander	En route
		Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[119][120]
140	Hakuto-R Mission 2	Hakuto-R	15 January 2025[121]	Falcon 9 B5	ispace	Lander	En route
		Tenacious rover			Ispace Europe	Rover	En route
		Lander mission carrying a rover for collecting lunar resources alongside other commercial payloads.

Statistics

Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the near side of the Moon to date (top)   Luna program (USSR)   Surveyor program (USA)   Apollo program (USA)   Chang'e program (China)   Chandrayaan program (India)   SLIM (Japan)   Intuitive Machines (USA) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed.

Launches by decade

Launches to Moon

Decade
1950s	13
1960s	63
1970s	23
1980s	0
1990s	7
2000s	8
2010s	10
2020s	14

This is a list of 138 missions (including failed ones) to the Moon. It includes Flybys, Impact probes, orbiters, landers, rovers and crewed missions.

Mission milestones by country

This is a list of major milestones achieved by country. Recorded is the first spacecraft from each respective country to accomplish each milestone, regardless of mission type or intended outcome. For example, Beresheet was not intended to be an impactor, but achieved that milestone incidentally.

Legend

  Attempted Milestone achieved
  Attempted Milestone not achieved
† First to achieve

Country/ Agency	Flyby[b]	Orbit	Impact	Soft landing	Rover	Sample return	Crewed orbiting	Crewed landing
United States	Pioneer 4, 1959	Lunar Orbiter 1, 1966	Ranger 4, 1962	Surveyor 1, 1966	LRV (Apollo 15), 1971	Apollo 11, 1969 †	Apollo 8, 1968 †	Apollo 11, 1969 †
Soviet Union	Luna 1, 1959 †	Luna 10, 1966 †	Luna 2, 1959 †	Luna 9, 1966 †	Lunokhod 1, 1970 †	Luna 16, 1970	—	—
China	Chang'e 5-T1, 2014	Chang'e 1, 2007	Chang'e 1, 2009	Chang'e 3, 2013	Yutu, 2013	Chang'e 5, 2020	—	—
India	Chandrayaan 3, 2023	Chandrayaan 1, 2008	MIP, 2008	Chandrayaan 3, 2023	Pragyan, 2023	—	—	—
Japan	Hiten, 1990	Hiten, 1993	Hiten, 1993	SLIM, 2024	LEV-1, 2024	—	—	—
Israel	—	Beresheet, 2019	Beresheet, 2019	Beresheet, 2019	—	—	—	—
Russia	—	Luna 25, 2023	Luna 25, 2023	Luna 25, 2023	—	—	—	—
ESA	—	SMART-1, 2003	SMART-1, 2006	—	—	—	—	—
Luxembourg	4M, 2014	—	4M, 2022	—	—	—	—	—
South Korea	—	Danuri, 2022	—	—	—	—	—	—
Italy	ArgoMoon, 2022	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
UAE	—	—	Rashid, 2023	—	Rashid, 2023	—	—	—
Pakistan	—	ICUBE-Q, 2024	—	—	—	—	—	—
Mexico	—	—	—	—	Colmena, 2024	—	—	—

Missions by organization/company

Analysis of numbers of lunar missions

Country/ Agency	Agency or company	Successful	Partial failure	Failure	Success rate	Operational	Total	Total for country
USSR	Lavochkin	16	2	22	40%	-	40	58
	Energia	2	-	16	11.11%	-	18
USA	NASA	37	2	14	67.27%	4	55	57
	USAF	1	-	1	50%	-	2
China	CNSA	10	-	-	100%	8	10	10
Japan	ISAS	2	-	2	50%	-	4	8
	JAXA	2	-	1	66.6%	1	4
India	ISRO	2	1	-	83.26%	2	3	3
Various member states	ESA	1	-	-	100%	-	1	1
Luxembourg	LuxSpace	1	-	-	100%	-	1	1
South Korea	KARI	1	-	-	100%	1	1	1
USA (private company)	Lockheed Martin	1	-	-	100%	-	1	1
USA (private company)	Fluid & Reason	1	-	-	100%	-	1	1
USA (private company)	Astrobotic Technology	-	-	1	0%	-	1	1
USA (private company)	Intuitive Machines	1	-	-	100%	1	1	1
USA (private university)	ERAU	-	-	1	0%	-	1	1
Italy	ASI	1	-	-	100%	-	1	1
Israel	SpaceIL	-	-	1	0%	-	1	1
Russia	Roscosmos	-	-	1	0%	-	1	1
UAE	UAESA	-	-	1	0%	-	1	1
Japan (private company)	ispace	-	-	1	0%	-	1	1
Pakistan	IST / SUPARCO	1	-	-	100%	1	1	1

Future missions

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organisations.

