Estrone is an estrogen, specifically an agonist of the estrogen receptorsERα and ERβ.[1][5] It is a far less potent estrogen than is estradiol, and as such, is a relatively weak estrogen.[1][5][6] Given by subcutaneous injection in mice, estradiol is about 10-fold more potent than estrone and about 100-fold more potent than estriol.[7] According to one study, the relative binding affinities of estrone for the human ERα and ERβ were 4.0% and 3.5% of those estradiol, respectively, and the relative transactivational capacities of estrone at the ERα and ERβ were 2.6% and 4.3% of those of estradiol, respectively.[5] In accordance, the estrogenic activity of estrone has been reported to be approximately 4% of that of estradiol.[1] In addition to its low estrogenic potency, estrone, unlike estradiol and estriol, is not accumulated in estrogen target tissues.[1] Because estrone can be transformed into estradiol, most or all of the estrogenic potency of estrone in vivo is actually due to conversion into estradiol.[1][8] As such, estrone is considered to be a precursor or prohormone of estradiol.[3] In contrast to estradiol and estriol, estrone is not a ligand of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (affinity >10,000 nM).[9]
Clinical research has confirmed the nature of estrone as a relatively inert precursor of estradiol.[1][10][11][12] With oral administration of estradiol, the ratio of estradiol levels to estrone levels is about 5 times higher on average than under normal physiological circumstances in premenopausal women and with parenteral (non-oral) routes of estradiol.[1] Oral administration of menopausal replacement dosages of estradiol results in low, follicular phase levels of estradiol, whereas estrone levels resemble the high levels seen during the first trimester of pregnancy.[1][13][14] In spite of markedly elevated levels of estrone with oral estradiol but not with transdermal estradiol, clinical studies have shown that dosages of oral and transdermal estradiol achieving similar levels of estradiol possess equivalent and non-significantly different potency in terms of measures including suppression of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, inhibition of bone resorption, and relief of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes.[1][10][11][12][15] In addition, estradiol levels were found to correlate with these effects, while estrone levels did not.[10][11] These findings confirm that estrone has very low estrogenic activity, and also indicate that estrone does not diminish the estrogenic activity of estradiol.[1][10][11][12] This contradicts some cell-freein-vitro research suggesting that high concentrations of estrone might be able to partiallyantagonize the actions of estradiol.[16][17][18]
Notes: Values are mean ± SD or range. ER RBA = Relative binding affinity to estrogen receptors of rat uterinecytosol. Uterine weight = Percentage change in uterine wet weight of ovariectomized rats after 72 hours with continuous administration of 1 μg/hour via subcutaneously implantedosmotic pumps. LH levels = Luteinizing hormone levels relative to baseline of ovariectomized rats after 24 to 72 hours of continuous administration via subcutaneous implant. Footnotes:a = Synthetic (i.e., not endogenous). b = Atypical uterotrophic effect which plateaus within 48 hours (estradiol's uterotrophy continues linearly up to 72 hours). Sources: See template.
The way estrone works is by entering the cells of certain tissues in the body and attaching to nuclear receptors. This interaction then influences how genes are expressed, leading to various physiological responses in the body.[20]
Distribution
Estrone is bound approximately 16% to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and 80% to albumin in the circulation,[1] with the remainder (2.0 to 4.0%) circulating freely or unbound.[21] It has about 24% of the relative binding affinity of estradiol for SHBG.[1] As such, estrone is relatively poorly bound to SHBG.[22]
It is one of the three primary types of estrogen and is produced in various parts of the body, including the placenta, ovaries, and peripheral tissues.[25]
Notes: "The concentration of a steroid in the circulation is determined by the rate at which it is secreted from glands, the rate of metabolism of precursor or prehormones into the steroid, and the rate at which it is extracted by tissues and metabolized. The secretion rate of a steroid refers to the total secretion of the compound from a gland per unit time. Secretion rates have been assessed by sampling the venous effluent from a gland over time and subtracting out the arterial and peripheral venous hormone concentration. The metabolic clearance rate of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time. The production rate of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources, including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest. At steady state, the amount of hormone entering the blood from all sources will be equal to the rate at which it is being cleared (metabolic clearance rate) multiplied by blood concentration (production rate = metabolic clearance rate × concentration). If there is little contribution of prohormone metabolism to the circulating pool of steroid, then the production rate will approximate the secretion rate." Sources: See template.
Toxicity:
When estrone is used too much or taken in large amounts, it can cause toxicity, leading to symptoms like nausea and vomiting. Estrone should be stored in its original package or container to maintain its quality and effectiveness.[25]
Note the hydroxyl (–OH) groups: estrone (E1) has one, estradiol (E2) has two, estriol (E3) has three, and estetrol (E4) has four.
