Cupressaceae or the cypress family is a family of conifers. The family includes 27–30 genera (17 monotypic), which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecioustrees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red-brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species.
Description
The leaves are arranged either spirally, in decussate pairs (opposite pairs, each pair at 90° to the previous pair) or in decussate whorls of three or four, depending on the genus. On young plants, the leaves are needle-like, becoming small and scale-like on mature plants of many genera; some genera and species retain needle-like leaves throughout their lives.[1] Old leaves are mostly not shed individually, but in small sprays of foliage (cladoptosis);[1] exceptions are leaves on the shoots that develop into branches. These leaves eventually fall off individually when the bark starts to flake. Most are evergreen with the leaves persisting 2–10 years, but three genera (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia and Taxodium) are deciduous or include deciduous species.
The seed cones are either woody, leathery, or (in Juniperus) berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale. The bract scale and ovuliferous scale are fused together except at the apex, where the bract scale is often visible as a short spine (often called an umbo) on the ovuliferous scale. As with the foliage, the cone scales are arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus. The seeds are mostly small and somewhat flattened, with two narrow wings, one down each side of the seed; rarely (e.g. Actinostrobus) triangular in section with three wings; in some genera (e.g. Glyptostrobus and Libocedrus), one of the wings is significantly larger than the other, and in some others (e.g. Juniperus, Microbiota, Platycladus, and Taxodium) the seed is larger and wingless. The seedlings usually have two cotyledons, but in some species up to six. The pollen cones are more uniform in structure across the family, 1–20 mm long, with the scales again arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus; they may be borne singly at the apex of a shoot (most genera), in the leaf axils (Cryptomeria), in dense clusters (Cunninghamia and Juniperus drupacea), or on discrete long pendulous panicle-like shoots (Metasequoia and Taxodium).
Cupressaceae is a widely distributed conifer family, with a near-global range in all continents except for Antarctica, stretching from 70°N in arctic Norway (Juniperus communis)[3] to 55°S in southernmost Chile (Pilgerodendron uviferum), further south than any other conifer species.[4]Juniperus indica reaches 4930 m altitude in Tibet.[5] Most habitats on land are occupied, with the exceptions of polar tundra and tropical lowland rainforest[citation needed] (though several species are important components of temperate rainforests and tropical highland cloud forests); they are also rare in deserts[citation needed], with only a few species able to tolerate severe drought, notably Cupressus dupreziana[who?] in the central Sahara. Despite the wide overall distribution, many genera and species show very restricted relictual distributions, and many are endangered species.
Molecular and morphological studies have expanded Cupressaceae to include the genera of Taxodiaceae, previously treated as a distinct family, but now shown not to differ from the Cupressaceae in any consistent characteristics. The member genera have been placed into five distinct subfamilies of Cupressaceae, Athrotaxidoideae, Cunninghamioideae, Sequoioideae, Taiwanioideae, and Taxodioideae, which form a grade basal to Cupressaceae sensu stricto, containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae. The former Taxodiaceae genus, Sciadopitys, has been moved to a separate monotypic family Sciadopityaceae due to being genetically distinct from the rest of the Cupressaceae. In some classifications Cupressaceae is raised to an order, Cupressales. Molecular evidence supports Cupressaceae being the sister group to the yews (family Taxaceae), from which it diverged during the early-mid Triassic. The clade comprising both is sister to Sciadopityaceae, which diverged from them during the early-mid Permian.[6] The oldest definitive record of Cupressaceae is Austrohamia minuta from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of Patagonia, known from many parts of the plant.[7] The reproductive structures of Austrohamia have strong similarities to those of the primitive living cypress genera Taiwania and Cunninghamia. By the Middle to Late Jurassic Cupressaceae were abundant in warm temperate–tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The diversity of the group continued to increase during the Cretaceous period.[8] The earliest appearance of the non-taxodiaceous Cupressaceae (the clade containing Callitroideae and Cupressoideae) is in the mid-Cretaceous, represented by "Widdringtonia" americana from the Cenomanian of North America, and they subsequently diversified during the Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic.[9]
The family is divided into seven subfamilies, based on genetic and morphological analysis as follows:[10][11]
A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters.[16]
Phylogeny based on 2000 study of morphological and molecular data.[17] Several further papers have suggested the segregation Cupressus species into four total genera.[18][19]
A 2021 molecular study supported a very similar phylogeny but with some slight differences, along with the splitting of Cupressus (found to be paraphyletic):[6]
Many of the species are important timber sources, especially in the genera Calocedrus, Chamaecyparis, Cryptomeria, Cunninghamia, Cupressus, Sequoia, Taxodium, and Thuja. Calocedrus decurrens is the main wood used to make wooden pencils, and is also used in chests, paneling, and flooring.[20] In China, cypress wood known as baimu or bomu,[21] was carved into furniture, using notably Cupressus funebris,[21] and particularly in tropical areas, Fujian cypress[22] and the aromatic wood of Glyptostrobus pensilis.[23]Juniperus virginiana has used by Native Americans for waymarking. Its heartwood is fragrant and used in clothes chests, drawers and closets to repel moths. It is a source of juniper oil used in perfumes and medicines. The wood is also used as long lasting fenceposts and for bows.