Funded and are under development

Robotic

Mission	Spacecraft	Launch date	Carrier rocket	Operator	Mission type
SHERPA-ES	SHERPA-ES	February 2025	Falcon 9 B5	Spaceflight Industries	Gravity Assist
	Lunar Trailblazer			NASA	Orbiter
	Lunar flyby towards geostationary orbit, payload delivery.
IM-2	Nova-C	February 2025[122]	Falcon 9 B5	Intuitive Machines	Lander
	Khon1				Relay Satellite
	μNova				Hopper
	MAPP			Lunar Outpost Nokia	Rover
	AstroAnt[123]			MIT	Rover
	Yaoki[124]			Dymon	Rover
	Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[125] MAPP and μNova will test a new Nokia lunar communication system.
Mark 1 Pathfinder Mission	Blue Moon	March 2025	New Glenn	Blue Origin	Lander
	First mission for the Blue Moon lander platform developed by Blue Origin and will prove the viability of the platform and BE-7 engine. It has a cargo capacity of up to 3000kg.
IM-3	Nova-C	October 2025[126][127]	Falcon 9 B5	Intuitive Machines	Lander
	Khon2				Relay Satellite
	CADRE x3			NASA	Rovers
	Lunar Vertex			NASA Lunar Outpost	Rover
	Third Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[125] Lunar Vertex mission.
Starship Demo mission	Starship HLS	2025[128]	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS.
DESTINY+	DESTINY+	2025[129]	Epsilon S	JAXA	Flyby
	Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon.
Griffin Mission 1[130]	Griffin lander	2025[131]	Falcon Heavy	Astrobotic Technology	Lander
Artemis III Starship HLS delivery	Starship HLS	2026	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis III mission.
TBD (CLPS Lander)[132]	Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)[133]	2026	TBD	Australian Space Agency	Rover
APEX 1.0	APEX 1.0	2026[134]	TBD	ispace U.S. Draper	Lander
	Lunar Relay Satellite 1[135]			ispace U.S. Blue Canyon Technologies	Relay Satellite
	Lunar Relay Satellite 2[135]				Relay Satellite
	Lunar lander. ispace Mission 3, and mission CP-12 of the CLPS program.
Blue Ghost M2[136]	Blue Ghost lander	2026	TBD	Firefly Aerospace	Lander
	Elytra orbital vehicle				Orbiter
	Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
Lunar Pathfinder	Lunar Pathfinder	2026	TBD	ESA	Relay Satellite
	Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions.
Chang'e 7	Chang'e 7 Orbiter	2026[137]	Long March 5	CNSA	Orbiter
	Chang'e 7 Lander				Lander
	Chang'e 7 Rover				Rover
	Chang'e 7 Hopper				Hopper
	Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[137]
Starship cargo mission	Starship HLS	2026	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
FLEX[138]	FLEX	2026	Starship	Astrolab	Rover
	Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Astrobotic mission 3[139]	TBA	2026	Falcon Heavy	Astrobotic	Lander
	⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover				Rover
	Lunaris Platform[140]				Deployable platform
	Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
Canadian lunar rover mission	Canadensys Lunar Rover	2026	TBD	Canadensys CSA	Rover
	First Canadian lunar rover. Will fly as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative.[141]
ZeusX	ZeusX service module	Q4 2027	TBD	Qosmosys	Orbiter
	ZeusX lunar lander				Lander
	LIBER				Rover
	First lunar landing attempt for Singapore, lander can carry up to 800 kg to lunar surface.
Luna 26	Luna 26	2027[142]	Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat	Roscosmos	Orbiter
	Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[143] Will scout for Luna 27 landing site.
PPE and HALO[144]	PPE	2027[145]	Falcon Heavy	NASA Northrop Grumman	Space station assembly
	HALO
	First two Lunar Gateway modules.
Chandrayaan-4	Chandrayaan-4	2027–2028[146]	LVM3	ISRO	Lander
Luna 27	Luna 27	2028[142]	Angara A5 / Fregat	Roscosmos	Lander
	Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Chang'e 8	Chang'e 8 Orbiter	2028[147]	Long March 5	CNSA	Orbiter
	Chang'e 8 Lander				Lander
	Chang'e 8 Rover				Rover
	Chang'e 8 Robot				Hopper
	South pole lander.[148] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[149]
SpaceX GLS-1[150]	Dragon XL	2028	Falcon Heavy	SpaceX	Resupply vehicle
	First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
Uncrewed Blue Moon Demo mission	Blue Moon HLS	2028	New Glenn	Blue Origin	Lander
	Cislunar Transporter	2028	New Glenn	Lockheed Martin	Transfer vehicle
	Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Artemis IV Starship HLS delivery	Starship HLS	2028	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis IV mission.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX)	LUPEX lander	2028–2029[146]	H3	ISRO	Lander
	LUPEX rover			JAXA	Rover
Artemis V Blue Moon HLS delivery	Blue Moon HLS	2029	New Glenn	Blue Origin	Lander
	Cislunar Transporter	2029	New Glenn	Lockheed Martin	Transfer vehicle
	Delivery of Blue Moon HLS for Artemis V mission.
Argonaut M1	Argonaut Lander	2031[151]	Ariane 64	ESA	Lander
	Robotic Lander system. Will act as resupply vehicle for future Moonbase.[152]
Lunar Voyage 3[153][154]	Mapp	TBA	TBA	Lunar Outpost	Rover
	First fully commercial mission of Lunar Outpost MAPP program.