Estrone, also known as estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol-17-one, is a naturally occurringestranesteroid with double bonds at the C1, C3, and C5 positions, a hydroxyl group at the C3 position, and a ketonegroup at the C17 position. The name estrone was derived from the chemical terms estrin (estra-1,3,5(10)-triene) and ketone.
Estrone, as part of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), is frequently used to treat symptoms caused by estrogen deficiency in peri and post-menopausal women. This therapy aims to enhance overall health and relieve menopausal symptoms related to estrogen imbalance. Additionally, estrone and other estrogens are used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women who are at high risk of fractures and cannot tolerate alternative medications. Estrogens are absorbed efficiently by the body and subsequently inactivated in the liver, making them effective in HRT and osteoporosis prevention.[25]
Contraindications
The use of estrone has several contraindications, some examples including: hypersensitivity, history of some cancers, stroke, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and those currently pregnant or breastfeeding. Estrogens hold a boxed warning to be used at the lowest effective dose and for the shortest possible treatment period if used alone or with another hormone in the progestogen class.[29]
Breast Cancer
Estrone is contraindicated for those that have or are suspected of having breast cancer. The use of estrogens hold a boxed warning with breast cancer for post-menopausal women as this can increase the risk of developing invasive breast cancer.[30] Those with breast cancer become at a greater risk of hypercalcemia and bone metastases when taking estrogens.[31] Post-menopausal women with breast cancer can be seen to develop frailty syndrome when there are changes in blood hormonal levels, including an increased level of estrone. Estrone, the major type of estrogen produced in post-menopausal women, was seen in greater concentrations from standard levels in those that were categorized as prefrail and in those that classified as frail.[32]
Venous Thromboembolism
The risk of VTE is increased in those that use estrogens, those that currently have or have a history with VTE are at a greater risk of reoccurring VTE with the usage of estrogens.[30][33] The use of estrogens within three weeks postpartum may increase the risk of developing a VTE.[34] Risk of developing initial VTE is also increased with familial history, genetic mutations: factor V Leiden and prothrombin-G20210A, and pregnancy-postpartum with the use of estrogens.[35]
Breastfeeding
The use of estrogens may affect the ability to breastfeed and can change the composition of breastmilk. Estrogens have been used to suppress lactation which can result in a reduced total duration of lactation and reduced volume or inability to produce breastmilk. Composition of breastmilk produced was also seen to be different resulting in a reduced concentration of proteins in the milk. Babies of mothers that were taking estrogens while breastfeeding were seen to experience slower weight gain.[34]
Side effects
Common
Some common side effects seen with the usage of estrogens include: breast swelling, breast tenderness, vaginal itching, abnormal uterine bleeding, weight gain, hair loss, jaundice, and anaphylaxis.[36]
Estrone was the first steroid hormone to be discovered.[37][38] It was discovered in 1929 independently by the American scientists Edward Doisy and Edgar Allen and the GermanbiochemistAdolf Butenandt, although Doisy and Allen isolated it two months before Butenandt.[37][39][40] They isolated and purified estrone in crystalline form from the urine of pregnant women.[39][40][41] Doisy and Allen named it theelin, while Butenandt named it progynon and subsequently referred to it as folliculin in his second publication on the substance.[40][42] Butenandt was later awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for the isolation of estrone and his work on sex hormones in general.[41][43] The molecular formula of estrone was known by 1931,[44] and its chemical structure had been determined by Butenandt by 1932.[40][39] Following the elucidation of its structure, estrone was additionally referred to as ketohydroxyestrin or oxohydroxyestrin,[45][46] and the name estrone, on the basis of its C17 ketone group, was formally established in 1932 at the first meeting of the International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones in London.[47][48]
The FDA has approved estrone based on its safety and effectiveness as per the rules outlined in sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.[25]
^Fishman J, Martucci CP (1980). "New Concepts of Estrogenic Activity: The Role of Metabolites in the Expression of Hormone Action". In Pasetto N, Paoletti R, Ambrus JL (eds.). The Menopause and Postmenopause. Springer. pp. 43–52. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-7230-1_5. ISBN978-94-011-7232-5.
^ abcdSelby P, McGarrigle HH, Peacock M (March 1989). "Comparison of the effects of oral and transdermal oestradiol administration on oestrogen metabolism, protein synthesis, gonadotrophin release, bone turnover and climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women". Clinical Endocrinology. 30 (3): 241–249. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb02232.x. PMID2512035. S2CID26077537.