Several genera are important in horticulture. Junipers are planted as evergreen trees, shrubs, and groundcovers. Hundreds of cultivars have been developed,[24] including plants with blue, grey, or yellow foliage.[25]Chamaecyparis and Thuja also provide hundreds of dwarf cultivars as well as trees, including Lawson's cypress. Dawn redwood is widely planted as an ornamental tree because of its excellent horticultural qualities, rapid growth and status as a living fossil.[26]Giant sequoia is a popular ornamental tree[27] and is occasionally grown for timber.[28] Giant sequoia,[29] Leyland cypress, and Arizona cypress are grown to a small extent as Christmas trees.[30]
Native Americans and early European explorers used Thuja leaves as a cure for scurvy. Distillation of Fokienia roots produces an essential oil called pemou oil[37] used in medicine and cosmetics.[38]
Recent progress on Endophyte Biology in Cupressaceae, by the groups of Jalal Soltani (Bu-Ali Sina University) and Elizabeth Arnold (Arizona University) have revealed prevalent symbioses of endophytes and endofungal bacteria with family Cupressaceae. Furthermore, current and potential uses of Cupressaceous tree's endophytes in agroforestry and medicine is shown by both groups.
Chemistry
The Cupressaceae trees contain a wide range of extractives, especially terpenes and terpenoids,[39] both of which have strong and often pleasant odors.
The heartwood, bark and leaves are the tree parts richest in terpenes.[40] Some of these compounds are widely distributed in other trees as well, and some are typical for Cupressaceae family. The most known terpenoids found in conifers are sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes and tropolones. Diterpenes are commonly found in different types of conifers and are not typical for this family. Some sesquiterpenoids (e.g. bisabolanes, cubenanes, guaianes, ylanganes, himachalanes, longifolanes, longibornanes, longipinanes, cedranes, thujopsanes) also present in Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae and Taxodiaceae.[39] Meanwhile, chamigranes, cuparanes, widdranes and acoranes are more distinctive for Cupressaceae. Tropolone derivatives, such as nootkatin, chanootin, thujaplicinol and hinokitiol are particularly characteristic for Cupressaceae.
^Bosma, Hylke F.; Kunzmann, Lutz; Kvaček, Jiří; van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Johanna H.A. (August 2012). "Revision of the genus Cunninghamites (fossil conifers), with special reference to nomenclature, taxonomy and geological age". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 182: 20–100200294924. Bibcode:2012RPaPa.182...20B. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.06.004.
^Holz, Andrés; Hart, Sarah J.; Williamson, Grant J.; Veblen, Thomas T.; Aravena, Juan C. (25 March 2018). "Radial growth response to climate change along the latitudinal range of the world's southernmost conifer in southern South America". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (5). Wiley: 1140–1152. Bibcode:2018JBiog..45.1140H. doi:10.1111/jbi.13199. S2CID90020476.