Crewed

Agency or company	Name	Spacecraft	Launch date	Launch vehicle	Notes
NASA CSA	Artemis II	Orion	April 2026[155]	SLS Block 1	Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
NASA	Artemis III	Orion, Starship HLS	mid-2027[155]	SLS Block 1	Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
NASA	Artemis IV	Orion, Starship HLS	September 2028[156]	SLS Block 1B	First flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver Lunar I-Hab and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
NASA	Artemis V	Orion, Blue Moon HLS	March 2030[156]	SLS Block 1B	Crewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
CNSA	Chinese crewed lunar mission	Mengzhou, Lanyue	~2030[157]	Long March 10	Two launches of LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[157]
NASA	Artemis VI	Orion, TBD	March 2031[158]	SLS Block 1B	Lunar landing with delivery of Crew and Science Airlock module.

Proposed but full funding still unclear

Robotic and crewed

The following missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear:

Agency or company	Mission	Name of spacecraft	Proposed launch	Notes
GEC	⚀ Doge-1[159]		TBA	12U CubeSat, the mission is being paid for entirely with the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. First Canadian lunar mission.
SpaceIL	Beresheet 2[160]	Orbiter	2025	One orbiter, Two landers.
		Lander 1
		Lander 2
Airvantis	Garatéa-L		2025[161]	Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
OHB IAI	LSAS lander		2025	proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
Parsec	Parsec lunar satellites		2025	Parsec lunar communication constellation.[162]
Turkish Space Agency	AYAP-1		2026	Turkey will perform a hard landing on the Moon.
ESA	Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer		2026	Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
Australian Space Agency	Lunar Trailblazer		2026	Under study for possible rover mission
Delft University of Technology	Lunar zebro		2026	Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
Turkish Space Agency	AYAP-2	Lander	2028	Soft landing mission
		Rover
Roscosmos	Luna 28		2030[163]	Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include small rover.
Roscosmos	Luna 29	Luna 29 Lander	2030s[142]	Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
		Luna-Grunt rover
KARI	Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program		2030[164]	Lander and rover
Roscosmos	Zeus		2030	Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
CNSA Roscosmos	International Lunar Research Station (ILRS 1-5)		2031 - 2035	5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
ISRO	Indian Lunar Crewed Mission		~2040[165]	National effort to send an Indian astronaut to the moon
NASA	BOLAS		TBD	2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[166]
Magellan Aerospace	Autonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration		TBD	Impactor for LEAP
NASA	Lunar Crater Radio Telescope		TBD	Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
LiftPort Group	Lunar space elevator		TBD	Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
ESC Aerospace	LVICE²		TBD	Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[167]

