Juniperus phoenicea

Juniperus phoenicea
	Specimen from Roussillon, France
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Gymnospermae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Cupressales
Family:	Cupressaceae
Genus:	Juniperus
Section:	Juniperus sect. Sabina
Species:	J. phoenicea
Binomial name
	Juniperus phoenicea; L.
	Natural range
Synonyms
	Cupressus devoniana Beissn.; Cupressus tetragona Humb. & Bonpl. ex Carrière; Juniperus bacciformis Carrière; Juniperus divaricata Carrière nom. inval.; Juniperus formosa Carrière nom. inval.; Juniperus langoldiana Gordon; Juniperus lycia L.; Juniperus malacocarpa Carrière; Juniperus myosuros Sénécl.; Juniperus myurus Beissn.; Juniperus terminalis Salisb. nom. illeg.; Juniperus tetragona Moench nom. illeg.; Oxycedrus licia Garsault; Sabina bacciformis (Carrière) Antoine; Sabina lycia (L.) Antoine; Sabina phoenicea (L.) Antoine; Sabinella phoenicea (L.) Nakai;

Juniperus phoenicea, the Phoenicean juniper or Arâr,^[3] is a juniper found throughout the Mediterranean region.

Description

Juniperus phoenicea is a large evergreen shrub or small tree reaching 5–8 metres (16–26 feet) tall, with a trunk up to 1–2 m (3+1⁄2–6+1⁄2 ft) in diameter and a rounded or irregular crown. The bark, which can be peeled in strips, is dark grayish-brown. The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 5–14 millimetres (1⁄4–1⁄2 in) long and 1 mm wide on seedlings, and adult scale-leaves 1–2 mm long on older plants with a green to blue-green color; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or whorls of three. It is largely monoecious, but some individual plants are dioecious. The female cones are berrylike, 6–14 mm in diameter, orange-brown, occasionally with a pinkish waxy bloom, and contain 3–8 seeds; they are mature in about 18 months, and are mainly dispersed by birds. The male cones are 2–4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring, which is then dispersed by wind.

Trunk bark
Unripe berries
Foliage and ripe berries
Isolated foliage and berries (Muséum de Toulouse)

Taxonomy

There are two varieties, treated as subspecies by some authors and as separate species by others:^[4]

Juniperus phoenicea var. phoenicea = J. phoenicea. Throughout the range of the species. Cones globose, about as wide as long. Leaves are small and obtuse. Sheds pollen in the spring.
Juniperus phoenicea var. turbinata (syn. Juniperus turbinata). Confined to coastal sand dune habitats. Cones oval, narrower than long. Leaves are long and thin. Sheds pollen in the autumn.

Distribution and habitat

The species is found throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal east to Croatia, Italy, Turkey, and Lebanon. It also grows in Egypt, the Palestine region and in western Saudi Arabia near the Red Sea, and also on Madeira and the Canary Islands. It mostly grows at low altitudes close to the coast, but reaches an altitude of 2,400 m (7,900 ft) in the south of its range in the Atlas Mountains.

Ecology

The species prefers a hot, arid climate with a lot of light, and grows on rocky or sandy ground. Its preferred soil is calcareous with a pH between 7.7 and 7.9 (moderately basic), but could also be silicate. Despite having a shallow root system,^[5] it can survive with as little as 200 mm (8 in) of rain per year. It can often be found forming scrubs and thickets with other species.^[6] In its natural range of France and Spain, J. phoenicea has a generational life of 25 years, and is considered a stable species on the 2016 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.^[1]

Its habitat in coastal areas is most threatened by the presence of humans, both settled and touring. Humans also plant not-naturally-present plants such as pines, black locust, French tamarisk, desert false Indigo, American agave, tree of heaven, and some succulent plants from South Africa. The purpose of this is usually to stabilize the dunes, but these outside plants interfere with the natural vegetation. It is also threatened easily by fires, because it is quite flammable and does not regenerate well. This makes it necessary to plant new organisms after a fire has damaged the others.^[7]

Uses

Juniper berries are used as a seasoning in cooking or in alcoholic beverages,^[6] particularly to flavor gin.^[8]^[9] Juniper berries have also been used in traditional medicine for different conditions, although there is no high-quality clinical evidence that it has any effect.^[8] Although extracts of juniper berries or wood tar have been used as an aroma – particularly for cosmetics – the safety of using ointments manufactured from J. phoenicea and related species has not been adequately demonstrated, according to a 2001 review.^[10] Juniper extracts used topically may cause skin allergic reactions, and should be avoided during pregnancy.^[8]

The tree's essential oil is especially rich in the tricyclic sesquiterpene thujopsene.^[11] The heartwood contains an estimated 2.2% of thujopsene; this explains the superior natural durability of the wood itself.^[12] The biochemist Jarl Runeburg noted in 1960 that J. phoenicea appears to be the most convenient source of thujopsene so far encountered."^[5] Juniper wood is used for small manufactured objects and inlay works in carpentry, and in building construction in Africa where it is mainly used for fuel and producing charcoal.^[6]