The conceptual principles to enable this interstellar travel project were described in "A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight", by Philip Lubin of UC Santa Barbara.[9][10] Sending the lightweight spacecraft involves a multi-kilometer phased array of beam-steerable lasers with a combined coherent power output of up to 100 GW.[11]
General
The project was announced on 12 April 2016 in an event held in New York City by physicist and venture capitalist Yuri Milner, together with cosmologist Stephen Hawking, who was serving as board member of the initiatives. Other board members include Facebook, Inc. (now known as Meta Platforms) CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The project has an initial funding of US$100 million. Milner places the final mission cost at $5–10 billion, and estimates the first craft could launch by around 2036.[6]Pete Worden is the project's executive director and Harvard Professor Avi Loeb chairs the advisory board for the project.[12]
Objectives
The Breakthrough Starshot program aims to demonstrate a proof-of-concept for ultra-fast, light-driven nano-spacecraft, and lay the foundations for a first launch to Alpha Centauri within the next generation.[13] The spacecraft would make a flyby, and possibly photograph, of any Earth-like worlds that might exist in the system. Secondary goals are Solar System exploration and detection of Earth-crossing asteroids.[14]
In January 2017, Breakthrough Initiatives and the European Southern Observatory began collaborating to search for habitable planets in the nearby star system Alpha Centauri.[17][18] The agreement involves Breakthrough Initiatives providing funding for an upgrade to the VISIR (VLT Imager and Spectrometer for mid-Infrared) instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. This upgrade will increase the likelihood of planet detection in the system.
Concept
The Starshot concept envisions launching a "mothership" carrying about a thousand tiny spacecraft (on the scale of centimeters) to a high-altitude Earth orbit for deployment. A phased array of ground-based lasers would then focus a light beam on the sails of these spacecraft to accelerate them one by one to the target speed within 10 minutes, with an average acceleration on the order of 100 km/s2 (10,000 ɡ), and an illumination energy on the order of 1 TJ delivered to each sail. A preliminary sail model is suggested to have a surface area of 4 m × 4 m.[19][20] An October 2017 presentation of the Starshot system model[21][22] examined circular sails and finds that the beam director capital cost is minimized by having a sail diameter of 5 meters.
The Earth-sized planet Proxima Centauri b is within the Alpha Centauri system's habitable zone. Ideally, the Breakthrough Starshot would aim its spacecraft within one astronomical unit (150 million kilometers or 93 million miles) of that world. From this distance, a craft's cameras could capture an image of high enough resolution to resolve surface features.[23]
The fleet would have about 1000 spacecraft. Each one, called a StarChip, would be a very small centimeter-sized vehicle weighing a few grams.[1] They would be propelled by a square-kilometre array of 10 kW ground-based lasers with a combined output of up to 100 GW.[24][25] A swarm of about 1000 units would compensate for the losses caused by interstellar dust collisions en route to the target.[24][26] In a detailed study in 2016, Thiem Hoang and coauthors[27] found that mitigating the collisions with dust, hydrogen, and galactic cosmic rays may not be as severe an engineering problem as first thought, although it will likely limit the quality of the sensors on board.[28]
Technical challenges
Light propulsion requires enormous power: a laser with a gigawatt of power (approximately the output of a large nuclear plant) would provide only a few newtons of thrust.[25] The spaceship will compensate for the low thrust by having a mass of only a few grams. The camera, computer, communications laser, a nuclear power source, and the solar sail must be miniaturized to fit within a mass limit.[25][29] All components must be engineered to endure extreme acceleration, cold, vacuum, and protons.[26] The spacecraft will have to survive collisions with space dust; Starshot expects each square centimeter of frontal cross-section to collide at high speed with about a thousand particles of size at least 0.1 μm.[25][30] Focusing a set of lasers totaling one hundred gigawatts onto the solar sail will be difficult due to atmospheric turbulence, so there is the suggestion to use space-based laser infrastructure.[31] In addition, due to the size of the light sail and distance the light sail will be from the laser at the end of the acceleration, very large coherent combining optics would be required to focus the laser.[32][33] The diffraction limit of the laser light used sets the minimum diameter of the coherently focused laser beam at the source. For example, to accelerate the previously mentioned 4m sail at 10,000Gs to 0.2 c requires combining optics which are approximately 3 kilometers in diameter to focus the laser light on the sail. This could be implemented using a phased array system which is being researched at The University of California Santa Barbara.[34][35] According to The Economist, at least a dozen off-the-shelf technologies will need to improve by orders of magnitude.[25]
StarChip
StarChip is the name used by Breakthrough Initiatives for a very small, centimeter-sized, gram-scale, interstellarspacecraft envisioned for the Breakthrough Starshot program,[1][36] a proposed mission to propel a fleet of a thousand StarChips on a journey to Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system, about 4.37 light-years from Earth.[37][6][38][5][39][40] The journey may include a flyby of Proxima Centauri b, an Earth-sizedexoplanet that is in the habitable zone of its host star.[4] The ultra-light StarChip robotic nanocraft, fitted with light sails, are planned to travel at speeds of 20%[1][6][38][5] and 15%[5] of the speed of light, taking between 20 and 30 years to reach the star system, respectively, and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.[6] The conceptual principles to enable practical interstellar travel were described in "A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight", by Philip Lubin of UC Santa Barbara,[9] who is an advisor to the Starshot project.