Lunar Rovers

This section is an excerpt from List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies § Moon.[edit]

Mission	Rover	Country/Agency	Date of landing	Coordinates	Operational time	Distance travelled	Outcome
Luna E-8 No.201	Lunokhod	Lavochkin	10 November 1968	N/A	0 days	0 km	Launch failure
	First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[168]
Luna 17	Lunokhod 1	USSR	17 November 1970		322 days	10.5 km (6.5 mi)	Successful
	First rover on an extraterrestrial body.
Luna 21	Lunokhod 2	USSR	15 January 1973		117 days	39 km (24 mi)	Successful
	Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3	Yutu	CNSA	14 December 2013		42 days (mobile) 973 days (total)	114.8 m (377 ft)	Successful
	First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first lunar rover in over 40 years.
Chang'e 4	Yutu-2	CNSA	3 January 2019		2212 days	1.455 km (0.904 mi)[169] as of 3 January 2023^[update]	Operational
	First rover on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2	Pragyan	ISRO	6 September 2019		0 days	0 km	Precluded
	Lost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon.
Hakuto-R Mission 1	Rashid	MBRSC	April 2023	TBD	0 days	0 km	Precluded
	Sora-Q	Tomy/JAXA/Doshisha University	April 2023				Precluded
	Contact lost during final descent of the Hakuto-R Mission 1 lander. Presumed crash landing and failure.
Chandrayaan-3	Pragyan	ISRO	23 August 2023	[170]	12 days	101.4 m (333 ft)[171] as of 2 September 2023^[update]	Successful
	First rover to successfully operate near lunar south pole.
SLIM	LEV-1	JAXA	19 January 2024		1 hour and 51 minutes		Successful
	LEV-2 (Sora-Q)						Successful
	A hopper and a rover included in the SLIM mission which demonstrated precision landing technology.
Peregrine Mission One	Iris	CMU	2024	TBD			Precluded
	Colmena x5	UNAM					Precluded
	Colmena would have been deployed using a small catapult mechanism. Mission cancelled along with the cancelled landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.[172]
Chang'e 6	Jinchan	CNSA	1 June 2024		4 days		Success
	Conduct infrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.[173]
IM-2	MAPP	Lunar Outpost	February 2025	TBD			Planned
	AstroAnt	MIT[174]					Planned
	Micro-Nova	Intuitive Machines					Planned
	Yaoki	Dymon					Planned
	MAPP and Micro-Nova will demonstrate a new lunar communication system.
Hakuto-R Mission 2	Tenacious	ispace Europe	June 2025	TBD			Planned
	Hakuto-R Mission 2 will feature a rover for surface exploration and data collection.
IM-3	Lunar Vertex	NASA/Lunar Outpost	Q4 2025	TBD			Planned
	CADRE x4	NASA					Planned
	Mission to study Reiner Gamma.
Chang’e 7	Chang’e 7 rover	CNSA	2026	TBD			Planned
	Chang’e 7 hopper						Planned
	Will search for water ice in and around craters in the south pole of the Moon.
Starship lunar cargo mission	FLEX	Astrolab	2026	TBD			Planned
	Astrolab contracted with SpaceX to send their rover to the Moon aboard Starship[175][176]
TBD (CLPS Lander)[177]	Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer (Roo-ver)[178]	ASA	2026	TBD			Planned
	Australia's first lunar rover.
Astrobotics mission 3	⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover	Astrobotics	2026	TBD			Planned
	Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
LUPEX	LUPEX Rover	JAXA ISRO	2028	TBD			Planned
	Joint mission between ISRO and JAXA.
Chang’e 8	Chang’e 8 rover	CNSA	2028	TBD			Planned
	Chang’e 8 Robot						Planned
	Chinese ISRU mission in preparation for ILRS.