^ abcdPowers MS, Schenkel L, Darley PE, Good WR, Balestra JC, Place VA (August 1985). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermal dosage forms of 17 beta-estradiol: comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 152 (8): 1099–1106. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(85)90569-1. PMID2992279.
^ abcFåhraeus L, Larsson-Cohn U (December 1982). "Oestrogens, gonadotrophins and SHBG during oral and cutaneous administration of oestradiol-17 beta to menopausal women". Acta Endocrinologica. 101 (4): 592–596. doi:10.1530/acta.0.1010592. PMID6818806.
^Friel PN, Hinchcliffe C, Wright JV (March 2005). "Hormone replacement with estradiol: conventional oral doses result in excessive exposure to estrone". Alternative Medicine Review. 10 (1): 36–41. PMID15771561.
^De Lignieres B, Basdevant A, Thomas G, Thalabard JC, Mercier-Bodard C, Conard J, et al. (March 1986). "Biological effects of estradiol-17 beta in postmenopausal women: oral versus percutaneous administration". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 62 (3): 536–541. doi:10.1210/jcem-62-3-536. PMID3080464.
^ abcDorfman RI (1961). "Steroid Hormone Metabolism". Radioactive Isotopes in Physiology Diagnostics and Therapy / Künstliche Radioaktive Isotope in Physiologie Diagnostik und Therapie. Springer. pp. 1223–1241. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-49761-2_39. ISBN978-3-642-49477-2.
^ ab"Contraceptives, Oral, Combined", Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®), Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2006, PMID30000354, retrieved 31 July 2023
^ abDelgado BJ, Lopez-Ojeda W (2023). "Estrogen". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID30855848. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
^ abBullough VL (19 May 1995). Science In The Bedroom: A History Of Sex Research. Basic Books. pp. 128–. ISBN978-0-465-07259-0. When Allen and Doisy heard about the [Ascheim-Zondek test for the diagnosis of pregnancy], they realized there was a rich and easily handled source of hormones in urine from which they could develop a potent extract. [...] Allen and Doisy's research was sponsored by the committee, while that of their main rival, Adolt Butenandt (b. 1903) of the University of Gottingen was sponsored by a German pharmaceutical firm. In 1929, both terms announced the isolation of a pure crystal female sex hormone, estrone, in 1929, although Doisy and Allen did so two months earlier than Butenandt.27 By 1931, estrone was being commercially produced by Parke Davis in this country, and Schering-Kahlbaum in Germany. Interestingly, when Butenandt (who shared the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1939) isolated estrone and analyzed its structure, he found that it was a steroid, the first hormone to be classed in this molecular family.[permanent dead link]
^Nielsch U, Fuhrmann U, Jaroch S (30 March 2016). New Approaches to Drug Discovery. Springer. pp. 7–. ISBN978-3-319-28914-4. The first steroid hormone was isolated from the urine of pregnant women by Adolf Butenandt in 1929 (estrone; see Fig. 1) (Butenandt 1931).
^ abcParl FF (2000). Estrogens, Estrogen Receptor and Breast Cancer. IOS Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN978-0-9673355-4-4. [Doisy] focused his research on the isolation of female sex hormones from hundreds of gallons of human pregnancy urine based on the discovery by Ascheim and Zondeck in 1927 that the urine of pregnant women possessed estrogenic activity [9]. In the summer of 1929, Doisy succeeded in the isolated of estrone (named by him theelin), simultaneously with but independent of Adolf Butenandt of the University of Gottingen in Germany. Doisy presented his results on the crystallization of estrone at the XIII International Physiological Congress in Boston in August 1929 [10].
^ abcdLaylin JK (30 October 1993). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901–1992. Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 255–. ISBN978-0-8412-2690-6. Adolt Friedrich Johann Butenandt was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1939 "for his work on sex hormones"; [...] In 1929 Butenandt isolated estrone [...] in pure crystalline form. [...] Both Butenandt and Edward Doisy isolated estrone simultaneously but independently in 1929. [...] Butenandt took a big step forward in the history of biochemistry when he isolated estrone from the urine of pregnant women. [...] He named it "progynon" in his first publication, and then "folliculine", [...] By 1932, [...] he could determine its chemical structure, [...]
^ abGreenberg A (14 May 2014). Chemistry: Decade by Decade. Infobase Publishing. pp. 127–. ISBN978-1-4381-0978-7. Rational chemical studies of human sex hormones began in 1929 with Adolph Butenandt's isolation of pure crystalline estrone, the follicular hormone, from the urine of pregnant women. [...] Butenandt and Ruzicka shared the 1939 Nobel Prize in chemistry.