In July 2017, scientists announced that precursors to StarChip, called Sprites, were successfully launched and flown through Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle by ISRO from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.[41] 105 Sprites were also flown to the ISS on the KickSat-2 mission that launched on 17 November 2018, from where they were deployed on 18 March 2019. They successfully transmitted data before reentering the atmosphere and burning up on 21 March.[42][43][44][45]
Components
Each StarChip nanocraft is expected to carry miniaturized cameras, navigation gear, communication equipment, photon thrusters and a power supply. In addition, each nanocraft would be fitted with a meter-scale light sail, made of lightweight materials, with a gram-scale mass.[1][36][37][6][39][40][46][47]
The light sail is envisioned to be no larger than 4 by 4 meters (13 by 13 feet),[1][54] possibly of composite graphene-based material.[1][37][6][40][47][55] The material would have to be very thin and be able to reflect the laser beam while absorbing only a small fraction of the incident energy, or it will vaporize the sail.[1][6][56] The light sail may also double as power source during cruise, because collisions with atoms of interstellar medium would deliver 60 watt/m2 of power.[52]
Laser data transmitter
A laser communicator, utilizing the light sail as the primary reflector, would be capable of data rates of 2.6-15 baud per watt of transmitted power at the distance to Alpha Centauri, assuming a 30 m diameter receiving telescope on Earth.[57]
Orbital insertion
The Starshot project is for fly-by missions, which pass the target at high velocity. Heller et al.[58] proposed that a photo-gravitational assist could be used to slow such a probe and allow it to enter orbit (using photon pressure in maneuvers similar to aerobraking). This requires a sail that is both much lighter and much larger than the proposed Starshot sail. The table below lists possible target stars for photogravitational assist rendezvous.[58] The travel times are the calculated times for an optimized spacecraft to travel to the star and then enter orbit around the star.
Successive assists at α Cen A and B could allow travel times to 75 yr to both stars.
The light sail has a nominal mass-to-surface ratio (σnom) of 8.6×10−4 gram m−2 for a nominal graphene-class sail.
Area of the light sail, about 105 m2 = (316 m)2
Velocity up to 37,300 km s−1 (12.5% c)
Other applications
The German physicist Claudius Gros has proposed that the technology of the Breakthrough Starshot initiative may be used in a second step to establish a biosphere of unicellular microbes on otherwise only transiently habitableexoplanets.[59][60] A Genesis probe would travel at lower speeds, at a speed 4.6% of the speed of light, which would take at least 90 years to get to Alpha Centauri A. The sail could be configured so that the stellar pressure from Alpha Centauri A brakes and deflects the probe toward Alpha Centauri B, where it would arrive after a few days. The sail would then be slowed again to 0.4% of the speed of light and catapulted towards Proxima Centauri. At that speed it will arrive there after another 46 years – about 140 years after its launch. It could hence be decelerated using a magnetic sail.[61]
^Andreas M. Hein; Kelvin F. Long; Dan Fries; Nikolaos Perakis; Angelo Genovese; Stefan Zeidler; Martin Langer; Richard Osborne; Rob Swinney; John Davies; Bill Cress; Marc Casson; Adrian Mann; Rachel Armstrong (2017). "The Andromeda Study: A Femto-Spacecraft Mission to Alpha Centauri". Initiative for Interstellar Studies. arXiv:1708.03556.
Cet article est une ébauche concernant le Gabon. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Départements du Gabon Ce tableau recense les départements du Gabon[1] avec leur chef-lieu et leur population. Deux départements ont été créés en avril 2006 ; il s'agit de Cap Estérias et du Komo Océan, créés à partir d'un partionnement du Komo-Mondah[2]. Le 21 février 2013, le département de Cap Esté…
Bird in the crow family from Eurasia and North Africa Red-billed chough Adult of subspecies P. p. barbarus on La Palma, Canary Islands Adult P. p. himalayanus in Sikkim, India Calls, recorded in Cardiganshire, Wales Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Pyrrhocorax Species: P. pyrrhocorax Binomial name Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax(Linnaeu…
Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori tunisini è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Issam Merdassi Merdassi che alza la Coppa di Tunisia nel 2009 Nazionalità Tunisia Altezza 191 cm Peso 81 kg Calcio Ruolo Difensore Termine carriera 2013 CarrieraGiovanili 2000-2002 EspéranceSquadre di club1 2001-2002 Sfaxien? (?)2002-2003→ Espérance Zarzis? (?)2003-2007 Sfaxien? (?…
هيوي الدولة ألمانيا النازية الإنشاء 1941 الانحلال 1944 الاشتباكات الحرب العالمية الثانية تعديل مصدري - تعديل مصطلح هيوي ([ˈhiːviː]) هو اختصار ألماني لكلمة Hilfswilliger، ومعناها «مساعد طوعي»، أو حرفيًا، «مساعد مستعد». خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، اكتسب مصطلح هيوي ش…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Magee, Mississippi – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in Mississippi, United StatesMagee, MississippiCityDowntown Magee in March 2013 FlagLocation of Magee, MississippiMagee, MississippiLocati…