Unrealized concepts

1960s

• Soviet crewed lunar programs – The Soviet Union had been pursuing a crewed lunar flyby mission using Soyuz 7K-L1 launched aboard Proton-K and a crewed landing mission using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK Lander launched aboard N1 rocket. After a series of N1 failures, both of these programs were cancelled in 1970 and 1976 respectively.[179]

1970s

• Canceled Apollo missions – The Apollo program had three more missions lined up until Apollo 20, but the missions beyond Apollo 17, the sixth and final landing mission, were canceled due to budget constraints, change in technical direction and hardware delays. The ambitions shifted towards developing next generation rockets like Space Shuttle, the space station Skylab and in exploration programs such as Grand Tour program.[180]

2000s

• Constellation Program – The Constellation program ran from 2004–2010 and would have utilised the Ares I and Ares V rockets alongside the Orion spacecraft and Altair lunar lander to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020 in preparation for crewed missions to Mars. It was cancelled in October 2010 by the Augustine Committee. However, the Orion was spared and finally launched in November 2022 with Constellation and its rockets revised as the Artemis Program and Space Launch System.[181]

2010s

• Resource Prospector – Concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[182]
• Indo-Russian joint mission – A joint mission between India and Russia for a robotic lander and rover was under development since 2007. Russia was supposed to develop the lander while India would develop an orbiter, a rover and launch the composite. However, with failure of Fobos-Grunt mission, Russia was unable to provide the lander in time and requested India to accept the delay and risk. The collaboration ended with India repurposing its orbiter towards Mars with its Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.[183]

2020s

• DearMoon was an unrealized tourist mission financed by Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa. Maezawa and six to eight other civilians would have performed a lunar flyby in a SpaceX Starship. It was cancelled on June 1, 2024[184]
• VIPER – NASA rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in July 2024.[185]

See also

• Exploration of the Moon
• List of extraterrestrial orbiters
• List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
• List of artificial objects on the Moon
• List of lunar probes
• Moon landing
• Timeline of Solar System exploration
  • List of missions to Venus
  • List of missions to Mars
  • List of missions to minor planets
  • List of missions to the outer planets

Notes

1. "Even though the source says "IST will conduct various tests"; IST being a research university does not directly control the orbiter, rather any tests or operations on the orbiter are done through the national space agency i.e SUPARCO."[113]
2. While Orbiting specific missions achieve a flyby milestone by virtue of entering the orbit, this table lists only flyby specific missions.