^Labhart A (6 December 2012). Clinical Endocrinology: Theory and Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 511–. ISBN978-3-642-96158-8. E. A. Doisy and A. Butenandt reported almost at the same time on the isolation of an estrogen-active substance in crystalline form from the urine of pregnant women. N. K. Adam suggested that this substance be named estrone because of the C-17-ketone group present (1933).
^Rooke T (1 January 2012). The Quest for Cortisone. MSU Press. pp. 54–. ISBN978-1-60917-326-5. In 1929 the first estrogen, a steroid called "estrone," was isolated and purified by Doisy; he later won a Nobel Prize for this work.
^Fritz MA, Speroff L (28 March 2012). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 750–. ISBN978-1-4511-4847-3. In 1926, Sir Alan S. Parkes and C.W Bellerby coined the basic word "estrin" to designate the hormone or hormones that induce estrus in animals, the time when female mammals are fertile and receptive to males. [...] The terminology was extended to include the principal estrogens in humans, estrone, estradiol, and estriol, in 1932 at the first meeting of the International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones in London, [...]
^ abOettel M, Schillinger E (6 December 2012). Estrogens and Antiestrogens I: Physiology and Mechanisms of Action of Estrogens and Antiestrogens. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2–. ISBN978-3-642-58616-3. The structure of the estrogenic hormones was stated by Butenandt, Thayer, Marrian, and Hazlewood in 1930 and 1931 (see Butenandt 1980). Following the proposition of the Marrian group, the estrogenic hormones were given the trivial names of estradiol, estrone, and estriol. At the first meeting of the International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones, in London (1932), a standard preparation of estrone was established. [...] The partial synthesis of estradiol and estrone from cholesterol and dehydroepiandrosterone was accomplished by Inhoffen and Howleg (Berlin 1940); the total synthesis was achieved by Anner and Miescher (Basel, 1948).
^ abWatkins ES (6 March 2007). "Beginnings". The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America. JHU Press. pp. 21–. ISBN978-0-8018-8602-7.
Voce principale: R.I.S. - Delitti imperfetti. Logo della quarta stagione La quarta stagione della serie televisiva R.I.S. - Delitti imperfetti è stata trasmessa in Italia dal 17 gennaio al 20 marzo 2008 su Canale 5, con 2 episodi a serata per 10 settimane consecutive. nº Titolo Prima TV Italia 1 Delitto in facoltà 17 gennaio 2008 2 Doppia vita 3 Piano perfetto 24 gennaio 2008 4 Il peso della tradizione 5 Il cadavere scomparso 31 gennaio 2008 6 Nessuna è al sicuro 7 Corpo libero 7 febbraio 20…
Mongolian politician and athlete In this Mongolian name, the given name is Sumiyabazar. Dolgorsüren is a patronymic, not a family name. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: Dolgorsürengiin Sumyaabazar – news&…
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) هذه المقالة تتحدث عن قائمة بالبطقات الحمراء التي تم اخراجها في بطولة كأس القارات بجميع نسخها. في كرة القدم …
Indian child actor This article is about the Malayalam child actor. For the Tamil actor of the same name, see Vishal (actor). Vishal KrishnaBorn (2004-10-05) 5 October 2004 (age 19)OccupationChild artistYears active2016–presentParentsSunil. K.R (father)Ambika. K.P (mother) Master Vishal Krishna (born 5 October 2004) is an Indian former child actor in the Malayalam film Industry.[1][2] Vishal made his debut in Maalgudi Days (2015),[3] in which he played the rol…
منليك الثاني، امبراطور إثيوپيا. اتفاقية أديس أبابا بين بريطانيا وإثيوبيا، الموقعة في 15 مايو 1902م، ووقعها بريطانيا بالنيابة عن السودان، وأهم ما فيها المادة الثالثة التي تنص على: إن الإمبراطور الإثيوبي منليك الثاني يعد بألا يبني أو يسمح ببناء أي أعمال على النيل الأزرق وبحيرة …
Questa voce sugli argomenti poeti e medici è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Statua di Joseph ben Judah a Ceuta. Joseph ben Judah ben Shimeon (in arabo, traslitt.: Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Yaḥya ibn Sham'un al-Sabti [cioè, di Ceuta] al-Maghrabi), noto anche come Joseph ben Judah di Ceuta e Joseph ben Judah ibn Aknin (Ceuta, 1160 – 1226) rabbino, medico e poeta ebreo marocchino, disce…