^ abcdeArmin Jagel, Veit Dörken: Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part I. Cunninghamioideae, Athrotaxoideae, Taiwanioideae, Sequoioideae, Taxodioideae. In: Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project, 3(3): 117-136 (PDFArchived 27 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
^Armin Jagel, Veit Dörken: Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part III. Callitroideae. In: Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project 4(3): 91-103 (PDFArchived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine)
^Armin Jagel, Veit Dörken: Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part II. Cupressoideae. In: Bulletin of the Cupressus Conservation Project 4(2): 51-78 (PDFArchived 11 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine)
^Piggin, J.; Bruhl, J. J. (2010). "Phylogeny reconstruction of Callitris Vent. (Cupressaceae) and its allies leads to inclusion of Actinostrobus within Callitris". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (2): 69–93. doi:10.1071/sb09044.
^Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN1-84246-068-4..
^Xiang, Q.; Li, J. (2005). "Derivation of Xanthocyparis and Juniperus from within Cupressus: Evidence from Sequences of nrDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region". Harvard Papers in Botany. 9 (2): 375–382.
^"Junipers". Chicago Botanic Garden. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^Westerfield, Bob (6 October 2022) [15 May 2009]. "Junipers". University of Georgia Extension. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^Satoh, Keiko (14 November 1998). "Metasequoia Travels the Globe". Arnoldia. Vol. 58, no. 4. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. pp. 72–75. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^Cox, Lauren E.; York, Robert A.; Battles, John J. (15 May 2021). "Growth and form of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) in a plantation spacing trial after 28 years". Forest Ecology and Management. 488. Elsevier: 119033. Bibcode:2021ForEM.48819033C. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119033. S2CID233554030.
^Owen, Jeff (November 2011). "Selecting the Right Tree". North Carolina State Extension. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^Williams, Jack A.; Boyd, Carole Jean (1 September 2005). Carving Cypress Knees: Creating Whimsical Characters from One of Nature's Most Unique Woods. Fox Chapel Publishing. ISBN978-1-5652-3271-6.
^Lesueur, Dominique; et al. (2006). "Analysis of the root oil of Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas (Cupressaceae) by GC, GC–MS and 13C-NMR". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 21 (1): 171–174. doi:10.1002/ffj.1557.
^Zhao, Jian Zhao and Jian (30 September 2007). "Plant Troponoids: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Biosynthesis". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (24): 2597–2621. doi:10.2174/092986707782023253. PMID17979713.
^Kern, Frank D. (1973). "A host survey of Gymnosporangium". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata. 51 (1): 99–101. doi:10.1007/BF02141290. S2CID7875028.
^Krihara (Kurihashi), M. (1997). "Physiochemical and immunological characterization of major allergens of Japanese cedar pollen and false cypress pollen". Allergology (in Japanese). 3: 203–211.
^ abOgren, Thomas Leo (2015). The Allergy-Fighting Garden: Stop Asthma and Allergies with Smart Landscaping. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN978-1-60774-491-7.
Further reading
Soltani, J. (2017) Endophytism in Cupressoideae (Coniferae): A Model in Endophyte Biology and Biotechnology. In: Maheshwari D. (eds) Endophytes: Biology and Biotechnology. pp. 127–143. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 15. Springer, Cham.
Pakvaz, S, Soltani J. (2016) Endohyphal bacteria from fungal endophytes of the Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) exhibit in vitro bioactivity. Forest Pathology, 46: 569–581.
Soltani, J., Zaheri Shoja, M., Hamzei, J., Hosseyni-Moghaddam, M.S., Pakvaz, S. (2016) Diversity and bioactivity of endophytic bacterial community of Cupressaceae. Forest Pathology, 46: 353–361.
Farjon, A. (1998). World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. ISBN1-900347-54-7.