References

1. "Why failure is the fuel for a trip to Moon". The Times of India. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
2. "Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report". 7 September 2019. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
3. "月周回衛星「かぐや（SELENE）」 – SELENE通信 – お知らせ" (in Japanese). JAXA. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
4. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1958" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 17–19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
5. "Pioneer 0". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
6. Wade, Mark. "Luna E-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
7. "Pioneer 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
8. "Pioneer 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
9. "Pioneer 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
10. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1959" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 21–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
11. "Luna 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
12. "Pioneer 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
13. "Luna 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
14. "Luna 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
15. "Pioneer P-3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
16. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1960" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 25–27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
17. "Pioneer P-30". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
18. "Pioneer P-31". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
19. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1962" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 34–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
20. "Ranger 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
21. "Ranger 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
22. "Ranger 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
23. "Sputnik 25". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
24. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1963" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 39–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
25. "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
26. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1964" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 41–45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
27. "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
28. "Ranger 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
29. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1965" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
30. "Ranger 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
31. "Cosmos 60". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
32. "Ranger 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
33. "Luna 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
34. "Luna 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
35. "Zond 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
36. "Luna 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
37. "Luna 8". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
38. "Luna 9". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
39. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1966" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
40. "Cosmos 111". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
41. "Luna 10". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
42. "Surveyor 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
43. "Explorer 33". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
44. "Lunar Orbiter 1". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
45. "Luna 11". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
46. "Surveyor 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
47. "Luna 12". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
48. "Lunar Orbiter 2". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
49. "Luna 13". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
50. "Lunar Orbiter 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
51. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1967" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 47–52. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
52. "Surveyor 3". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
53. "Surveyor Lunar Spacecraft". Boeing. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
54. "Lunar Orbiter 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
55. "Surveyor 4". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
56. "Explorer 35". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
57. "Explorer 35". NASA. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
58. "Lunar Orbiter 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
59. "Surveyor 5". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
60. "Surveyor 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
61. "Surveyor 7". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
62. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1968" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 69–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
63. "Luna 14". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
64. "Zond 5". NASA Space Science and Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
65. "Zond 6". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
66. "Apollo 8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 8 July 2009. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
67. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80.
68. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
69. "APOLLO 10 (AS-505)". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
70. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1976" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 115–116. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
71. "Luna 24". US National Space Science Data Center. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
72. "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
73. "Japanese probe crashes into Moon". BBC. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
74. Varanasi, P.; Tompkins, S.; Taylor, L. A.; Sunshine, J.; Staid, M.; Runyon, C.; Petro, N.; Nettles, J.; Mustard, J. (23 October 2009). "Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1". Science. 326 (5952): 568–572. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..568P. doi:10.1126/science.1178658. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19779151. S2CID 447133.
75. "China's Moon orbiter Chang'e-2 travels 1.5 km into outer space". The Economic Times. 30 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
76. Lakdawalla, Emily (14 December 2012). "Chang'e 2 imaging of Toutatis succeeded beyond my expectations!". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
77. "Chang'e 2: The Full Story". The Planetary Society. 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
78. Gold, Scott (11 September 2011). "After delay, GRAIL moon mission launches". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
79. Harwood, William (10 September 2011). "NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes". CBS News. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
80. Blau, Patrick. "GRAIL Mission Design and Timeline". Spaceflight 101. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
81. Trajectory Design Enhancements to Mitigate Risk for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) (PDF). ntrs.nasa.gov (Report). NASA. 13 September 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