St. George's Hall, at the corner of Arch St. and 13th St. The Society of the Sons of St. George, established at Philadelphia for the advice and assistance of Englishmen in distress, was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Saint George's Day, April 23, 1772.[1][2] Earlier meetings were reportedly held at Tun Tavern. The society's charter in its act of incorporation approved by the Pennsylvania assembly on April 6, 1791,[3] states: To all to whom these presents shall …
Australian politician The HonourableJeff KennettAC43rd Premier of VictoriaElections: 1985, 1988, 1992, 1996, 1999In office6 October 1992 – 20 October 1999MonarchElizabeth IIGovernorRichard McGarvieSir James GobboDeputyPat McNamaraPreceded byJoan KirnerSucceeded bySteve BracksLeader of the Opposition of VictoriaIn office20 October 1999 – 26 October 1999Preceded bySteve BracksSucceeded byDenis NapthineIn office23 April 1991 – 6 October 1992Preceded byAlan BrownSucc…
Greek-Brazilian architect Demetre Basile AnastassakisDemetre in his adopted town of Rio de Janeiro, with the Sugarloaf Mountain on the background.Born(1948-04-23)April 23, 1948Athens, GreeceDiedJuly 27, 2019(2019-07-27) (aged 71)Rio de Janeiro, BrazilNationalityGreek-BrazilianAlma materUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)OccupationArchitectAwardsArchitect of the Year, Federación Nacional de Arquitectos y Urbanistas (2006)PracticeCo.Opera.Ativa and private officeBuildingsNovos…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع صفصاف (توضيح). اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف الفصيلة الصفصافية الصفصاف الأبيض المرتبة التصنيفية جنس[1] التصنيف العلمي المملكة: النبات الشعبة: البذريات الشعيبة: مستورات البذور الرتبة: ملبيغيات الفصيلة: الصفصافية الاسم العلمي Salix[1…
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Kauman (disambiguasi). Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Kauman, Sine, Ngawi – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR KaumanDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiJawa TimurKabupatenNgawiKecamatanSineKode pos…
Type 42 destroyer For other ships with the same name, see HMS Sheffield. HMS Sheffield History United Kingdom NameHMS Sheffield Ordered14 November 1968[1][2] BuilderVickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd Laid down15 January 1970 Launched10 June 1971 Sponsored byQueen Elizabeth II Commissioned16 February 1975[1] IdentificationPennant number: D80 Motto Deo Adjuvante Labor Proficit (Latin: With God's help our labour is successful) Nickname(s)Shiny Sheff FateSunk on 10 May …
Olympic athletics event Men's 10,000 metresat the Games of the XXXII OlympiadOlympic AthleticsVenueJapan National StadiumDate30 July 2021 (final)Competitors25 from 15 nationsWinning time27:43.22Medalists Selemon Barega Ethiopia Joshua Cheptegei Uganda Jacob Kiplimo Uganda← 20162024 → Official Video Highlights Athletics at the2020 Summer OlympicsQualificationTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen5000 mmenwom…
Krabby et Krabboss Krabby Nom japonais クラブ Nom anglais Krabby Type Eau Génération Première Pokédex no 0098 Taille 0,4 m Poids 6,5 kg Krabboss Nom japonais キングラー Nom anglais Kingler Type Eau Génération Première Pokédex no 0099 Taille 1,3 m Poids 60,0 kg modifier Krabby (クラブ, Crab?, dans les versions originales en japonais) et son évolution, Krabboss (キングラー, Kingler?), sont deux espèces de Pokémon de première génération. I…
Public university in Salt Lake City, Utah, US University of UtahLatin: Universitas UtahensisFormer namesUniversity of Deseret (1850–1892)[1]MottoImagine, then Do[2]TypePublic research universityEstablishedFebruary 28, 1850; 174 years ago (1850-02-28)[1]Parent institutionUtah System of Higher EducationAccreditationNWCCUAcademic affiliationsAAU[3]ORAUSpace-grantUSTAREndowment$1.64 billion (2023)[4]Budget$6.75 billion (2023)[5]Pres…
Pemikiran Xi Jinping tentang Sosialisme dengan Karakteristik Tiongkok untuk Era Baru Papan reklame yang mengiklankan Pemikiran Xi Jinping di Shenzhen, Guangdong disertai dengan lambang Partai Komunis Tiongkok. Hanzi sederhana: 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想 Hanzi tradisional: 習近平新時代中國特色社會主義思想 Alih aksara Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin: Xí Jìnpíng xīn shídài Zhōngguó tèsè shèhuì zhǔyì sīxiǎng Tiongkok Artikel ini adalah bagian dari seri P…