Little, D. P., Schwarzbach, A. E., Adams, R. P. & Hsieh, Chang-Fu. (2004). The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of Callitropsis and the newly described genus Xanthocyparis (Cupressaceae). American Journal of Botany 91 (11): 1872–1881. Available onlineArchived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Medical conditionLymphangiomatosisOther namesLYMFLung biopsy showing infiltration of lymphatic tissue. Lymphangiomatosis is a condition where a lymphangioma is not present in a single localised mass, but in a widespread or multifocal manner. It is a rare type of tumor which results from an abnormal development of the lymphatic system.[1] It is thought to be the result of congenital errors of lymphatic development occurring prior to the 20th week of gestation.[2] Lymphangiomatosis…
Sebuah wihara di Kota Malang. Wihara (bahasa Sansekerta: विहार Vihara) adalah sebutan bagi rumah ibadah umat Buddha di Indonesia. Wihara, klenteng dan Orde Baru Wihara adalah rumah ibadah agama Buddha, bisa juga dinamakan kuil. Klenteng adalah rumah ibadah penganut taoisme, maupun konfuciusisme. Tetapi di Indonesia, karena orang yang ke Wihara/kuil/klenteng umumnya adalah etnis Tionghoa, maka menjadi agak sulit untuk dibedakan, karena umumnya sudah terjadi sinkritisme antara Buddhisme,…
Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento strumenti musicali non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Oboe d'amoreUn oboe d'amore moderno (sopra) ed un oboe d'amore d'età barocca (sotto).Informazioni generaliInvenzioneXVIII secolo Classificazione422.112-71 Aerofoni ad ancia doppia UsoMusica europea del…
American slave rebellion leader Nat TurnerDiscovery of Nat Turner by William Henry SheltonBorn(1800-10-02)October 2, 1800Southampton County, Virginia, U.S.DiedNovember 11, 1831(1831-11-11) (aged 31)Jerusalem, Virginia, U.S.Known forNat Turner's slave rebellionCriminal chargesConspiring to rebel and making insurrectionCriminal penaltyExecution by hanging Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslaved African-American carpenter and preacher who led a four-day reb…
MahabadElectoral district constituencyfor the West AzerbaijanMahabad shown within West Azerbaijan ProvinceWest Azerbaijan ProvinceMahabad CountyCurrent constituencyAssembly MembersJalal Mahmoudzadeh Mahabad is the 7th electoral district in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. It has a population of 215,529 and elects 1 member of parliament. 1980 MP in 1980 from the electorate of Mahabad. (1st) No MP 1984 MP in 1984 from the electorate of Mahabad. (2nd) Ahad Anjiri 1988 MP in 1988 from the elect…
SMP Salomo 3 PringsuratInformasiDidirikanJanuari 1975JenisSwastaAlamatLokasiJl. Raya Ngipik, Pringsurat, Kabupaten Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, IndonesiaAfiliasiSMP Salomo 1, SMP Salomo 2, Yayasan Pendidikan AnugerahMoto SMP Salomo 3 Pringsurat adalah sekolah menengah pertama swasta yang berlokasi di Kecamatan Pringsurat, Kabupaten Temanggung, Jawa Tengah. Sekolah ini didirikan pada tahun 1975 oleh Yayasan Pendidikan Anugerah Semarang.[1][2][3] Latar belakang SMP Salomo 3 Pri…
منتخب بولندا تحت 17 سنة لكرة القدم للسيدات بلد الرياضة بولندا الفئة كرة قدم تحت 17 سنة للسيدات [لغات أخرى] رمز الفيفا POL الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي مشاركات تعديل مصدري - تعديل منتخب بولندا تحت 17 سنة للسيدات لكرة القدم (بالبولندية: Reprezentacja Polski U-17 w piłce no…
British property development business Henry Boot plcFormerlyHenry Boot & Sons Public Limited Company (1919–1999)[1]Company typePublicTraded asLSE: BHYIndustryConstructionLand and PropertyFounded1886HeadquartersSheffield, England, UKKey peoplePeter Mawson (Chairman)Tim Roberts (CEO)Revenue £359.4 million (2023)[2]Operating income £40.2 million (2023)[2]Net income £26.3 million (2023)[2]Websitehenryboot.co.uk Henry Boot plc is a British property develo…