82. How China's lunar relay satellite arrived in its final orbit Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Luyuan Xu, The Planetary Society. 15 June 2018.
83. @planet4589 (31 July 2019). "The Chinese Longjiang-2 (DSLWP-B) lunar orbiting spacecraft completed its mission on Jul 31 at about 1420 UTC, in a planned impact on the lunar surface" (Tweet). Retrieved 1 August 2019 – via Twitter.
84. Rincon, Paul (7 December 2018). "China mission launches to far side of Moon". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
85. "China Makes Historic 1st Landing on Mysterious Far Side of the Moon". Space.com. 3 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
86. Bartels, Meghan; January 15, Space com Senior Writer |; ET, 2019 11:47am (15 January 2019). "Cotton Seed Sprouts on the Moon's Far Side in Historic First by China's Chang'e 4". Space.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
87. Grush, Loren (21 February 2019). "Watch SpaceX launch a trio of spacecraft, including a lander bound for the Moon". The Verge. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
88. "Beresheet". NASA Solar System Exploration. 19 February 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019..
89. Foust, Jeff (12 April 2019). "SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
90. "Lander Vikram located: K Sivan". www.aninews.in. Archived from the original on 8 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
91. "China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon". SpaceNews. 6 September 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
92. Figliozzi, Gianine (8 June 2022). "CAPSTONE Mission Launch No Longer Targeting June 13". NASA. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
93. "NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit". NASA (Press release). 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
94. "Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand". Rocket Lab. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
95. Foust, Jeff (11 November 2022). "NASA moving ahead with Nov. 16 Artemis 1 launch attempt". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
96. "ispace Begins Final Assembly of Lunar Lander Flight Model Ahead of First Mission". ispace. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
97. "ispace Announces Results of the "HAKUTO-R" Mission 1 Lunar Landing". ispace-inc. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
98. "NASA Eyes New Lunar CubeSat Orbit, Propulsion Challenges Continue – Small Satellite Missions". 8 February 2023.
99. "NASA gives up on tiny Lunar Flashlight probe's troubled moon ice mission". Space.com. 12 May 2023.
100. Jones, Andrew (25 January 2024). "Japan's SLIM achieved pinpoint moon landing with just one working engine". SpaceNews. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
101. "NASA, Intuitive Machines Share Images from the Moon, Provide Science Updates – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
102. "2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander".
103. "EagleCam Updates: Public Comments by Intuitive Machines CEO Steve Altemus". Embry-Riddle Newsroom. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
104. Jones, Andrew (14 March 2024). "Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly". SpaceNews. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
105. Jones, Andrew (20 August 2024). "Chinese spacecraft appear to reach lunar orbit despite launch setback". SpaceNews. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
106. Jones, Andrew (28 March 2024). "China appears to be trying to save stricken spacecraft from lunar limbo". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
107. "DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION LABORATORY (TIANDU LABORATORY)". IAF. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
108. Jones, Andrew (8 September 2022). "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
109. "China launches signal relay satellite for mission to moon's hidden side". Reuters. 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
110. Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
111. Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
112. "Mission overview and Design of Lunar CubeSat "ICUBE-Q" onboard Chang'E-6". researchgate (Press release). 25 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
113. "Pakistan's ICUBE-Q satellite successfully enters lunar orbit". 8 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
114. "Pakistan's maiden lunar probe sends first pictures of the Moon". India Today. 10 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
115. "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace - IEEE Spectrum". IEEE.
116. Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
117. "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Blue Ghost Mission 1". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
118. Schnautz, Risa (25 November 2024). "Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost Mission 1 to the Moon Readies for Launch". Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
119. "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Press release). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
120. "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
121. "Falcon 9 Block 5 | HAKUTO-R M2 "Resilience"". nextspaceflight.com. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
122. David, Leonard (12 September 2024). "Ice-hunting Lunar Trailblazer and IM-2 nearly ready for January 2025 launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
123. Johnson, Arianna. "MIT Will Return To The Moon For The First Time Since Apollo, Thanks To This Space Startup". Forbes.
124. Machines, Intuitive (5 January 2023). "Intuitive Machines Adds Commercial Lunar Rover to its Second Mission to the Moon". Intuitive Machines.
125. Kanayama, Lee (13 April 2020). "NOVA-C selects landing site, Masten gains CLPS contracts". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
126. Foust, Jeff (13 August 2024). "Intuitive Machines seeks to take over NASA's VIPER lunar rover". SpaceNews. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
127. "Three-peat: Intuitive Machines Selects SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket for Third Moon Mission". Intuitive Machines (Press release). 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
128. Smith, Marcia (9 January 2024). "NASA Delays Next Artemis Missions to 2025 and 2026". SpacePolicyOnline. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
129. Jones, Andrew (6 November 2023). "Japan's mission to bizarre asteroid Phaethon delayed to 2025". Space.com. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
130. "Astrobotic selects Falcon Heavy to launch NASA's VIPER lunar rover". SpaceNews. 13 April 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
131. "In an update on CLPS science, NASA's Joel Kearns noted that the launch of the @astrobotic Griffin lander is moving out of 2024 and to sometime in 2025, depending on their development schedule. It will still host NASA's VIPER as its primary payload". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 24 May 2024.
132. "Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer Stage 1". business.gov.au. 27 February 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
133. "Australia votes to name its 1st moon rover 'Roo-ver'". Space.com. 6 December 2023.
134. Foust, Jeff (29 September 2023). "Ispace revises design of lunar lander for NASA CLPS mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
135. Foust, Jeff (28 March 2024). "Japanese lunar lander company ispace raises $53.5 million in stock sale". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