Cet article est une ébauche concernant un métier. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) en vous référant au projet métiers. Consultez la liste des tâches à accomplir en page de discussion. La fumisterie est le secteur d'activité professionnelle qui installe et répare les conduits de cheminée et effectue les travaux concourant à l'évacuation des fumées de la combustion. Les travailleurs de ce secteur sont appelés fumistes, car leur rôle consiste…
روجيليو فونيس موري معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل روجيليو غابرييل فونيس موري الميلاد 5 مارس 1991 (العمر 33 سنة)ميندوزا، الأرجنتين الطول 1.85 م (6 قدم 1 بوصة) مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية الأرجنتين المكسيك أخوة وأخوات راميرو فونيس موري معلومات النادي النادي الحالي مونتيري ال…
Test administered by the Church of Scientology Part of a series onScientology General Scientology Dianetics Timeline History L. Ron Hubbard Publications Glossary Beliefs and practices Thetan Auditing Bridge to Total Freedom OT Xenu Ethics and justice Church of Scientology Officials and staff Sea Org David Miscavige Controversies Litigation Status by country Suppressive person Disconnection Fair game RPF The Hole Office of Special Affairs Guardian's Office War on psychiatry More Sign advertising …
American politician Howard WolpeMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Michigan's 3rd districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1979 – January 3, 1993Preceded byGarry BrownSucceeded byPaul HenryMember of the Michigan House of Representativesfrom the 46th districtIn officeJanuary 1, 1973 – December 31, 1976Preceded byWilliam V. WeberSucceeded byMary C. Brown Personal detailsBornHoward Eliot Wolpe(1939-11-03)November 3, 1939Los Angeles, California, U.S.Died…
International Olympic CommitteeМіжнародний олімпійський комітет англ. International Olympic Committeeфр. Comité international olympique Штаб-квартира МОК в місті Лозанна, кантон Во, ШвейцаріяАбревіатура IOC(англ.), CIO(фр.)Гасло Citius, altius, fortius — communiter (з 2021),Citius, Altius, Fortius (до 2021)Тип Спортивна федераціяЗасновник П'єр де К…
Railway station in West Bengal, India This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bahira Kalibari Kolkata Suburban Railway stationBahira Kalibari stationGeneral informationLocationBahira Kalibari, North 24 Par…
ملخص معلومات الملف الوصف هذه صورة لشخصية: عثمان حسين علي غشاش المصدر (https://qalqilya-taimes.blogspot.com/2020/05/legislative.council.html) التاريخ المنتج هذا الملف لا يمتلك معلومات معلومات المنتج، وربما تنقصه بعض المعلومات الأخرى. يجب أن تحتوي الملفات على معلومات موجزة حول الملف لإعلام الآخرين بالمحتوى …
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: PSI-Missing – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2008 single by Mami KawadaPSI-missingSingle by Mami Kawadafrom the album Linkage B-sideAmeReleasedOctober 29, 2008GenreJ-popLength18:02LabelGeneonSongw…
CAHR Logo The Canadian Association for HIV Research (CAHR) is an organization that represents HIV/AIDS research in Canada or by Canadians. CAHR includes all researchers and all disciplines of the scientific approaches to HIV and AIDS, for the purpose of its better prevention and treatment and ultimately for its eradication and cure. Disciplines represented by CAHR include basic science, clinical science, epidemiology/public health and social science.[1] An estimated 65,000 Canadians were…
Genus of fishes Chaunax Chaunax suttkusi Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Lophiiformes Family: Chaunacidae Genus: ChaunaxR. T. Lowe, 1846 Type species Chaunax pictusR. T. Lowe, 1846 Chaunax, variously known as coffinfishes, gapers or frogmouths, is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes, it is one of two genera belonging to the family Chaunacidae, the sea toads. They are found in tropical and subtropical oceans around the wo…
هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. الزيادة في السلوكيات الخاملة، مثل مشاهدة التلفاز هي سمة من سمات نمط الحياة الخامل. نمط الحياة الخامل هو نوع من أنماط الحياة، والذي يتسم بنشاط بدني ضئيل أو معدوم. غالبًا ما يكون …
В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Саакянц. Роберт Аршавирович Саакянцарм. Ռոբերտ Արշավիրի Սահակյանց Дата рождения 30 августа 1950(1950-08-30)[1] Место рождения Баку, Азербайджанская ССР, СССР Дата смерти 24 сентября 2009(2009-09-24)[1] (59 лет) Мест…
Not to be confused with Roses Revolution. 2003 popular uprising in Georgia Rose RevolutionPart of the Colour revolutionsDemonstrators spending the night in front of the Georgian Parliament in TbilisiDate3–23 November 2003LocationGeorgiaCaused byEconomic mismanagementElectoral fraudPolitical corruptionPovertyState failureGoalsNew electionsResignation of Eduard ShevardnadzeAnti-corruption reformsReintegration of Abkhazia and South OssetiaEuropean integrationMethodsWidespread demonstrationsRe…