Galat Lua: . Queenstown merupakan nama kota wisata di Otago di bagian barat daya Pulau Selatan, Selandia Baru. Letak kota ini berada di Danau Wakatipu. Kota ini terletak di kaki pegunungan. Kota ini merupakan kota terbesar di Otago Tengah. Dengan memiliki jumlah penduduk 9.251 jiwa (2006). Kota tetangganya ialah Arrowtown, Wanaka, Alexandra, and Cromwell. Kota terdekatnya ialah Dunedin dan Invercargill. Galeri The view from the Skyline Gondola The Remarkables and Lake Wakatipu from Queenstown Qu…
Sumber referensi dari artikel ini belum dipastikan dan mungkin isinya tidak benar. Mohon periksa, kembangkan artikel ini, dan tambahkan sumber yang benar pada bagian yang diperlukan. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) BikaKecamatanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiKalimantan BaratKabupatenKapuas HuluPemerintahan • CamatDrs. Hermanus Susanto, M.SiPopulasi • Total4.659 jiwaKode Kemendagri61.06.02 Kode BPS6108060 Luas-395,16 km² Bika adalah sebua…
Questa voce sull'argomento competizioni ciclistiche è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Circuito del Porto-Trofeo ArvediSport Ciclismo su strada TipoGara individuale CategoriaUomini Elite/Under-23Classe 1.2 FederazioneUnione Ciclistica Internazionale Paese Italia OrganizzatoreClub Ciclistico Cremonese 1891 ASD CadenzaAnnuale Aperturamaggio PartecipantiVariabile FormulaCorsa in linea Storia…
Rugby union played in snow Snow rugby players in Afghanistan Snow rugby refers to forms of rugby union that are especially adapted to be played in winter conditions, particularly in deep snow. It is played in Canada,[1] the Kashmir region in India,[2][3] the Baltic states,[4] Russia, the northern United States, and Finland. Specific locations of play include the Argentinian Ski Resort of Las Leñas[5][6] and the Boitsfort Rugby Club in Brussels. Be…
Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae This article is about a genus of plants. For a genus of larks formerly named Calendula, see Galerida.For other plants also known as marigolds, see Marigold (disambiguation) § Plants. Calendula field marigold (Calendula arvensis) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Subfamily: Asteroideae Tribe: Calenduleae Genus: Calendul…
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando l'opera teatrale, vedi Becket e il suo re (dramma). Becket e il suo reUna scena del filmTitolo originaleBecket Paese di produzioneStati Uniti d'America, Regno Unito Anno1964 Durata148 min Rapporto2,35:1 Genereepico, drammatico, biografico, storico RegiaPeter Glenville SoggettoBecket ou l'honneur de Dieu di Jean Anouilh SceneggiaturaEdward Anhalt ProduttoreHal B. Wallis Casa di produzioneParamount Pictures, Hal Wallis Productions FotografiaGeof…
Representing 43.6% of the Welsh population in 2021, Christianity is the largest religion in Wales. Wales has a strong tradition of nonconformism, particularly Methodism. From 1534 until 1920 the established church was the Church of England, but this was disestablished in Wales in 1920, becoming the still Anglican but self-governing Church in Wales. Most adherents to organised religion in Wales follow the Anglican Church in Wales, Presbyterian Church of Wales, Baptist Union of Wales, Union of Wel…
Japanese train type This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (December 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translation…
Kashgar قەشقەر 喀什County-level city喀什市 · قەشقەر شەھرىA minaret in Kashgar close to Id Kah mosqueNegaraTiongkokRegionXinjiangPrefectureKashgarLuas • Total555 km2 (214 sq mi)Ketinggian1.270 m (4,170 ft)Populasi (2010) • Total400.225 • Kepadatan720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)Zona waktuGMT+6[1]Postal code844000Kode area telepon0998Situs webhttp://www.xjks.gov.cn/ Kashgar merupakan kota yang terletak di Re…
Questa voce sull'argomento stadi di calcio della Russia è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Stadio Dinamo Informazioni generaliStato Russia UbicazioneMosca Inizio lavori1923 Inaugurazione17 agosto 1928 Chiusura2011 Demolizione2011 Ristrutturazione2009 ProprietarioDinamoVTB Bank Intitolato aLev Yashin Informazioni tecnichePosti a sedere36 540 Pista d’atleticaPresente Dim. del terreno105 х 68 Uso e beneficiariCalcio Dinamo Mosc…