136. "NASA selects Firefly Aerospace for mission to moon's far side in 2026". Space.com. 17 March 2023.
137. Jones, Andrew (28 November 2022). "China outlines pathway for lunar and deep space exploration". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
138. "A Big Rover Aims to Be Like 'UPS for the Moon'". Yahoo News.
139. "Astrobotic Purchases Falcon Heavy Launch Services". Astrobotic Technology. 25 April 2023.
140. Chapla, Alivia (23 July 2024). "Orbital Space Announces Historic First Privately Funded Lunar Mission from the Arab World". Astrobotic. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
141. "First Canadian rover to explore the Moon". CSA. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
142. "Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27"" [The scientist reported on the active progress of work on import substitution of Luna-27 components]. TASS (in Russian). 19 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
143. Russian Moon exploration program Archived 15 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Russian Research Institute (IKI). 2017.
144. Potter, Sean (9 February 2021). "NASA Awards Contract to Launch Initial Elements for Lunar Outpost". NASA.
145. "Artemis Programs: NASA Should Document and Communicate Plans to Address Gateway's Mass Risk". GAO. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
146. Jones, Andrew (23 October 2024). "India to target moon's south pole with sample return mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
147. Chen, Stephen (29 December 2021). "China speeds up moon base plan in space race against the US". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
148. China's Deep Space Exploration Roadmap Archived 14 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 2018.
149. Jones, Andrew (29 December 2021). "China has moon's south pole in its sights with 3 missions launching this decade". Space.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
150. Foust, Jeff (24 February 2023). "NASA plans to start work this year on first Gateway logistics mission".
151. Parsonson, Andrew (17 July 2024). "ESA Targets 2031 for First Argonaut Lunar Lander Mission". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
152. Hiesinger, H.; Landgraf, M.; Carey, W.; Karouji, Y.; Haltigin, T.; Osinski, G.; Mall, U.; Hashizume, K.; Group, Heracles Science Working (2019). "HERACLES: An ESA-JAXA-CSA Joint Study on Returning to the Moon". 50th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2132): 1327. Bibcode:2019LPI....50.1327H. {{cite journal}}: |last9= has generic name (help)
153. "Missions". Lunar Outpost. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
154. "4 fully-funded missions on the horizon". Twitter. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
155. Foust, Jeff (5 December 2024). "NASA further delays next Artemis missions". spacenews.com. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
156. "FY 2025 Budget Request | FY 2025 President's Budget Request Moon to Mars Manifest" (PDF). NASA. 15 April 2024. p. 6. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
157. Jones, Andrew (24 April 2024). "China on track for crewed moon landing by 2030, space official says". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
158. Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module".
159. "Will Geometric Energy Corporation and SpaceX Use Artificial Intelligence in the Doge-1 Mission to the Moon?". www.wicz.com. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
160. Mark R. Whittington (12 February 2023). "Beresheet 2: The latest in America's inclusive return to the moon". The Hill.
161. "Conheça a Garatéa-L, missão que pretende levar o Brasil à Lua em 2025" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
162. "Parsec™ Service from Lockheed Martin". Lockheed Martin.
163. Katya Pavlushchnko [@katlinegrey] (11 August 2023). "Yuri Borisov: Roscosmos plans to launch #Luna26 in 2027, Luna-27 - in 2028, and Luna-28 - in 2030 or later. After that, the next goal will be a crewed mission to the Moon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
164. https://www.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148885478 . Blue House, 문 대통령 "내년 달 궤도선·2030년 달 착륙…7대 우주강국 도약". 18 May 2021.
165. Kuthunur, Sharmila (18 October 2023). "India wants to land astronauts on moon in 2040". Space.com. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
166. Bi-Sat Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere Above Swirls (BOLAS): Tethered SmallSat Investigation of Hydration and Space Weathering Processes at the Moon. (PDF) Stubbs, T. J.; Malphrus, B. K.; Hoyt, R., etal. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; 19–23 March 2018 at The Woodlands, Texas, USA.
167. "About the mission". esc Aerospace. 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
168. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1969" (PDF). Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 73–80. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
169. Andrew Jones (5 October 2021). "1,000 days on the moon! China's Chang'e 4 lunar far side mission hits big milestone". Space.com. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
170. Chandrayaan 3 - After The Landing What Happens Next?, 27 August 2023, retrieved 28 August 2023
171. "Chandrayaan-3 Mission: All planned Rover movements have been verified. The Rover has successfully traversed a distance of about 100 meters. Rover payloads LIBS and APXS are turned ON. All payloads on the propulsion module, lander module, and rover are performing nominally. #Chandrayaan_3 #Ch3". Twitter. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
172. Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin (8 January 2024). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss". CNN. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
173. Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
174. "AstroAnt". MIT Media Lab. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
175. Dinner, Josh (1 April 2023). "SpaceX Starship will launch this new private moon rover in 2026 (video)". Space.com. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
176. Foust, Jeff (21 November 2023). "Astrolab announces first customers for commercial lunar rover mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
177. "Moon to Mars Initiative: Trailblazer Stage 1". business.gov.au. 18 September 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
178. Samantha Mathewson (6 December 2023). "Australia votes to name its 1st moon rover 'Roo-ver'". Space.com. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
179. Brian Harvey; Olga Zakutnyaya (2011). Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-1-4419-8150-9.
180. Times, Richard D. Lyons Special to The New York (3 September 1970). "2 MOON LANDINGS DROPPED BY NASA IN ECONOMY MOVE". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
181. "Constellation program | Spacecraft, History, & Facts | Britannica".
182. NASA scraps a lunar surface mission — just as it's supposed to focus on a Moon return Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Loren Grush, The Verge April 27, 2018
183. "How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's "Moon Man" recalls". Zee News. 25 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
184. https://x.com/dearmoonproject/status/1796759847817625933 ^[bare URL]
185. "NASA Ends VIPER Project, Continues Moon Exploration - NASA". Retrieved 17 July 2024.

External links

• Interactive map of many of the successful Moon landings to date
• NASA's timeline of missions to the moon (includes missions from all countries)